Taejong of Joseon (13 June 1367 – 8 June 1422), personal name Yi Bang-won ( Korean: 이방원;

Hanja Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom. (, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...

: 李芳遠), was the third ruler of the

Joseon dynasty Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...

and the father of King Sejong the Great. Before ascending to the throne, he was known as Prince Jeongan ( Korean: 정안군;

: 靖安君).

Biography

Founding of Joseon

Born in 1367 as the fifth son of King Taejo and Queen Sinui, he was qualified as an official of the Goryeo dynasty in 1382. During his early days, he helped his father in earning the support of the citizens and of many influential figures in the government. Yi Bang-won helped his father in the founding of the new dynasty by assassinating powerful officials such as Jeong Mong-ju, who remained loyal to

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificati ...

. He was called Prince Jeongan during the reign of King Taejo and was taught by

Confucian Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a Religious Confucianism, religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, ...

scholars including

Won Cheon-seok Won Cheon-seok (, 1330-?), also known by his pen name Ungok, widely considered a political hermit during late Goryeo Dynasty to early Joseon Dynasty and has been known as the writer of Heohoga, a song of reminiscence of the past (i.e. Goryeo Dyna ...

. 한국역대인물 종합정보 시스템 �
"태종 (太宗)"
두산 백과사전br>"태종 太宗"
/ref>

네이버 Naver (Hangul: 네이버) is a South Korean online platform operated by the Naver Corporation. It was launched in 1999 as the first web portal in South Korea to develop and use its own search engine. It was also the world's first operator to i ...

캐스트
"인물과 역사: 태종 이방원"

Strifes of princes

After helping in the overthrowing the previous dynasty and the establishment Joseon, he expected to be appointed as the successor to the throne. However, his father and Chief State Councillor Jeong Do-jeon favored Taejo's eighth son and Yi Bang-won's half-brother (second son of Queen Sindeok), Yi Bang-seok, as the crown prince. This conflict arose chiefly because Jeong Do-jeon, as the principal architect of the ideological, institutional and legal foundations of the new dynasty, saw Joseon as a kingdom led by its ministers through appointment by the king. In contrast, Yi Bang-won sought direct rule through an absolute monarchy. These differences ultimately contributed to an environment of deep political tension. Following the sudden death of Queen Sindeok in 1398, Yi Bang-won led a

coup d'état A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, m ...

while King Taejo was in mourning for his second wife. This event led to the deaths of Jeong Do-jeon and his supporters, as well as the late Queen Sindeok's two sons including the crown prince. The incident became known as the "First Strife of Princes". Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically exhausted from the death of his second wife, King Taejo abdicated and immediately crowned his second son (the oldest-surviving son) Yi Bang-gwa, or King Jeongjong, as the new ruler. One of King Jeongjong's first acts as monarch was to revert the capital to

Gaegyeong Kaesong (, ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to ...

(modern-day

Kaesong Kaesong (, ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close t ...

), where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable. Yet Yi Bang-won retained real power and was soon in conflict with his disgruntled older brother Yi Bang-gan, Prince Hoean (회안군 이방간), who also yearned for power. In 1400, General Park Bo, who was disappointed that Yi Bang-won did not reward him enough for his actions in the First Strife of Princes, allied with Yi Bang-gan and rebelled in what came to be known as the "Second Strife of Princes". Yi Bang-won successfully defeated his brother's forces, then executed Park Bo and sent Yi Bang-gan into exile. King Jeongjong, who was afraid of his powerful brother, named Yi Bang-won as crown prince and abdicated in the same year. Yi Bang-won assumed the throne of Joseon at long last as King Taejong, the third monarch of the Joseon dynasty.

Consolidation of royal power

In the beginning of Taejong's reign, his father Taejo refused to relinquish the royal seal that signified the legitimacy of any king's rule. Taejong began to initiate policies he believed would prove his qualification to rule. One of his first acts as king was to abolish the privilege enjoyed by the upper echelons of government and the aristocracy to maintain private armies. His revoking of such rights to field independent forces effectively severed their ability to muster large-scale revolts, and drastically increased the number of men employed in the national military. Taejong's next act as king was to revise the existing legislation concerning the taxation of land ownership and the recording of state of subjects. With the discovery of previously hidden land, national income increased twofold. He also initiated the system of ''

hopae ''Hopae'' were identification tags carried by Koreans during the Joseon dynasty, recording the bearer's name, place of birth, status and residence.Grayson 2002: 108 The tags consists of the persons name, birthdate, and where they were born. The ' ...

'', an early form of identification recording the bearer's name and residence, used to control the movement of people. He also set a big drum in front of the palace, so the common people, when they had some problems, could come and consult the king.

Movable type

Taejong is remembered for ordering 100,000 pieces of metal type and two complete fonts in 1403. Predating Gutenberg and Laurens Janszoon by several decades, he accomplished the metal movable type.

Absolute monarchy

In addition, he created a strong central government and an absolute monarchy. In 1399, Taejong had played an influential role in scrapping the Dopyeong Assembly, a council of the old government administration that held a monopoly in court power during the waning years of the Goryeo dynasty, in favor of the

State Council of Joseon The State Council of Joseon or Uijeongbu was the highest organ of government under the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. It was led by three officials known as the High State Councillors. The Councilors were entrusted to deliberate over key problems of st ...

, a new branch of central administration that revolved around the king and his edicts. After passing the subject documentation and taxation legislation, King Taejong issued a new decree in which all decisions passed by the State Council could only come into effect with the approval of the king. This ended the custom of court ministers and advisors making decisions through debate and negotiations amongst themselves, and thus brought the royal power to new heights. Shortly thereafter, Taejong installed an office, known as the

Sinmun Office Sinmun may refer to: King *Sinmun of Silla (r. 681–692), the thirty-first king of Silla, a Korean state that originated in the southwestern Korean peninsula Newspaper

*Gyeongju Sinmun, weekly newspaper published in the city of Gyeongju, ...

, to hear cases in which aggrieved subjects felt that they had been exploited or treated unjustly by government officials or aristocrats. However, Taejong kept Jeong Do-jeon's reforms intact for the most part. He promoted

Confucianism Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or ...

, which was more like a political philosophy rather than a religion, thus demoting

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...

, which was far from daily living and decayed from the power given by Goryeo. He closed many temples that were established by Goryeo kings, and seized their large possessions and added them to the national treasury. Meanwhile, he honored Jeong Mong-ju with the posthumous title of Chief State Councillor (equivalent to Prime Minister), even though it was he who assassinated Jeong — leading to an irony of history, in which Jeong Do-jeon was vilified throughout the Joseon dynasty while Jeong Mong-ju was honored despite his opposition to its foundation. In foreign policy, he was a straight hardliner — he attacked the Jurchens on the northern border and

Japanese pirates ''Wokou'' (; Japanese language, Japanese: ''Wakō''; Korean language, Korean: 왜구 ''Waegu''), which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th centur ...

on the southern coast. Taejong is also known for being responsible for the Ōei Invasion of

Tsushima Island is an island of the Japanese archipelago situated in-between the Tsushima Strait and Korea Strait, approximately halfway between Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula. The main island of Tsushima, once a single island, was divided into two in 1671 b ...

in 1419. He promoted publications, commerce and education, and also gave full independence and encouraged the '' Uigeumbu'' (roughly equivalent to the

Supreme Court A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in most legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and high (or final) court of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...

). In 1418, Taejong abdicated and gave the throne to his third legitimate son

Yi Do Sejong of Joseon (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450), personal name Yi Do (Korean: 이도; Hanja: 李祹), widely known as Sejong the Great (Korean: 세종대왕; Hanja: 世宗大王), was the fourth ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Initial ...

(

Sejong the Great Sejong of Joseon (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450), personal name Yi Do (Korean: 이도; Hanja: 李祹), widely known as Sejong the Great (Korean: 세종대왕; Hanja: 世宗大王), was the fourth ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Initial ...

), but continued to rule with an iron fist and deciding important matters. He executed or exiled some of the supporters who helped him ascend to the throne and later expected favors, in order to strengthen the royal authority and subdue corruption. In order to limit the influence of in-laws and powerful clans, he executed Sejong's father-in-law

Shim On Shim On (1375 – 18 January 1419) was a Korean politician. He was the Chief State Councillor of the Korean Joseon from September 1418 to December 1418 and the father of Queen Soheon and father-in-law to King Sejong. He is known for his treason c ...

and his younger brother Shim Jeong, as well as all four brothers of his wife

Queen Wongyeong Queen Wongyeong (원경왕후 민씨; 29 July 1365 – 18 August 1420) of the Yeoheung Min clan, was the primary wife of Taejong of Joseon, and the mother of Sejong the Great. She was queen consort of Joseon from 1400, and was honored as Queen ...

, after he discovered they and the queen had been manipulating politics. Taejong remains a controversial figure who killed many of his rivals (including Jeong Mong-ju and Jeong Do-jeon) and yet ruled effectively to improve the populace's lives, strengthen national defense, and lay down a solid foundation for his successor Sejong's rule.

Family

*Father:

King Taejo of Joseon Taejo of Joseon (4 November 1335 – 27 June 1408), born Yi Seong-gye (), was the founder and first ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After ascending to the throne, he changed his name to Yi Dan (), and reigned from 1392 to 1398. He was ...

(조선 태조) (4 November 1335 – 27 June 1408) **Grandfather: Yi Ja-chun, King Hwanjo of Joseon (조선 환조 이자춘) (1315 – 1 January 1361)Firstly, Taejo honored his recent agnatic forefathers to the 4th degree and their legal wives with the posthumous titles "King" (''Wang''; 왕) & "Consort" (''Bi''; 비) on 16 August 1392 aejo Sillok, vol.1, year 1, entry 2 further confirmed on 20 November 1392 aejo Sillok, vol.2, year 1, entry 1 Taejong upgraded the earlier honors bestowed on his forefathers by bestowing them the temple names "Progenitor" (''Jo''; 조) with the style of "the Great (King)" (''Daewang''; 대왕), and the title of "Queen" (''Wanghu''; 왕후), on 14 May 1411 aejong Sillok, vol.21, year 11, entry 1 Yi Ja-chun and his wife Lady Choe were posthumously honored by their son Taejo as "King Hwan" (환왕) & "Consort Ui" (의비) respectively, and by their grandson Taejong with the

temple name Temple names are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the Sinosphere for the purpose of ancestor worship. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dynas ...

"Hwanjo the Great" (환조대왕) &

posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given mostly to the notable dead in East Asian culture. It is predominantly practiced in East Asian countries such as China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and Thailand. Reflecting on the person's accomplishments or ...

"Queen Uihye" (의혜왕후) respectively. **Grandmother: Queen Uihye of the Yeongheung Choe clan (의혜왕후 최씨) *Mother: Queen Sinui of the Cheongju Han clan (신의왕후 한씨) (September 1337 – 21 October 1391) **Grandfather: Han Gyeong (한경) **Grandmother: Lady Shin of the Saknyeong Shin clan (삭녕 신씨) Consorts and their respective issue(s): #

of the Yeoheung Min clan (원경왕후 민씨) (11 July 1365 – 10 July 1420) ## Princess Jeongsun (정순공주) (1385 – 25 August 1460), first daughterAs a legitimate daughter of the king, her title properly translates to "Royal Princess" (''Gongju''; 공주, 公主). ## Princess Gyeongjeong (경정공주) (1387 – 6 June 1455), second daughter ## ''First son''While the exact dates of their births and deaths are unknown, the three boys are speculated to have been born between 1388 and 1392, as they were older than Princess Gyeongan (born 1393), but are said to be younger than Princess Gyeongjeong (born 1387). ## ''Second son'' ## ''Third son'' ## Princess Gyeongan (경안공주) (1393 – 30 May 1415), third daughter ## Yi Je, Grand Prince Yangnyeong (양녕대군 이제) (1394 – 7 September 1462), first (fourth) son ## Yi Bo, Grand Prince Hyoryeong (효령대군 이보) (6 January 1396 – 12 June 1486), second (fifth) son ## Yi Do, Grand Prince Chungnyeong (충녕대군 이도) (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450), third (sixth) son ## Princess Jeongseon (정선공주) (1404 – 25 February 1424), fifth daughter ## Yi Jong, Grand Prince Seongnyeong (성녕대군 이종) (3 August 1405 – 11 April 1418), sixth (eleventh) son ## ''Eleventh (sixteenth) son'' (1412 – 1412) # Royal Noble Consort Myeong of the (old) Andong Gim clan (명빈 김씨) (? – 1479) # Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Andong Gwon clan (의빈 권씨) ## Princess Jeonghye (정혜옹주) (? – 1424), sixth daughter # Royal Noble Consort Hyo of the Cheongpung Gim clan (효빈 김씨) (? – 1454) ## Yi Bi, Prince Gyeongnyeong (경녕군 이비) (13 December 1402 – 9 September 1458), fourth (eighth) son # Royal Noble Consort Shin of the Yeongwol Shin clan (신빈 신씨) (? – 1435) ## Yi In, Prince Hamnyeong (함녕군 이인) (1402 – 1467), fifth (ninth) son ## Yi Jeong, Prince Onnyeong (온녕군 이정) (1407 – 1453), seventh (twelfth) son ## Princess Jeongshin (정신옹주) (? – 26 September 1452), seventh daughter ## Princess Jeongjeong (정정옹주) (1410 – 1456), eighth daughter ## Princess Sukjeong (숙정옹주) (? – 1456), ninth daughter ## Princess Suknyeong (숙녕옹주), eleventh (twelfth) daughter ## Princess Soshin (소신옹주) (? – 1437), twelfth (thirteenth) daughter ## Princess Sosuk (소숙옹주) (? – 1456), fourteenth (fifteenth) daughter ## Princess Sukgyeong (숙경옹주) (1420 – 1494), seventeenth (eighteenth) daughter # Royal Noble Consort Seon of the

Sunheung Ahn clan The Sunheung Ahn clan (순흥 안씨, ) is a clan connected with the town of Sunheung, South Korea, and was well known during the Goryeo Dynasty and in the early Joseon Dynasty for its "blue-blood" status. 73.5% of people with the Korean surnam ...

(선빈 안씨) (? – 1468) ## Yi Jeong, Prince Hyenyeong (혜령군 이정) (1407 – 1440), eighth (thirteenth) son ## Yi Chi, Prince Iknyeong (익녕군 이치) (1422 – 1464), thirteenth (eighteenth) son ## Princess Gyeongshin (경신옹주), thirteenth (fourteenth) daughter ## Princess Sukan (숙안옹주) (? – 1464), fifteenth (sixteenth) daughter # Royal Noble Consort So of the

Jangyeon No clan Jangyeon No clan () was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Changyon County, South Hwanghae Province. According to the research in 2015, the number of Jangyeon No clan was 10907. Their founder was who became Prince of Jangyeon (). He ...

(소빈 노씨) (? – 1479) ## Princess Sukhye (숙혜옹주) (1413 – 1464), tenth (eleventh) daughter # Royal Noble Consort Jeong of the Go clan (정빈 고씨) (? – 1426) ## Yi Nong, Prince Geunnyeong (근녕군 이농) (1411 – 1462), ninth (fourteenth) son # Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Choe clan (숙의 최씨) ## ''Fourth daughter'' (1400 – 1402) ## Yi Ta, Prince Huinyeong (희령군 이타) (1412 – 7 July 1465), tenth (fifteenth) son # Royal Lady Suggong of the Cheongdo Gim clan (숙공궁주 김씨) # Royal Lady Uijeong of the Hanyang Jo clan (의정궁주 조씨) (? – 1454) # Royal Lady Hyesun of the

Goseong Yi clan The Goseong Yi clan (Hangul: 고성 이씨, Hanja: 固城李氏) is one of the Korean clans. Their bon-gwan is in Goseong County, South Gyeongsang Province. According to the census held in 2000, the number of members was 89,254. Their founder w ...

(혜순궁주 이씨) (? – 1438) # Royal Lady Sinsun of the Seongju Yi clan (신순궁주 이씨) (1390 – ?) # Princess Deoksuk of the Yi clan (덕숙옹주 이씨) ## Yi Gan, Prince Hunyeong (후령군 이간) (1419 – 6 October 1450), twelfth (seventeenth) son # Princess Hyeseon of the Hong clan (혜선옹주 홍씨) # Princess Sunhye of the

Andong Jang clan The Andong Jang clan () is a Korean clan with a bon-gwan located in Andong, North Gyeongsang Province. According to the census held in 2015, the population of the Andong Jang clan was 39,939. Their founder was who was a powerful clan in Later Th ...

(순혜옹주 장씨) (? – 26 July 1423) # Princess Seogyeong (서경옹주) # Concubine Gim (후궁 김씨) ## Princess Sukgeun (숙근옹주) (? – 1450), sixteenth (seventeenth) daughter # Lady Yi (이씨) ## Princess Suksun (숙순옹주) (1421 – 1481), eighteenth (nineteenth) daughterMarried Yun Pyeong (윤평), created Prince Consort Pawon (파원위); son of Yun Chang (윤창).

Ancestry

In popular culture

* Im Hyuk-joo in the 1983 KBS1 TV series '' Foundation of the Kingdom.'' * Lee Jung-gil in the 1983 MBC TV series '' The King of Chudong Palace.'' *

Yoo Dong-geun Yoo Dong-geun (born June 18, 1956) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the historical television dramas ''Tears of the Dragon'', '' Empress Myseongseong'', and '' Yeon Gaesomun''. He was also an adjunct professo ...

in the 1996–1998 KBS1 TV series ''

Tears of the Dragon "Tears of the Dragon" is the first single from Bruce Dickinson's second solo album, '' Balls to Picasso'', released on 28 May 1994. Allmusic called "Tears of the Dragon" a "magnificent" track, "by far the album's best song". Track listing CD ...

.'' * Kim Yeong-cheol in the 2008 KBS TV series ''

The Great King, Sejong ''The Great King, Sejong'' () is a 2008 South Korean historical television series depicting the life of the fourth monarch of Joseon, Sejong the Great (played by Kim Sang-kyung). Considered one of the greatest kings in Korean history, Sejong c ...

'' and the 2016 KBS1 TV series '' Jang Yeong-sil.'' * Baek Yoon-sik in the 2011 SBS TV series '' Deep Rooted Tree.'' *

Choi Tae-joon Choi Tae-joon (, born July 7, 1991) is a South Korean actor, model and TV host. He first gained recognition for his villainous supporting role in the disaster-mystery drama ''Missing 9'' (2017). He has since taken on lead roles in melodrama ''E ...

in the 2012–2013 SBS TV series '' The Great Seer.'' *

Park Yeong-gyu Park Yeong-gyu (born 28 October 1953) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in ''Attack the Gas Station ''Attack the Gas Station!'' ( ko, 주유소 습격 사건) is a 1999 Korean crime-comedy film directed by Kim Sang-jin ...

in the 2012 film ''

I Am the King ''I Am the King'' (, also known as ''I Am a King'') is a 2012 South Korean historical comedy film, starring Ju Ji-hoon, Park Yeong-gyu, Baek Yoon-sik, Byun Hee-bong and Kim Su-ro. Inspired by Mark Twain's 1881 novel ''The Prince and the Pauper'', ...

.'' * Ahn Jae-mo in the 2014 KBS1 TV series '' Jeong Do-jeon.'' * Ahn Nae-sang in the 2015

JTBC JTBC (shortened from ''Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company'' (; stylized as jtbc) is a South Korean nationwide pay television network. Its primary shareholder is JoongAng Holdings, with a 25% stake. It was launched on 1 December 2011. JTBC ...

TV series ''

More Than a Maid ''More Than a Maid'' () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Jeong Yu-mi, Oh Ji-ho, Kim Dong-wook, Lee Si-a, Jeon So-min and Lee Yi-kyung. It aired on jTBC from January 23 to March 28, 2015 on Fridays and Saturdays at 21:45 ( KST) ti ...

.'' *

Jang Hyuk Jeong Yong-jun (born December 20, 1976), better known as Jang Hyuk, is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the films ''Volcano High'' (2001) and ''Windstruck'' (2004), and the television dramas ''Successful Story of a ...

in the 2015 film '' Empire of Lust'' and the 2019

TV series '' My Country: The New Age.'' *

Nam Da-reum Nam Da-reum (born June 13, 2002) is a South Korean actor. He began his career as a child actor, having played young versions of the leading characters in several popular Korean dramas, and best known for his lead role in '' Beautiful World'' (2 ...

and Yoo Ah-in in the 2015–2016 SBS TV series '' Six Flying Dragons.'' *

Kam Woo-sung Kam Woo-sung (born October 1, 1970) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his portrayal of a court jester serving a despotic king in the hit period film ''The King and the Clown''. Career Kam Woo-sung majored in Oriental painting at the ...

in the 2021 SBS TV series ''

Joseon Exorcist ''Joseon Exorcist'' () is a South Korean historical-supernatural television series. The series, directed by Shin Kyung-soo and written by Park Gye-ok, stars Jang Dong-yoon, Park Sung-hoon and Kam Woo-sung. The series follows the fight of the r ...

.'' *

Joo Sang-wook Joo Sang-wook (; born July 18, 1978) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in generational saga ''Giant'', medical drama '' Good Doctor'', romantic comedy ''Cunning Single Lady'', ''Birth of a Beauty'', and crime procedural ''S ...

in the 2021–2022 KBS1 TV series ''

The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won ''The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won'' () is a South Korean television series starring Joo Sang-wook in the title role. With this series, KBS is reviving the historical drama series after 5 years, as the last KBS historical series ''Jang Yeong-si ...

.''

References

{{Authority control 1367 births 1422 deaths 15th-century Korean monarchs Korean Buddhist monarchs People from Hamhung