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A prikaz (russian: прика́з, ''prikaz''; , plural: ) was an administrative, judicial, territorial, or executive
office An office is a space where an Organization, organization's employees perform Business administration, administrative Work (human activity), work in order to support and realize objects and Goals, plans, action theory, goals of the organizati ...
functioning on behalf of palace, civil, military, or church authorities in
Muscovy Muscovy is an alternative name for the Grand Duchy of Moscow (1263–1547) and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). It may also refer to: *Muscovy Company, an English trading company chartered in 1555 * Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata'') and Domes ...
and in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The term usually suggests the functionality of a modern "
ministry Ministry may refer to: Government * Ministry (collective executive), the complete body of government ministers under the leadership of a prime minister * Ministry (government department), a department of a government Religion * Christian ...
", "
office An office is a space where an Organization, organization's employees perform Business administration, administrative Work (human activity), work in order to support and realize objects and Goals, plans, action theory, goals of the organizati ...
" or "department". In modern Russian, ''prikaz'' literally means an "order". Most of the prikazes were subordinated to the
Boyar Duma A duma (russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were for ...
. Some of them (palace prikazes (russian: links=no, дворцовые приказы, ) were subordinated to the ''taynyi prikaz'' or ''pervyi prikaz'', which answered directly to the
tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" i ...
. The
patriarch of Moscow and All Russia The Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' (russian: Патриарх Московский и всея Руси, translit=Patriarkh Moskovskij i vseja Rusi), also known as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, is the official title of the Bishop of Mo ...
had his own prikazes.


History

Originally, prikazes were created by private orders (russian: приказ, prikaz) given by the tsar to a certain person. The functions of the prikazy would be led by boyars and professional administrators. From 1512, the term "Prikaz" started to be used to refer to offices. There were 22 prikazy (departments) in 1613, however this number would balloon to 80 by the mid-17th century.


Abolition

The prikazes were abolished by
Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...
and replaced, beginning in 1717, with administrative organs known as collegiate. This process would undergo a long span of time; the Siberian Prikaz, for example, was restored in 1730 and existed until 1755. At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great even established some new prikazes. The system was only fully eliminated by
Catherine the Great , en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes , house = , father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp , birth_date = , birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anhal ...
in 1775.


List of Russian prikazes

*Foreign affairs **Ambassadorial Prikaz () - in charge of international affairs, a kind of a
Ministry of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the government department responsible for the state's diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support for a country's citizens who are abroad. The entit ...
, 1549-1718 **Captive Prikaz, (Polonyanichy Prikaz from archaic russian: полон, плен 'polon', 'plen' meaning "captive"), for the redemption of Russian captives and prisoners of war **Prikaz of Pans (Panskiy Prikaz) - office of Polish affairs *Administrative **Prikaz of the Seal (Pechatny Prikaz) - placed the tsar's
seal Seal may refer to any of the following: Common uses * Pinniped, a diverse group of semi-aquatic marine mammals, many of which are commonly called seals, particularly: ** Earless seal, or "true seal" ** Fur seal * Seal (emblem), a device to impr ...
on various documents granting various things to private individuals, and collected the corresponding
duties A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; fro, deu, did, past participle of ''devoir''; la, debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise. A duty may ...
**Stone Prikaz (Kamennyi Prikaz) **Coachman Prikaz (Courier Prikaz, Yam Prikaz: Yamskoy Prikaz) **Book Printing Prikaz **Prikaz of Hospice Construction **Pharmaceutical Prikaz (Aptekarskiy prikaz) **Monk Prikaz (Monasheskiy Prikaz) *Judicial Prikazes **
Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
**
Vladimir Vladimir may refer to: Names * Vladimir (name) for the Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian spellings of a Slavic name * Uladzimir for the Belarusian version of the name * Volodymyr for the Ukr ...
**Dmitrov **
Ryazan Ryazan ( rus, Рязань, p=rʲɪˈzanʲ, a=ru-Ryazan.ogg) is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census ...
*Military Prikazes **Prikaz of Riflemen (
Streletsky Prikaz Streltsy Department or Streletsky Prikaz (Стрелецкий приказ in Russian) was one of the main governmental bodies in Russia in 16th and 17th centuries. The first reference to the Streltsy Department (SD) appears in 1571, but in t ...
) **Artillery Prikaz , (Pushkarsky Prikaz) **Prikaz of Admiralty, (Admiralteysky Prikaz) **Prikaz of Cossacks (), 1618-1646 **Armored Prikaz (Bronniy Prikaz) **Conscription Prikaz (Prikaz sbora ratnykh i datochnykh lydei (russian: сбора ратных и даточных людей) **Prikaz of Foreign Lands (
Inozemsky Prikaz Inozemsky Prikaz (russian: Иноземский приказ, lit. Office for the Affairs of the Foreigners) was a central government agency in the 17th-century Russia, which dealt with the affairs of the foreigners, including those hired by the R ...
) **Arsenal Prikaz (Oruzheiniy Prikaz) **
Preobrazhensky prikaz Preobrazhensky (masculine), Preobrazhenskaya (feminine), or Preobrazhenskoye (neuter), literally meaning "of the Transfiguration", may refer to: ;People * Preobrazhensky (surname) (''Preobrazhenskaya'') ;Places * Preobrazhensky (rural locality) ( ...
( ru), which oversaw the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments in the 18th century **Prikaz of German feeds: probably, paid a salary to foreigners (known as "Germans" (russian: немцы 'niemtsy' means "mute people")) in Russian military or state service **Ritter Prikaz *Financial Prikazes **Domestic Prikaz (Pomestny Prikaz) **Accounting Prikaz **Prikaz of Grand Treasury **Prikaz of Grand Income *Security **Prikaz of Petitions (Chelobitny Prikaz) - considered complaints or petitions addressed to the Tsar; the adjective ''chelobitnaya'' (russian: челобитная) comes from the expression ''bit' chelom'', "to knock with one's forehead (on the ground)", meaning a very humble submission of a petition, with an extremely low bow. The standard form of such complaint included the words "Slave of God ... (or: 'Your slave') is beating with the forehead", or "Slaves and orphans are beating with foreheads" **Privy Prikaz (, Tayny Prikaz) - secret police (1654 - 1676) **Robbery Prikaz (Razboiniy Prikas) - criminal police **Prikaz of Investigations (Sysknoy prikaz) *Regional Prikazes **
Little Russia Little Russia (russian: Малороссия/Малая Россия, Malaya Rossiya/Malorossiya; uk, Малоросія/Мала Росія, Malorosiia/Mala Rosiia), also known in English as Malorussia, Little Rus' (russian: Малая Ру ...
, Ministry of the Ukrainian (
Malorossiya Little Russia (russian: Малороссия/Малая Россия, Malaya Rossiya/Malorossiya; uk, Малоросія/Мала Росія, Malorosiia/Mala Rosiia), also known in English as Malorussia, Little Rus' (russian: Малая Ру ...
) Affairs (Малороссийский приказ, Malorossiyskiy prikaz) **
Kazan Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: ɑzan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering a ...
(Казанский приказ, Приказ Казанского дворца, Kazan Palace Prikaz ),
Volga Region The Volga Region (russian: Поволжье, ''Povolzhye'', literally: "along the Volga") is a historical region in Russia that encompasses the drainage basin of the Volga River, the longest river in Europe, in central and southern European Russ ...
(Поволжье) Affairs (South-West of Russia, territories of former
Kazan Khanate The Khanate of Kazan ( tt, Казан ханлыгы, Kazan xanlıgı; russian: Казанское ханство, Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552 ...
) **
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
(), (1637-1763) **
Great Russia Great Russia, sometimes Great Rus' (russian: Великая Русь, , , , , ), is a name formerly applied to the territories of "Russia proper", the land that formed the core of Muscovy and later Russia. This was the land to which the eth ...
**Grand Duchy of
Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...
**
Smolensk Smolensk ( rus, Смоленск, p=smɐˈlʲensk, a=smolensk_ru.ogg) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest c ...
(disbanded on Poland's conquest of Smolensk (1611); restored when Smolensk returned to Russian control in 1654) **
Livonia Livonia ( liv, Līvõmō, et, Liivimaa, fi, Liivinmaa, German and Scandinavian languages: ', archaic German: ''Liefland'', nl, Lijfland, Latvian and lt, Livonija, pl, Inflanty, archaic English: ''Livland'', ''Liwlandia''; russian: Ли ...
Affairs **
Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the ol ...
quarter **
Vladimir Vladimir may refer to: Names * Vladimir (name) for the Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian spellings of a Slavic name * Uladzimir for the Belarusian version of the name * Volodymyr for the Ukr ...
quarter ** Ustyug quarter **
Kostroma Kostroma ( rus, Кострома́, p=kəstrɐˈma) is a historic city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast, Russia. A part of the Golden Ring of Russian cities, it is located at the confluence of the rivers Volga and Kostroma. Popu ...
quarter ** Galich quarter **
Smolensk Smolensk ( rus, Смоленск, p=smɐˈlʲensk, a=smolensk_ru.ogg) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest c ...
quarter *Palace Prikazes **Prikaz of Stables
Konyushenny Prikaz Master of the Horse is an official position in several European nations. It was more common when most countries in Europe were monarchies, and is of varying prominence today. (Ancient Rome) The original Master of the Horse ( la, Magister Equitu ...
**Palace Prikaz (, 1627-1709) **Prikaz of Stone Palace (Prikaz kamennogo dvortsa) **Prikaz of Gold and Silver Affairs **Prikaz of Requiem (Panihydniy prikaz) - requiems for members of the tsar's family *Patriarchal Prikazes **Patriarchal Prikaz-in-charge **Patriarchal Treasury Prikaz **Patriarchal Palace Prikaz *Other **Order-in-charge (Razryadny Prikaz) - in charge of higher military and civil administration personnel **Prikaz of
kholop A kholop ( rus, холо́п, p=xɐˈlop) was a type of feudal serf in Kievan Rus', then in Russia between the 10th and early 18th centuries. Their legal status was close to that of slaves. Etymology The word ''kholop'' was first mentioned in ...
s (Kholopskiy Prikaz) - considered the affairs of
kholop A kholop ( rus, холо́п, p=xɐˈlop) was a type of feudal serf in Kievan Rus', then in Russia between the 10th and early 18th centuries. Their legal status was close to that of slaves. Etymology The word ''kholop'' was first mentioned in ...
s


Classification

The classification of the various prikazes is a very difficult task. In fact, each major historian tries to build their own system of classification. Major variants include prikazes of a territory, of a class of population, or of an area of affairs. Another method of classification is to rank prikazes by subordination.


See also

* Dyak, clerk *
Podyachy A Podyachy or podyachiy (; from the Greek ''hypodiakonos,'' "assistant servant") was an office (bureaucratic) occupation in ''prikazes'' (local and upper governmental offices) and lesser local offices of Russia in 15th-18th centuries. As an anac ...
, clerk assistant *
List of Russian foreign ministers The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is a high-ranking Russian government official who heads the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. The foreign minister is one of the five so-called 'presidential' minis ...


References

{{Reflist


External links


State administration in Russia 16th-17th centuries, in Russian
Tsardom of Russia Government of the Russian Empire Medieval Russia