The Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi, also known as Khojivank ( ka, ხოჯივანქი ''Khojivank'i''; hy, Խոջիվանք) or Khojavank ( hy, Խոջավանք), is an
Armenian
Armenian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent
** Armenian Diaspora, Armenian communities across the ...
architectural complex in north-eastern part of
Avlabari
Avlabari ( ka, ავლაბარი ''Avlabari'', hy, Հավլաբար ''Havlabar'') is a neighborhood of Old Tbilisi on the left bank (east side) of the Kura River. The 11th-13th century chronicles mention it as Isani, which is now one of ...
district of
Tbilisi
Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the Capital city, capital and the List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia (country), Georgia, lying on the ...
,
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
. Many notable Armenian writers, artists and public figures are buried there.
It formerly consisted of a huge memorial cemetery and the Holy Mother of God Armenian Church (St. Astvatsatsin church). The church and most part of the cemetery was destroyed in 1937, and most of the remaining part of the cemetery was destroyed between 1995 and 2004 during the construction of the
Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi
The Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi ( ka, თბილისის წმინდა სამების საკათედრო ტაძარი ''Tbilisis cminda samebis sakatedro tadzari''), commonly known as Sameba ( ka, სა ...
Cathedral (also known as Sameba Cathedral). The tiny part that remains, together with some relocated gravestones, is preserved as the Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi.
Construction and rise
The area was given to
Armenian
Armenian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent
** Armenian Diaspora, Armenian communities across the ...
Bebut-Bek of Bebutov family in 1612 by Shah Abbas by appropriate diploma. His son Aslan Meliq-Bebut, treasurer of Georgian king
Rostom of Kartli
Rostom or Rustam Khan ( ka, როსტომი or როსტომ ხანი) (1565 – 17 November 1658) was a Georgian royal, from the House of Bagrationi, who functioned as a Safavid-appointed vali (i.e. viceroy)/king of Kartli, e ...
enlarged the original cemetery, built pipes for bringing water here, planted a number of trees and in 1655 built St. Astvatsatin church, called Khojivank as a name of the founded, who was called by Georgian king Rostom - Khoja Bebut (Big Bebut). Later the cemetery was called Khojivank too. The building sign preserved and is kept in Historical-Ethnographic Museum of Tbilisi, which says: "In summer of Armenian year of 1104 with the wish of God I, Khoja Bebut and my brother Khatin and my wife Lali built this church of humble Aslan". St. Astvatsatsin church was dedicated to Saint Purple Mother of God, was circled in fence, had beautiful walls and had a blossoming garden beside. Later the diploma of Bebutovs was renewed by Teimuraz II and
Erekle II
Heraclius II ( ka, ერეკლე II), also known as Erekle II and The Little Kakhetian ( ka, პატარა კახი ) (7 November 1720 or 7 October 1721 C. ToumanoffHitchins, KeithHeraclius II. ''Encyclopædia Iranica Online edit ...
.
In 1899 a massive boundary wall was built around the cemetery, which by that time had enlarged immensely to become the largest Armenian cemetery in Tbilisi. The number of graves in the period before its destruction reached more than 90,000.
Destruction of the cemetery
By the 1920s burials in Khojivank had almost ceased.
In 1934, on Lavrentiy Beria's order, the church and cemetery started to be destroyed. The St. Astvatsatin church with surrounding church buildings were destroyed, all the chapels and crypts were crushed together with most of graves, whose gravestones and khachkars of rare marble and other stones were reused as building materials in other structures. The Marxism-Leninism Institute building used a great deal of marble from the destruction of Khojivank, as did the Baratashvili ascent, the walkway in front of the Pioneer's Palace , the Institute of the Party halls (the current Georgian parliament) and Lavrentiy Beria's house at 11 Machabeli. The wall bordering School #68 and a water tower built in 1961 was also built of those gravestones. Some stones were used in a stairway in a park on Madaten island, and many other buildings. Special brigades of the
People's Commissariat for State Security
The People's Commissariat for State Security (russian: Народный комиссариат государственной безопасности) or NKGB, was the name of the Soviet secret police, intelligence and counter-intelligence fo ...
were seeking for precious items around the cemetery. This continued until 1938, by which time most of the cemetery had been destroyed, and a little part of the graves were saved and generally were moved to Petropavlovskoe cemetery. The gravestones of
Hovhannes Tumanyan
Hovhannes Tumanyan ( hy, Հովհաննես Թումանյան, classical spelling: Յովհաննէս Թումանեան, – March 23, 1923) was an Armenian poet, writer, translator, and literary and public activist. He is the nationa ...
and
Raffi
Raffi Cavoukian, ( hy, Րաֆֆի, born July 8, 1948), known professionally by the mononym Raffi, is a Canadian singer-lyricist and author of Armenian descent born in Egypt, best known for his children's music. He developed his career as a " ...
were saved. The area was rebuilt as a park with the preliminary name "
26 Commissars
The 26 Baku Commissars were Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary (SR) members of the Baku Commune. The commune was established in the city of Baku, which was then the capital of the briefly independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, an ...
Park of Culture and Leisure", but its final name was "Friendship Park", where the walls were built mainly of Armenian gravestones.
On 17 March 1962 the Armenian Pantheon was opened containing about 30 saved gravestones - most of which did not have any human remains beneath them.
In 1994 construction of Holy Trinity Cathedral started inside the park area. At first it was announced to occupy area beside Khojivank, but the size of the new church was huge and it covered a significant part of Khojivank, including the site of the St. Astvatsatsin Armenian Church. During foundation work for the church, bulldozers and excavators dug up the remains of thousands of those who had been interred in the cemetery, and around the future church mounds of skulls and bones were formed. These human remains, mixed with broken tombstones and other debris, were later taken away in trucks to an unknown destination.. Most of the remaining graves were removed, most gravestones were removed. Grigoriy Dolukhanov's gravestone was thrown in front of the Armenian theater and left for several years. As a response to Armenian protests the construction temporarily stopped. In June 1997 construction started again.
On 25 December 2002 the first church service was held. On November 23rd, 2004 the
Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi
The Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi ( ka, თბილისის წმინდა სამების საკათედრო ტაძარი ''Tbilisis cminda samebis sakatedro tadzari''), commonly known as Sameba ( ka, სა ...
was officially opened.
Epigrams
The graves in the cemetery had a great number of epigrams and gravestones with short notes, which revealed much about the Armenian population of Tbilisi, families, various heritages and different sides of social life. Among the more famous epigrams were Sayat-Nova's wife's gravestone epigram, which said "456 (1768 y.). In this grave I am - wife of Sayat-Nova Marmar. Bless". Another example was epigram: "Here I am - wife of Ter-David, Archpriest of Mughni church. Who reads remember. Summer 420 (1732y.)".
Grigor Artsruni
Grigor Artsruni (also spelled as Krikor Ardzruni) ( hy, Գրիգոր Արծրունի; 27 February 1845 – 19 December 1892) was an Armenian journalist, critic, writer and public activist, Doctor of Political Economy and Philosophy (degreed by He ...
's gravestone, created like a cliff, is lost.
Ghazaros Aghayan
Ghazaros (Lazarus) Aghayan ( hy, Ղազարոս Աղայեան; ) was an Armenian writer, educator, folklorist, historian, linguist and public figure.
Biography
Aghayan was born in Bolnisi village (also known as Bolnis-Khachen), Tiflis Governor ...
gravestone with the epigram: "Friend of children Ghazaros Aghayan" is lost too. Some epigrams are preserved thanks to A. Yeremyan, who rewrote and published in
Vienna
en, Viennese
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, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
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, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
the epigraphs of Khojivank of 19th century end - 20th century start, and some single examples are preserved in the Historical-Ethnographic museum in Tbilisi. Yeremyan wrote, "there were thousands of granite, marble sculptures and stelea, thousands of short and exciting notes, sad poems and quatrains".
Burials
Here are some of the famous Armenians burials:
Among famous Armenian families buried in Khojivank were
* Bebutov family
* Karaganov family
* Sarajev family
* Kalantarov family
* Kuzanov family
* Amirov family
* Sharoev family
* Agajanov family
* Ter-Davidov family
* Beriev family
* Muradov family
* Ter-Ghevondyan family
* Amiragov family
* Pitoev family
* Tarkhanov family
* Tumanov family
* Argutinsky-Dolgoroukov family (destroyed)
Gallery
Image:Entrance to the Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi.JPG, Entrance to the Pantheon
Image:Plaque at the entrance to the Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi.JPG, Plaque at entrance
Image:Descriptive plaque (English), Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi.JPG, Descriptive plaque inside the Pantheon (in English)
Image:Descriptive plaque (Armenian), Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi.JPG, Descriptive plaque in Armenian
Image:Tombstone of Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan in Tbilisi.jpg, Tombstone of Hovhannes Tumanyan
Image:Monument to Raffi, Armenian Pantheon of Tbilisi.JPG, Monument to Raffi
See also
*
Komitas Pantheon __NOTOC__
Komitas Park and Pantheon ( hy, Կոմիտասի անվան զբոսայգի և պանթեոն) is located in Yerevan's Shengavit District, on the right side of the main Arshakunyats Avenue, in Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron off ...
, similar cemetery in
Yerevan
Yerevan ( , , hy, Երևան , sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Y ...
Armenians in Tbilisi
The Armenians have historically been one of the main ethnic groups in the city of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. Armenians are the largest ethnic minority in Tbilisi at 4.8% of the population. Armenians migrated to the Georgian lands in the Mi ...
*
Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi
The Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi ( ka, თბილისის წმინდა სამების საკათედრო ტაძარი ''Tbilisis cminda samebis sakatedro tadzari''), commonly known as Sameba ( ka, სა ...