Katherine Smith (1918–2017) was a

Navajo The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in the United ...

activist, cultural educator,

land defender A land defender, land protector, or environmental defender is an activist who works to protect ecosystems and the human right to a safe, healthy environment. Often, defenders are members of Indigenous communities who are protecting property ri ...

, and resistor who protected Navajo land and refused to leave Big Mountain ( Black Mesa). A 1985 documentary Broken Rainbow depicts the struggle of the Navajo amid government enforced relocation of thousands from Black Mesa in

Arizona Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...

after the enactment of the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974. The documentary film about the relocation was nominated for an Oscar. She famously shot a rifle overhead as a warning to construction workers hired by the

Bureau of Indian Affairs The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and A ...

to build a fence between the

Hopi The Hopi are a Native American ethnic group who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census, there are 19,338 Hopi in the country. The Hopi Tribe is a sovereign nation within the Unite ...

and Navajo land in order to mine for uranium and coal for the coal company Peabody . In the 1988 documentary "Heart of Big Mountain," Smith said, “I was born from Big Mountain. That’s my mother. So all of my life I will always be thinking of this place. My spirit will be here forever.”

Early life

Katherine Smith was born to the Tábąąhá clan. Her known family are her maternal and paternal grandfathers, Tł’ízíłání and Naakaii Dine’é, as well as her daughter Mary Katherine Smith. During the 1920s, Smith was required to attend an

American Indian boarding school American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid 17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Na ...

as a child. She describes this experience later in life as living within the "prison" of Western law.

Activism

Smith implemented much of her knowledge about Diné philosophy to resist against the effects of the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974. One Navajo philosophy in particular was the Native ties to the land based on the tradition of burying the

Umbilical cord In placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or ''funiculus umbilicalis'') is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord is physiologic ...

into the ground after a child is born, which Smith's own mother had practiced. This attachment to place fueled Smith's efforts in protecting the land she was raised in. When the Act was approved and the

came to Big Mountain to build a fence, which would require her relocation in 1974, Smith armed herself with a rifle at their arrival. She fired a warning shot to defend her homestead, which drew the crews set to relocate her away. She was arrested for this, but was later acquitted and had no charges placed on her. Throughout her life, she continued to advocate for the Navajo citizen's ancestral ties to the land to Big Mountain. In Fall of 2005, Smith wrote a letter to the U.S. government regarding how the settlement Act infringed on Dinétah : "According to our oral historical traditions, from the beginning of the Fifth World, the Holy People- placed us “the Dineh” with Natural Laws-here within the six sacred Mountains, between the Male and Female Rivers. This defines our sacred boundaries of “Dinetah”. Our sacred Mountain Bundles represent this Home, and our Laws." Big mountain (Black Mesa) is remote rural area on the Hopi/Navajo Reservation where Kathrine Smith lived all her life. She died of

natural causes In many legal jurisdictions, the manner of death is a determination, typically made by the coroner, medical examiner, police, or similar officials, and recorded as a vital statistic. Within the United States and the United Kingdom, a distinct ...

on March 29, 2017 at 98, though some members of her family claim that she lived to over 100 due to her unknown birthdate. A celebration of her life was held open to the public on April 2, 2017 at Big Mountain.

Publications

*Cheyfitz, E. (2006). The Columbia guide to American Indian literatures of the United states since 1945. *Schwarz, M. T. (1997). Unraveling the Anchoring Cord: Navajo Relocation, 1974 to 1996. American Anthropologist, 99(1), 43-45. doi:10.1525/aa.1997.99.1.43

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Katherine 1910s births 2017 deaths Navajo people 20th-century Native Americans 21st-century Native Americans 20th-century Native American women 21st-century Native American women