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The gauss, symbol (sometimes Gs), is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction, also known as ''
magnetic flux density A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to ...
''. The unit is part of the Gaussian system of units, which inherited it from the older CGS-EMU system. It was named after the German mathematician and physicist
Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; german: Gauß ; la, Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes refe ...
in 1936. One gauss is defined as one
maxwell Maxwell may refer to: People * Maxwell (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name ** James Clerk Maxwell, mathematician and physicist * Justice Maxwell (disambiguation) * Maxwell baronets, in the Baronetage o ...
per square
centimetre 330px, Different lengths as in respect to the Electromagnetic spectrum, measured by the Metre and its deriveds scales. The Microwave are in-between 1 meter to 1 millimeter. A centimetre (international spelling) or centimeter (American spellin ...
. As the cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), the use of the gauss has been deprecated by the standards bodies, but is still regularly used in various subfields of science. The SI unit for magnetic flux density is the tesla (symbol T), which corresponds to .


Name, symbol, and metric prefixes

Albeit not a component of the International System of Units, the usage of the gauss generally follows the rules for SI units. Since the name is derived from a person's name, its symbol is the uppercase letter ''G''. When the unit is spelled out, it is written in lowercase ("gauss"), unless it begins a sentence. The gauss may be combined with
metric prefix A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pr ...
es, such as in milligauss, mG (or mGs), or kilogauss, kGauss or kG.


Unit conversions

\begin 1\, &= ^ = \frac\\ &\text 10^\, = 10^\frac \end The gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density B in the system of
Gaussian units Gaussian units constitute a metric system of physical units. This system is the most common of the several electromagnetic unit systems based on cgs (centimetre–gram–second) units. It is also called the Gaussian unit system, Gaussian-cgs uni ...
and is equal to Mx/cm2 or g/ Bi/s2, while the
oersted The oersted (symbol Oe) is the coherence (units of measurement), coherent derived unit of the Magnetic field#The H-field, auxiliary magnetic field H in the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). It is equivalent to 1 dyne per maxwell ...
is the unit of -field. One tesla (T) corresponds to 104 gauss, and one
ampere The ampere (, ; symbol: A), often Clipping (morphology), shortened to amp,SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of abbreviations for units. is the unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). One amp ...
(A) per metre corresponds to 4π × 10−3 oersted. The units for magnetic flux Φ, which is the
integral In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that describes displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. The process of finding integrals is called integration. Along with ...
of magnetic -field over an
area Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a region on the plane or on a curved surface. The area of a plane region or ''plane area'' refers to the area of a shape or planar lamina, while ''surface area'' refers to the area of an open su ...
, are the weber (Wb) in the SI and the
maxwell Maxwell may refer to: People * Maxwell (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name ** James Clerk Maxwell, mathematician and physicist * Justice Maxwell (disambiguation) * Maxwell baronets, in the Baronetage o ...
(Mx) in the CGS-Gaussian system. The conversion factor is , since
flux Flux describes any effect that appears to pass or travel (whether it actually moves or not) through a surface or substance. Flux is a concept in applied mathematics and vector calculus which has many applications to physics. For transport ...
is the integral of field over an area, area having the units of the square of distance, thus (magnetic field conversion factor) times the square of (linear distance conversion factor). 108 Mx/Wb = 104 G/T × (102 cm/m)2.


Typical values

* 10−9–10−8 G – the magnetic field of the human brain * 10−6–10−3 G – the magnetic field of Galactic
molecular clouds A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within), is a type of interstellar cloud, the density and size of which permit absorption nebulae, the formation of molecules (most commonly molecular hydroge ...
. Typical magnetic field strengths within the interstellar medium of the
Milky Way The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked ey ...
are ~5 μG. * 0.25–0.60 G – the
Earth's magnetic field Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from Earth's interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. The magneti ...
at its surface * 4 G – near
Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandt ...
's equator * 25 G – the Earth's magnetic field in its coreBuffett, Bruce A. (2010), "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field", ''Nature'', volume 468, pages 952–954, * 50 G – a typical refrigerator magnet * 100 G – an
iron Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from la, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in ...
magnet A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, steel, nic ...
* 1500 G – within a sun spot * 10000 to 13000 G –
remanence Remanence or remanent magnetization or residual magnetism is the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external magnetic field is removed. Colloquially, when a magnet is "magnetized", it has remanence. The ...
of a neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) magnet * 16000 to 22000 G – saturation of high permeability iron alloys used in transformers * 3000–70000 G – a medical magnetic resonance imaging machine * 1012–1013 G – the surface of a
neutron star A neutron star is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star, which had a total mass of between 10 and 25 solar masses, possibly more if the star was especially metal-rich. Except for black holes and some hypothetical objects (e.g. w ...
* 4 × 1013 G – the Schwinger limit * 1014 G – the magnetic field of
SGR J1745-2900 SGR may refer to: * Heart Colchester and Heart Ipswich, radio stations in Suffolk, England both once known as SGR * Sagittarius (constellation) abbreviation * '' Scary Go Round'', a webcomic * Scientists for Global Responsibility, a United Kingdom ...
, orbiting the supermassive black hole Sgr A* in the center of the Milky Way. * 1015 G – the magnetic field of some newly created
magnetar A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field (∼109 to 1011 T, ∼1013 to 1015 G). The magnetic-field decay powers the emission of high-energy electromagnetic radiation, particularly X-rays and gamma rays.War ...
s * 1017 G – the upper limit to neutron star magnetism


See also

*
Tesla (unit) The tesla (symbol: T) is the unit of magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B-field strength) in the International System of Units (SI). One tesla is equal to one weber per square metre. The unit was announced during the General Confere ...
*
Centimetre–gram–second system of units The centimetre–gram–second system of units (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time. All CGS mechanical un ...
*
Gaussian units Gaussian units constitute a metric system of physical units. This system is the most common of the several electromagnetic unit systems based on cgs (centimetre–gram–second) units. It is also called the Gaussian unit system, Gaussian-cgs uni ...


Notes


References

{{CGS units Centimetre–gram–second system of units Units of magnetic flux density
Unit Unit may refer to: Arts and entertainment * UNIT, a fictional military organization in the science fiction television series ''Doctor Who'' * Unit of action, a discrete piece of action (or beat) in a theatrical presentation Music * ''Unit'' (a ...