Karl Theodore Francis Bitter (December 6, 1867 – April 9, 1915) was an Austrian-born American sculptor best known for his architectural sculpture, memorials and residential work.

Life and career

The son of Carl and Henrietta Bitter, he was born in the municipal district

Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus () is the 15th municipal District of Vienna, Austria (german: 15. Bezirk). It is in central Vienna, west of Innere Stadt. It borders Neubau and Mariahilf in the east, Meidling and Hietzing in the south, Penzing in the w ...

of Vienna. His early training took place at the Vienna ''

Kunstgewerbeschule A Kunstgewerbeschule (English: ''School of Arts and Crafts'' or S''chool of Applied Arts'') was a type of vocational arts school that existed in German-speaking countries from the mid-19th century. The term Werkkunstschule was also used for thes ...

'' (the imperial school for the applied arts), and after that at the ''Kunstakademie'' (the Academy of Fine Arts). At the Academy, he studied with August Kühne and Edmund Heller. Upon his graduation, he was apprenticed to an architectural sculptor,. This was the period that the ''

Ringstraße The Vienna Ring Road (german: Ringstraße, lit. ''ring road'') is a 5.3 km (3.3 mi) circular grand boulevard that serves as a ring road around the historic Innere Stadt (Inner Town) district of Vienna, Austria. The road is located on sites where ...

'' was being built in Vienna, and a large number of decorated buildings were being built. He was drafted into the Austrian Army, and deserted while on leave. He was unable to return to Austria for many years because of his desertion. He later was pardoned by Emperor

Franz Josef Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (german: Franz Joseph Karl, hu, Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his ...

of Austria, who hoped to lure the famous sculptor back to Vienna."Karl Bitter's Statuary on St. Paul Building May Be Offered Austria, Which Exiled Him"
''The New York Times''. December 2, 1957. p. 24. Retrieved March 15, 2011. Bitter immigrated to the United States in 1889, arriving in New York City. He applied for citizenship, and set to work as an assistant with a firm of house decorators. While employed with this firm, at age 21, he competed for the Astor memorial bronze gates of Trinity Church and won. The work gave him sufficient capital to build and establish a small studio on 13th Street. Bitter modeled seated statues of

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 18 ...

and

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first United States secretary of the treasury from 1789 to 1795. Born out of wedlock in Charlest ...

to flank the entrance to the

Cuyahoga County Courthouse The Cuyahoga County Courthouse stretches along Lakeside Avenue at the north end of the Cleveland Mall in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. The building was listed on the National Register along with the mall district in 1975. Other notable buildings of t ...

in Cleveland, Ohio (1909–11). He portrayed the men in early middle age, as in the 1780s when they clashed over what kind of nation the United States should become. Missouri commissioned a copy of Jefferson (1913), and Bitter made minor alterations to portray Jefferson as he looked as president when he signed the

Louisiana Purchase Treaty The Louisiana Purchase (french: Vente de la Louisiane, translation=Sale of Louisiana) was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or appr ...

in 1803. For the commission from the

University of Virginia The University of Virginia (UVA) is a Public university#United States, public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, the university is ranked among the top academic institutions in the United S ...

, Bitter aged Jefferson further, portraying him as he looked in retirement. About this time, Bitter was discovered by

Richard Morris Hunt Richard Morris Hunt (October 31, 1827 – July 31, 1895) was an American architect of the nineteenth century and an eminent figure in the history of American architecture. He helped shape New York City with his designs for the 1902 entrance fa� ...

, the architect of choice of many of New York's rich and famous. From that time on Bitter was never without work. After working as a sculptor at the

World's Columbian Exposition The World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordi ...

in Chicago in 1893 and as director at the

Pan-American Exposition The Pan-American Exposition was a World's Fair held in Buffalo, New York, United States, from May 1 through November 2, 1901. The fair occupied of land on the western edge of what is now Delaware Park, extending from Delaware Avenue to Elmwood A ...

in Buffalo, New York in 1901, Bitter's extraordinary organizational skills led him to be named head of the sculpture programs at both the 1904 St. Louis Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, where

Lee Lawrie Lee Oscar Lawrie (October 16, 1877 – January 23, 1963) was an American architectural sculptor and a key figure in the American art scene preceding World War II. Over his long career of more than 300 commissions Lawrie's style evolved through ...

trained with his guidance, and the 1915

Panama–Pacific International Exposition The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a world's fair held in San Francisco, California, United States, from February 20 to December 4, 1915. Its stated purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, but it was widely se ...

held in San Francisco, California. In 1906/1907, he presided over the

National Sculpture Society Founded in 1893, the National Sculpture Society (NSS) was the first organization of professional sculptors formed in the United States. The purpose of the organization was to promote the welfare of American sculptors, although its founding members ...

. Among the awards won by Bitter were the silver medal of the Paris Exposition, 1900; the gold medal of the Pan-American Exposition, 1901; a gold medal at Philadelphia, 1902; and the gold medal at the St. Louis Exposition, 1904. He was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Sciences, vice-president (1906–08 and 1914–15); the

National Academy of Design The National Academy of Design is an honorary association of American artists, founded in New York City in 1825 by Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, Charles Cushing Wright, Ithiel Town, and others "to promote the fin ...

, to which he was elected in 1902; the

American Academy of Arts and Letters The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 300-member honor society whose goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, music, and art. Its fixed number membership is elected for lifetime appointments. Its headqu ...

, Players' Club, Century Club, and vice-president of the Architectural League from 1904 to 1906 and from 1909 to 1911, and member of the Art Commission, New York, from 1912 to 1915. Although Bitter arose out of the Classical/Naturalist styles he was increasingly turning towards a more modern approach to sculpture. Much of the work in Buffalo and St. Louis was

allegorical As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory th ...

in nature. Where this would have taken him will never be known, because he was killed in an accident in 1915 when, while leaving the

Metropolitan Opera The Metropolitan Opera (commonly known as the Met) is an American opera company based in New York City, resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center, currently situated on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The company is operat ...

in New York, a car jumped the curb on

Broadway Broadway may refer to: Theatre * Broadway Theatre (disambiguation) * Broadway theatre, theatrical productions in professional theatres near Broadway, Manhattan, New York City, U.S. ** Broadway (Manhattan), the street **Broadway Theatre (53rd Stree ...

and struck him down. His wife survived the accident as he had pushed her out of the way of the oncoming car. Like many of the sculptors and painters of the day, Bitter frequently employed the services of the muse and history's first "super model",

Audrey Munson Audrey Marie Munson (June 8, 1891 – February 20, 1996) was an American model (person), artist's model and film actress, considered to be "America's first supermodel." In her time, she was variously known as "Miss Manhattan", the "Panama–Paci ...

. On June 30, 1901, he married Marie A. Schevill, of Cincinnati, Ohio. They had three children: Francis T. R. Bitter, Marietta C. E. Bitter and John F. Bitter. Their son

Francis Bitter Francis Bitter (July 22, 1902 – July 26, 1967) was an American physicist. Bitter invented the Bitter plate used in resistive magnets (also called Bitter electromagnets). He also developed the water cooling method inherent to the design of Bi ...

, born in 1902, became a prominent American physicist. For a time, Bitter's studio was located in a building known as The Castle in

Weehawken Weehawken is a township in the northern part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located largely on the Hudson Palisades overlooking the Hudson River. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 17,197.

, New Jersey. The Castle was created as a part of the

Eldorado Amusement Park Eldorado Amusement Park was a 25-acre (10.12 ha) amusement park that opened in 1891 in the Highwood Park section of Weehawken, New Jersey. It operated as an amusement grounds through 1894, after which time the main building, the Casino, was used t ...

Architectural sculpture

Outside the Metropolitan Museum Of Art (5893442271)

*East Doors and Tympanum,

Trinity Church, New York Trinity Church is a historic parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York, at the intersection of Wall Street and Broadway in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Known for its history, location, architecture and e ...

, 1891 *''Elements Controlled and Uncontrolled'', 1893, Administration Building,

, Chicago, Illinois, destroyed * Broad Street Station, 1894,

Pennsylvania Railroad The Pennsylvania Railroad (reporting mark PRR), legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company also known as the "Pennsy", was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was named ...

, Philadelphia,

Frank Furness Frank Heyling Furness (November 12, 1839 - June 27, 1912) was an American architect of the Victorian era. He designed more than 600 buildings, most in the Philadelphia area, and is remembered for his diverse, muscular, often unordinarily scaled b ...

architect: **''Spirit of Transportation'' (plaster), length: 30 ft (9.14 m), interior of waiting room. Now located in

30th Street Station 3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious or cultural significance in many societie ...

. **''Elements of Fire and Water Tamed and Harnessed in Service to Man'', pediment over 15th Street tunnel, (terra cotta), length: 50 ft (15.24 m), destroyed. **10 relief panels commemorating cities served by the PRR (terra cotta), exterior of train shed, destroyed. **Sculpture group surrounding clock (terra cotta), exterior, destroyed. **3 pedimental relief panels (terra cotta), exterior, destroyed. *

Horace Jayne House Horace Jayne House (1895) is an architecturally significant building designed by architect Frank Furness in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at the southwest corner of 19th and Delancey Streets, about a block south of Rittenhouse Square. ...

, 1895, 19th & Delancey Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect, 4 pedimental relief panels of musicians (terra cotta), exterior. *

Biltmore Estate Biltmore Estate is a historic house museum and tourist attraction in Asheville, North Carolina. Biltmore House (or Biltmore Mansion), the main residence, is a Châteauesque-style mansion built for George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1889 a ...

, 1895, Asheville, North Carolina,

, architect: **''Heroic statue of Joan of Arc'' (limestone), on exterior of staircase. **''Heroic statue of St. Louis'' (limestone), on exterior of staircase. **''Contest of the Minstrels'' (oak frieze), banquet hall. **''The Return from the Chase'' (stone frieze), over banquet hall fireplace. **''Boy Stealing Geese'' (bronze), palm garden fountain. **''Venus and Vulcan Andirons'' (steel), library. *

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

, Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, Richard Morris Hunt architect: **6 portrait medallions ( 1895): ''Velasquez'', ''Raphael'', ''Durer'', ''Rembrandt'', ''Michelangelo'', ''Bramante'',

spandrel A spandrel is a roughly triangular space, usually found in pairs, between the top of an arch and a rectangular frame; between the tops of two adjacent arches or one of the four spaces between a circle within a square. They are frequently fill ...

s over main entrance. **4 caryatids (1899): ''Painting'', ''Sculpture'', ''Architecture'', ''Music'', Fifth Avenue façade. **Bitter's sculpture groups of The Arts (1901) were never executed in stone. The uncarved blocks for them remain atop the paired columns of the Fifth Avenue facade. * St Paul Building – George B. Post architect, New York City, 1896 **When this building was demolished in 1958, Bitter's three

caryatid A caryatid ( or or ; grc, Καρυᾶτις, pl. ) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term ''karyatides'' literally means "ma ...

s ended up at Holliday Park in

Indianapolis Indianapolis (), colloquially known as Indy, is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion ...

after some debate about sending them to Vienna, Austria. *Decorations on the

Dewey Arch __NOTOC__ The Dewey Arch was a triumphal arch that stood from 1899 to 1900 at Madison Square in Manhattan, New York. It was erected for a parade in honor of Admiral George Dewey celebrating his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philipp ...

– New York, 1899 *''Cornell Memorial Pulpit and Choir Rail'' (1900), All Angels' Episcopal Church, Manhattan, New York City. Now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. * United States Customs House –

Cass Gilbert Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934) was an American architect. An early proponent of skyscrapers, his works include the Woolworth Building, the United States Supreme Court building, the state capitols of Minnesota, Arkansas and We ...

architect, New York City, 1906 *

Cleveland Trust Company KeyBank, the primary subsidiary of KeyCorp, is a regional bank headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, and is the only major bank based in Cleveland. KeyBank is one of the largest banks in the United States. Key's customer base spans retail, small ...

– George B. Post architect,

Cleveland Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...

, Ohio, 1907 *First National Bank –

J. Milton Dyer J. Milton Dyer (April 22, 1870 – May 27, 1957) was a prominent Cleveland, Ohio architect. Background Dwyer was born in Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, Middletown, Pennsylvania where his father had a hardware business.Gettysburg National Military Park The Gettysburg National Military Park protects and interprets the landscape of the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. Located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the park is managed by the National Park Service. The GNMP propert ...

, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. *

, Cleveland, Ohio, Lehman & Schmidt, architects: **''Lord John Somers'' (1911, marble), atop façade cornice. **''Lord Mansfield'' (1911, marble), atop facade cornice. *

Wisconsin State Capitol The Wisconsin State Capitol, located in Madison, Wisconsin, houses both chambers of the Wisconsin legislature along with the Wisconsin Supreme Court and the Office of the Governor. Completed in 1917, the building is the fifth to serve as the Wi ...

, Madison, George B. Post, architect: **''Liberty Supported by the Law'' (1910, granite), East Pediment sculpture group. **''Wisconsin State Resources'' (1917, granite), West Pediment sculpture group. **4 sculpture groups (1912): ''Knowledge'', ''Strength'', ''Faith'', ''Prosperity and Abundance'', around base of dome.

Monuments and other works

*''Dr.

William Pepper William Pepper Jr. (August 21, 1843July 28, 1898), was an American physician, leader in medical education in the nineteenth century, and a longtime Provost of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1891, he founded the Free Library of Philadelphia ...

'' (1895, bronze), south side of College Hall,

University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universitie ...

. **''Dr. William Pepper'' (1899, bronze),

Free Library of Philadelphia The Free Library of Philadelphia is the public library system that serves Philadelphia. It is the 13th-largest public library system in the United States. The Free Library of Philadelphia is a non-Mayoral agency of the City of Philadelphia gove ...

, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. *''Breckenridge Memorial Tablet'' (1902, bronze),

United States Naval Academy The United States Naval Academy (US Naval Academy, USNA, or Navy) is a federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland. It was established on 10 October 1845 during the tenure of George Bancroft as Secretary of the Navy. The Naval Academy ...

, Annapolis, Maryland. *''Signing the Treaty'' (later known as ''Louisiana Purchase Group'') (1904, staff),

Louisiana Purchase Exposition The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was an World's fair, international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds tota ...

, St. Louis. ** Model for ''Louisiana Purchase Group'' (undated, plaster),

St. Louis Art Museum The Saint Louis Art Museum (SLAM) is one of the principal U.S. art museums, with paintings, sculptures, cultural objects, and ancient masterpieces from all corners of the world. Its three-story building stands in Forest Park in St. Louis, M ...

, St. Louis, Missouri. **''Louisiana Purchase Group'' (1913, bronze),

Missouri History Museum The Missouri History Museum in Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri, showcases Missouri history. It is operated by the Missouri Historical Society, which was founded in 1866. Museum admission is free through a public subsidy by the Metropolitan ...

, St. Louis. *''Equestrian statue of General

Franz Sigel Franz Sigel (November 18, 1824 – August 21, 1902) was a German American military officer, revolutionary and immigrant to the United States who was a teacher, newspaperman, politician, and served as a Union major general in the American Civil W ...

'' (1907, bronze), Riverside Park, Riverside Drive & 108th Street, Manhattan, New York City. * William Henry Baldwin Jr. Memorial Tablet (1909, marble),

Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee University (Tuskegee or TU), formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute, is a private, historically black land-grant university in Tuskegee, Alabama. It was founded on Independence Day in 1881 by the state legislature. The campus was de ...

, Tuskegee, Alabama. *Dr.

James Burrill Angell James Burrill Angell (January 7, 1829 – April 1, 1916) was an American educator and diplomat. He is best known for being the longest-serving president of the University of Michigan, from 1871 to 1909. He represented the transition from sma ...

Memorial Tablet (1909, bronze), Alumni Memorial Hall,

University of Michigan , mottoeng = "Arts, Knowledge, Truth" , former_names = Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania (1817–1821) , budget = $10.3 billion (2021) , endowment = $17 billion (2021)As o ...

, Ann Arbor, Michigan. *''Alexander Hamilton'' (1911, bronze), flanking main entrance to Cuyahoga County Courthouse, Cleveland, Ohio. *''Thomas Jefferson'' (1911, bronze), flanking main entrance to Cuyahoga County Courthouse, Cleveland, Ohio. First version. * ''

'' (1913, marble),

Forest Park A forest park is a park whose main theme is its forest of trees. Forest parks are found both in the mountains and in the urban environment. Examples Chile * Forest Park, Santiago China *Gongqing Forest Park, Shanghai * Mufushan National Fores ...

, St. Louis, Missouri. Second version. **Model for ''Thomas Jefferson'' (undated, plaster),

, St. Louis, Missouri. *''Thomas Jefferson'' (1915, bronze),

, Charlottesville. Third version. **''

'' (1915, bronze), Jefferson High School, Portland, Oregon. *

Henry Philip Tappan Henry Philip Tappan (April 18, 1805 – November 15, 1881) was an American philosopher, educator and academic administrator. He is officially considered the first president of the University of Michigan.The University of Michigan was establi ...

Memorial (1913, bronze), Tappan Hall, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. * Carl Schurz Monument (1913, bronze), Morningside Park, Manhattan, New York City. ** Carl Schurz Monument (1914, bronze), Menominee Park, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. * Thomas Lowry Monument (1915, bronze), Smith Triangle Park,

Minneapolis Minneapolis () is the largest city in Minnesota, United States, and the county seat of Hennepin County. The city is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls. Minneapolis has its origins ...

, Minnesota. *''

Andrew Dickson White Andrew Dickson White (November 7, 1832 – November 4, 1918) was an American historian and educator who cofounded Cornell University and served as its first president for nearly two decades. He was known for expanding the scope of college curricu ...

'' (1915, bronze), outside Goldwin Smith Hall,

Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to teach an ...

, Ithaca, New York.

Funerary

*''Thanatos'' (1903, bronze), John Erastus Hubbard Memorial,

Montpelier, Vermont Montpelier () is the capital city of the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County. The site of Vermont's state government, it is the least populous state capital in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population w ...

. *''The End of the Day's Work'' (1904, marble),

Henry Villard Henry Villard (April 10, 1835 – November 12, 1900) was an American journalist and financier who was an early president of the Northern Pacific Railway. Born and raised by Ferdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard in the Rhenish Palatinate of the Kin ...

Memorial –

Sleepy Hollow, New York Sleepy Hollow is a village in the town of Mount Pleasant, in Westchester County, New York, United States. The village is located on the east bank of the Hudson River, about north of New York City, and is served by the Philipse Manor stop on ...

. *Fountain for cemetery, (1909),

Dayton, Ohio Dayton () is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater Day ...

*''Faded Flowers'' (1911, marble), Prehn Mausoleum, Cedar Lawn Cemetery

Paterson, New Jersey Paterson ( ) is the largest City (New Jersey), city in and the county seat of Passaic County, New Jersey, Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.Henry Bacon Henry Bacon (November 28, 1866February 16, 1924) was an American Beaux-Arts architect who is best remembered for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. (built 1915–1922), which was his final project. Education and early career Henr ...

, architect; carved by Piccirilli Brothers. *''Fear Not the Night'' (1915, marble), Louise Dellmayer Kasson Memorial, Forest Hills Cemetery,

Utica, New York Utica () is a Administrative divisions of New York, city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York, United States. The List of cities in New York, tenth-most-populous city in New York State, its population was 65,283 ...

Posthumous

*'' Pomona'' (1916, bronze), '' Pulitzer Fountain'',

Grand Army Plaza Grand Army Plaza, originally known as Prospect Park Plaza, is a public plaza that comprises the northern corner and the main entrance of Prospect Park (Brooklyn), Prospect Park in the New York City Borough (New York City), borough of Brooklyn. ...

, Manhattan, New York City. Completed by

Isidore Konti Isidore Konti (July 9, 1862 – January 11, 1938) was a Vienna-born (of Hungarian parents) sculptor. He began formal art studies at the age of 16 when he entered the Imperial Academy in Vienna, where he studied under Edmund von Hellmer.''Colle ...

and Karl Gruppe. *'' Depew Memorial Fountain'' (1919, bronze),

Indiana World War Memorial Plaza The Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is an urban feature and war memorial located in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, originally built to honor the veterans of World War I. and (PDF) It was conceived in 1919 as a location for the na ...

, Indianapolis, Indiana. Completed by

Alexander Stirling Calder Alexander Stirling Calder (January 11, 1870 – January 7, 1945) was an American sculptor and teacher. He was the son of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and the father of sculptor Alexander (Sandy) Calder. His best-known works are ''George Washi ...

. *'' Louisiana Purchase Group'' (by 1929, bronze),

Missouri State Capitol The Missouri State Capitol is the home of the Missouri General Assembly and the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Missouri. Located in Jefferson City at 201 West Capitol Avenue, it is the third capitol to be built in the city. ( ...

, Jefferson City, Missouri.

Adolph Alexander Weinman Adolph Alexander Weinman (December 11, 1870 – August 8, 1952) was a Germany-born American sculptor and architectural sculptor. Early life and education Adolph Alexander Weinman was born December 11, 1870 at Durmersheim, near Karlsruhe, Germ ...

oversaw the posthumous casting and designed the sculpture's granite setting. *''Heroic statue of

Henry Hudson Henry Hudson ( 1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States. In 1607 and 160 ...

'' (1939, bronze), Henry Hudson Park, Bronx, New York City.Henry Hudson Memorial
from SIRIS. Commissioned in 1909, it was completed from Bitter's plaster model by

and Karl Gruppe.

Gallery

File:Richard Morris Hunt by Karl Bitter.jpg, Bronze bust of architect

(1891), National Portrait Gallery, Washington D.C. File:Schevill Karl Bitter pediment Pennsylvania Railroad station Philadelphia.jpg, Model for Pediment over 15th Street, Broad Street Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1894, destroyed) File:SpiritOfTransportation-by-KarlBitter.jpg, ''Spirit of Transportation'' (1894),

, Philadelphia File:Jayne House Philly.JPG,

(1895), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

, architect File:Atlantes by ((Karl Bitter)) - now in Indianapolis IN USA.jpeg, Caryatids from St. Paul Building (1896), Indianapolis File:Wm Pepper FLP 1899.JPG, ''Dr.

'' (1899),

File:Pan-American Exposition - The Triumphal Bridge.jpg, Triumphal Bridge (1901),

, Buffalo, New York, John M. Carrere, architect File:Symbols of Government by Karl Bitter.jpg, ''Symbols of Government'' (1907),

Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House (originally the New York Custom House) is a government building, museum, and former custom house at 1 Bowling Green, near the southern end of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Designed by Cas ...

, New York File:WiscCap2.jpg,

(1908–1912),

Madison Madison may refer to: People * Madison (name), a given name and a surname * James Madison (1751–1836), fourth president of the United States Place names * Madison, Wisconsin, the state capital of Wisconsin and the largest city known by this ...

, Wisconsin, George B. Post, architect File:Karl Bitter Alexander Hamilton for the county court house in Cleveland.jpg, ''Alexander Hamilton'' (1909–1911), Cuyahoga County Courthouse, Cleveland, Ohio File:Schevill Karl Bitter Thomas Jefferson University of Virginia.jpg, ''

'' (1909–1911), Cuyahoga County Courthouse, Cleveland, Ohio File:Carl schurz statue.jpg, Carl Schurz Monument (1913), Morningside Park, Manhattan File:En-Thomas Lowry.jpg,

Thomas Lowry Thomas Lowry (February 27, 1843 – February 4, 1909) was an American lawyer, real-estate magnate, and businessman who oversaw much of the early growth of the streetcar lines in the Twin Cities area of Minneapolis, St. Paul, and surrounding com ...

Memorial (1915),

File:AD White statue.jpg,

statue (1915),

Ithaca Ithaca most commonly refers to: *Homer's Ithaca, an island featured in Homer's ''Odyssey'' *Ithaca (island), an island in Greece, possibly Homer's Ithaca *Ithaca, New York, a city, and home of Cornell University and Ithaca College Ithaca, Ithaka ...

, New York