The was an organizational aspect of the establishment of

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

ese

State Shinto was Imperial Japan's ideological use of the Japanese folk religion and traditions of Shinto. The state exercised control of shrine finances and training regimes for priests to strongly encourage Shinto practices that emphasized the Emperor as ...

. This system classified

Shinto shrine A is a structure whose main purpose is to house ("enshrine") one or more ''kami'', the deities of the Shinto religion. Overview Structurally, a Shinto shrine typically comprises several buildings. The '' honden''Also called (本殿, meani ...

s as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into #Imperial shrines (''kampeisha''), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and #National shrines (''kokuheisha''), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University
Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, ''Kampei Taisha.''
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ichinomiya is a Japanese historical term referring to the Shinto shrines with the highest rank in a province. Shrines of lower rank were designated , , , and so forth. ''Encyclopedia of Shinto'' ''Ichi no miya'' retrieved 2013-5-14. The term gave rise t ...

'' that have the highest rank in their respective

provinces of Japan were first-level administrative divisions of Japan from the 600s to 1868. Provinces were established in Japan in the late 7th century under the Ritsuryō law system that formed the first central government. Each province was divided into and ...

. The

Ise Grand Shrine The , located in Ise, Mie Prefecture of Japan, is a Shinto shrine dedicated to the sun goddess Amaterasu. Officially known simply as , Ise Jingū is a shrine complex composed of many Shinto shrines centered on two main shrines, and . The Inn ...

stood at the top of all shrines and thus was outside the classification.

History

On the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871, by decree of the Dajō-kan, the fundamental elements of the modern shrine system were established: a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines, with specification of the grades of priest who could officiate at the various levels of shrine. These rankings were set aside in 1946, when such rankings were deemed "

" by the Occupation

Shinto Directive The Shinto Directive was an order issued in 1945 to the Japanese government by Occupation authorities to abolish state support for the Shinto religion. This unofficial "State Shinto" was thought by Allies to have been a major contributor to ...

. The

Jinja Honcho The is a religious administrative organisation that oversees about 80,000 Shinto shrines in Japan. These shrines take the Ise Grand Shrine as the foundation of their belief. It is the largest Shrine Shinto organization in existence. Descriptio ...

currently has a slightly different

List of Special Shrines A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations * List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America * SC Germania List, German rugby union ...

(別表神社, ''beppyo jinja'').

Kan-sha

The or "official government shrines" had two subdivisions, ''Kanpei-sha'' or "government shrines" and ''Kokuhei-sha'' or "national shrines".

Kanpei-sha

In 1871, the identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines most closely associated with the imperial family. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' p. 124. These shrines venerated by the imperial family. This category encompasses those sanctuaries enshrining emperors, imperial family members, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family.

Imperial shrines, 1st rank

The most highly ranked Imperial shrines or encompassed 67 sanctuaries.

Imperial shrines, 2nd rank

The mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or included 23 sanctuaries.Ponsonby-Fane. ''Imperial,'' p. 125.

Imperial shrines, 3rd rank

The lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines or were five sanctuaries.

Other Imperial shrines

In addition to the officially ranked Imperial shrines, a further grouping of , special shrines that fell outside this ranking system, was created at a later date.

Kokuhei-sha

The identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The ''kokuheisha'' enshrined ''kami'' considered beneficial to more local areas.

National shrines, 1st rank

The most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or were six sanctuaries.

National shrines, 2nd rank

The mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or encompassed 47 sanctuaries.

National shrines, 3rd rank

The lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or includes 50 sanctuaries.

"Min-sha"

The or various smaller shrines ranking below these two levels of ''Kan-sha'' ("official government shrines") are commonly, though unofficially, referred to as "people's shrines" or . These lower-ranking shrines were initially subdivided by the proclamation of the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871 into four main ranks, "Metropolitan", "Clan" or "Domain", "Prefectural", and "District" shrines. By far the largest number of shrines fell below the rank of District shrine. Their status was clarified by the of the fourth day of the seventh month of 1871, in accordance with which "Village shrines" ranked below their respective "District shrines", while the smaller local shrines or ''Hokora'' ranked beneath the "Village shrines".

Metropolitan shrines

"Metropolitan shrines" were known as . At a later date, the "Prefectural shrines" were classed together with the "Metropolitan shrines" as "Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines" or .

Clan or Domain shrines

"Clan shrines" or "Domain shrines" were known as . Due to the

abolition of the han system The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lords) ...

, no shrines were ever placed in this category.

Prefectural shrines

"Prefectural shrines" were known as . At a later date, the "Prefectural shrines" were classed together with the "Metropolitan shrines" as "Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines" or .

District shrine

"District shrines" were known as .

Village shrines

"Village shrines" were known as and ranked below their respective "District shrines", in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.

Hokora or Ungraded shrines

Small local shrines known as are ranked beneath the village shrines, in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871. At a later date, shrines beneath the rank of "Village shrines" were classed as "Ungraded shrines" or .

Statistics

New shrines were established and existing shrines promoted to higher ranks at various dates, but a 1903 snapshot of the 193,297 shrines in existence at that time saw the following: *Kan-sha **Imperial shrines: 95 **National shrines: 75 *"Min-sha" **Metropolitan and prefectural shrines: 571 **District shrines: 3,476 **Village shrines: 52,133 **Ungraded shrines: 136,947

Notes

References

* Breen, John and

Mark Teeuwen Mark J. Teeuwen (Marcus Jacobus Teeuwen, born 9 February 1966, Eindhoven) is a Dutch academic and Japanologist. He is an expert in Japanese religious practices, and he is a professor at the University of Oslo.University of Oslo faculty CV/ref> In a ...

. (2000)
''Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami.''
Honolulu:

University of Hawaii Press A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, the ...

. * Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959)
''The Imperial House of Japan.''
Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society
OCLC 194887
* _______________. (1962)
''Studies in Shinto and Shrines.''
Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society
OCLC 399449
* _______________. (1963)
''The Viciissitudes of Shinto.''
Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{DEFAULTSORT:Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines 1871 establishments in Japan Empire of Japan 1945 disestablishments in Japan Shinto shrines in Japan Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines