The
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
Symphypleona is one of the three main groups of
springtail
Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Ento ...
s (Collembola), tiny
hexapods related to
insect
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs ...
s. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a
suborder
Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...
.
They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups by their body shape. The Symphypleona are very round animals, almost
spherical
A sphere () is a geometrical object that is a three-dimensional analogue to a two-dimensional circle. A sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance from a given point in three-dimensional space.. That given point is the ce ...
, and usually have long
antenna
Antenna ( antennas or antennae) may refer to:
Science and engineering
* Antenna (radio), also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g., TV or radio) waves
* Antennae Galaxies, the name of two collid ...
e. The
Poduromorpha
The order Poduromorpha is one of the three main groups of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. This group was formerly treated as a superfamily Poduroidea.
They can be best distinguished from the other springtail groups ...
, by contrast, always have short legs and a plump body, but more oval in shape than the Symphypleona. The
Entomobryomorpha
The Entomobryomorpha are one of the three main groups ( order) of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. This group was formerly treated as a superfamily, the Entomobryoidea.
They can be best distinguished from the other ...
are the slimmest springtails, some with long and some with short legs and antennae, but always with a very slender body.
Systematics
The Symphypleona order was previously suggested to also contain family
Neelidae
Neelidae is a family of springtails in the order Neelipleona
Neelipleona is a name given to some hexapods of the subclass Collembola (springtails). While their taxonomic rank remains broadly settled as family Neelidae, Neelipleona has been ...
, as a very
apomorph
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...
ic relative in the
Sminthuridae
Sminthuridae is a family of springtails of the order Symphypleona. Sminthurids are commonly referred to as globular springtails.
Description
Like other Symphypleona, Sminthuridae are globular in shape and have a furcula that allows them to ju ...
superfamily. Phylogenetic studies however suggest
Neelidae
Neelidae is a family of springtails in the order Neelipleona
Neelipleona is a name given to some hexapods of the subclass Collembola (springtails). While their taxonomic rank remains broadly settled as family Neelidae, Neelipleona has been ...
to be the only family of
Neelipleona
Neelipleona is a name given to some hexapods of the subclass Collembola (springtails). While their taxonomic rank remains broadly settled as family Neelidae, Neelipleona has been described at order or suborder rank. Eyes are absent.
Taxonomi ...
order.
[Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun & Luan, Yun-Xia (2008): Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Hexapods Reconstructed from Nearly Complete 18S and 28S rRNA Gene Sequences. '' Zool. Sci.'' 25(11): 1139-1145. (HTML abstract)]
Families
The following is a list of the families within Symphypleona, grouped by superfamily. It includes extinct families known only from
fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
remains.
* Superfamily Sminthuridoidea
:* Family
Mackenziellidae
:* Family
Sminthuridae
Sminthuridae is a family of springtails of the order Symphypleona. Sminthurids are commonly referred to as globular springtails.
Description
Like other Symphypleona, Sminthuridae are globular in shape and have a furcula that allows them to ju ...
* Superfamily Katiannoidea
:* Family
Katiannidae
Katiannidae is a family of Collembola
Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometime ...
:* Family
Spinothecidae
:* Family
Arrhopalitidae
:* Family
Collophoridae
The order Symphypleona is one of the three main groups of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.
They can be b ...
* Superfamily Sturmioidea
:* Family
Sturmiidae
The order Symphypleona is one of the three main groups of springtails (Collembola), tiny hexapods related to insects. When the springtails were still believed to be an order of insects, the Symphypleona were ranked as a suborder.
They can be b ...
* Superfamily Sminthuroidea
:* Family
Sminthuridae
Sminthuridae is a family of springtails of the order Symphypleona. Sminthurids are commonly referred to as globular springtails.
Description
Like other Symphypleona, Sminthuridae are globular in shape and have a furcula that allows them to ju ...
:* Family
Bourletiellidae
* Superfamily Dicyrtomoidea
:* Family
Dicyrtomidae
Dicyrtomidae is a family of Collembola in the order Symphypleona, and it is the only family of the superfamily Dicyrtomoidea. It includes more than 200 species in eight genera.
Genera
According to ''Checklist of the Collembola of the World'': ...
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q915691
Collembola