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The Khaibakh massacre was the mass murder of the Chechen civilian population of the ''
aul An aul (; ce, oil; russian: аул) is a type of fortified village or town found throughout the Caucasus mountains and Central Asia. The word itself is of Turkic origin and simply means ''village'' in many Turkic languages. Auyl ( kk, Ауы ...
'' (village) Khaibakh, in the mountainous part of Chechnya, by
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ...
forces during the deportations of 1944 on 27 February 1944.


Timeline

The massacre took place on 27 February 1944 during Operation Lentil (the Soviet mass deportation of Chechens to prison camps in
Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
). Due to inclement weather it was impossible to convoy Chechen deportees to the railway stations by the deadline set by
Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (; rus, Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия, Lavréntiy Pávlovich Bériya, p=ˈbʲerʲiə; ka, ლავრენტი ბერია, tr, ;  – 23 December 1953) was a Georgian Bolshevik ...
, resulting in over 700 villagers, including "non-transportable" elderly, pregnant women and small children, were locked in a stable fortified with dry hay and burned alive; those who broke from burning stable were shot. One of the witnesses assigned to the military unit, interpreter , recalls that
NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union. ...
commander Gvishiani called the two newborn children in the stable "bandits" before ordering to burn the 704 people alive. After the incident, Gveshiani was reportedly congratulated for his success and good work by
Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (; rus, Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия, Lavréntiy Pávlovich Bériya, p=ˈbʲerʲiə; ka, ლავრენტი ბერია, tr, ;  – 23 December 1953) was a Georgian Bolshevik ...
, who promised him a medal.


Rediscovery

The ''aul'' of Khaibakh was rediscovered through archaeological finds in Ukraine. World War II archaeologists found the remains of North Caucasian scouts who died during an operation behind enemy (German) lines. Letters addressed to their relatives were found in their water-resistant pockets, addressed to ''aul'' Khaibakh. Stepan Kashurko, one of the archaeologists, accompanied by a former Soviet general, decided to inform the families that the bodies of their relatives were found, but they learned that the settlement no longer existed. In continuing their search, they discovered that while the Chechen soldiers were dying at the front, their relatives were burned alive by the Soviet soldiers.Дешериев Ю. Жизнь во мгле и борьбе: О трагедии репрессированных народов.


Gvishiani telegram

A number of sources cite a telegram of the State Security Commissioner of the third rank Mikhail Gvishiani informs
Lavrenty Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (; rus, Лавре́нтий Па́влович Бе́рия, Lavréntiy Pávlovich Bériya, p=ˈbʲerʲiə; ka, ლავრენტი ბერია, tr, ;  – 23 December 1953) was a Georgian Bolshevik ...
about the burning of the inhabitants of the village of Khaybakh:
Совершенно секретно. Наркому внутренних дел СССР тов. Л. П. Берия. Только для ваших глаз. В виду не транспортабельности и с целью неукоснительного выполнения в срок операции «Горы», вынужден был ликвидировать более 700 жителей в местечке Хайбах. Полковник Гвишиани ''English translation:'' Top secret. To L. P. Beria, head of NKVD. For your eyes only. I was obliged to eliminate more than 700 inhabitants of Khaibakh aul, in order to complete in time "Gory" operation and because of inability to convey these people. Colonel Gvishiani
Analyzing the text of the telegram, Pavel Polyan comes to the conclusion that it is doubtful: "only for your eyes" has never been used in Soviet secret office work, one of the leaders of Operation Lentil calls it "Горы" ("Mountains") and does not know oun military rank.


Criticism

In a refusal to permit the release of the 2014 film '' Ordered to Forget'' about the massacre, the Russian Ministry of Culture stated that it had searched three Russian state archives, and that "as a result of the investigation, no documents were discovered proving the fact of the mass burning of residents" from Khaibakh. The ministry then claimed that the event was a case of historical falsification. However, the special commission responsible for investigating the massacre in 1990 concluded on 20 August that the massacre had indeed happened. Russian historian
Pavel Polyan Pavel Markovich Polian, pseudonym: Pavel Nerler (russian: Павел Маркович Полян; born 31 August 1952) is a Russian geographer and historian, and Doctor of Geographical Sciences with the Institute of Geography (1998) of the Russia ...
in his early publications acknowledged the existence of the massacre and mentioned several other massacres committed by the NKVD and referred to the "Gvishiani telegram", but in the 2011 book he recognized the telegram as questionable, and the story with Khaibakh unprovened.Вайнахи и имперская власть: проблема Чечни и Ингушетии во внутренней политике России и СССР (начало XIX — середина XX в.), Авторы: В. А. Козлов (рук.), Ф. Бенвенути, М. Е. Козлова, П. М. Полян, В. И. Шеремет. 2011. ISBN 978-5-8243-1443-4. "Около 6 тыс. чеченцев из-за снега застряли в горах в Галанчожском районе: на их «довыселение» накинули ещё два дня. Имеются свидетельства того, что в ряде аулов войска НКВД мирное население фактически ликвидировали, в том числе и таким варварским способом, как сожжение. Широкая дискуссия идет вокруг событий в ауле Хайбах. По утверждению некоторых авторов, не будучи в состоянии обеспечить транспортировку его жителей, внутренние войска под командой комиссара госбезопасности 3-го ранга М. Гвишиани согнали около 200 чел. (по другим свидетельствам — 600—700 чел.) в колхозную конюшню, заперли их и подожгли; тех, кто пытался вырваться, расстреливали из автоматов. Ю. Айдаев приводит (без ссылки на источник) некое «совершенно секретное письмо» Гвишиани Берии: «Только для ваших глаз. Ввиду нетранспортабельности и в целях неукоснительного выполнения в срок операции „Горы“ вынужден был ликвидировать более 700 жителей в местечке Хайбах. Полковник Гвишиани». Этот документ мало походит на подлинный: гриф «только для ваших глаз» никогда не использовался в советском секретном делопроизводстве, один из руководителей операции «Чечевица» почему-то называет её операция «Горы» и не знает своего воинского звания, аттестуясь «полковником». В свою очередь в официальном отчете М. М. Гвишиани об операции в Галанчожском районе говорится о нескольких десятках убитых или умерших в пути. В 1956 и в августе 1990 г. были созданы комиссии по расследованию этой «операции» (первая — под руководством Д. Мальсагова). Однако ясности до сих пор нет. И мы, на основании доступных в настоящее время источников, вынуждены воздержаться от окончательных суждений."


See also

*
List of massacres in the Soviet Union The following is a list of massacres that took place in the Soviet Union. For massacres that took place in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union, see the list of massacres in that country. See also * List of massacres in Russi ...


References

{{reflist Massacres committed by the Soviet Union 1944 in the Soviet Union Massacres in 1944 History of Chechnya Massacres in the Soviet Union Soviet World War II crimes NKVD Crimes against humanity Political forgery February 1944 events Lavrentiy Beria