was a after ''

Genna was a coming after '' Keichō'' and before ''Kan'ei.'' This period spanned the years from July 1615 to February 1624. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * 1615 : The era name was changed to mark the enthronement of Go-Mizunuoo and bec ...

'' and before ''

Shōhō was a after ''Kan'ei'' and before ''Keian''. This period spanned the years from December 1644 through February 1648. The reigning emperor was .Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', p. 412./ref> Change of era * 1644 : The ...

.'' This period spanned the years from February 1624 through December 1644. The reigning emperors and empress were , and .Titsingh, Isaac. (1834)
''Annales des empereurs du japon'', p. 411.
/ref>

Change of era

* 1624 : The era name was changed to mark the start of a new cycle of the

Chinese zodiac The Chinese zodiac is a traditional classification scheme based on the lunar calendar that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating twelve-year cycle. Originating from China, the zodiac and its variations remain ...

. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in ''Genna'' 9, on the 30th day of the 2nd month. This era name is derived from 寛広、永長 (meaning "Broad Leniency, Eternal Leader").

Events

* 1624 (''Kan'ei 1''): Construction of the Hōei-zan temple began. * November 4, 1626 (''Kan'ei 3, 16th day of the 9th month''):

Emperor Go-Mizunoo was the 108th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Go-Mizunoo's reign spanned the years from 1611 through 1629, and was the first emperor to reign entirely during the Edo period. This 17th-century sovereign was n ...

and the empress visited

Nijō Castle is a flatland castle in Kyoto, Japan. The castle consists of two concentric rings (Kuruwa) of fortifications, the Ninomaru Palace, the ruins of the Honmaru Palace, various support buildings and several gardens. The surface area of the castle is ...

; they were accompanied by Princes of the Blood, palace ladies and ''

kuge The was a Japanese aristocratic class that dominated the Japanese Imperial Court in Kyoto. The ''kuge'' were important from the establishment of Kyoto as the capital during the Heian period in the late 8th century until the rise of the Kamakur ...

''. Among the precedents for this was the Tenshō era visit of

Emperor Go-Yōzei was the 107th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Go-Yōzei's reign spanned the years 1586 through to his abdication in 1611, corresponding to the transition between the Azuchi–Momoyama period and the Edo period ...

Toyotomi Hideyoshi , otherwise known as and , was a Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Cour ...

's extravagant

Heian-kyō Heian-kyō was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. It was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180. Emperor Kanmu established it as the capital in 794, mov ...

mansion, Juraku-dai (which Hideyoshi himself would tear down in the 12th month of

Bunroku was a after '' Tenshō'' and before ''Keichō.'' This period spanned the years from December 1592 to October 1596.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Bunroku''" i ''Japan encyclopedia'', p. 92 n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Fr ...

2). * 1626 (''Kan'ei 3''): The first ''

Kan'ei Tsūhō The Kan'ei Tsūhō (Kyūjitai: 寛永通寳; Shinjitai: 寛永通宝) was a Japanese mon (currency), Japanese mon coin in use from 1626 until 1868 during the Edo period. In 1636, the ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' coin was introduced by the Tokugawa shogunat ...

'' (寛永通寳) cash coins were introduced in the

Mito Domain was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Hitachi Province in modern-day Ibaraki Prefecture.Kyōshi is a form of Japanese poetry using kanji, Chinese characters which was popular around 1770–1800. ''Kyōshi'' avoids typical poetic forms, and often includes humorous expressions and puns on alternate readings or meanings of the same characters. ...

* March 14, 1632 (''Kan'ei 9, 24th day of the 1st month''): Former Shōgun Hidetada died. * February 28, 1633 (''Kan'ei 10, 20th day of the 1st month''): There was an earthquake in Odawara in the Sagami. * 1634 (''Kan'ei 11, 7th month''): Shōgun

Tokugawa Iemitsu Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川家光, August 12, 1604 – June 8, 1651) was the third ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Hidetada with Oeyo, and the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lady Kasuga was his wet nurse, who a ...

appeared at Court in Miyako; and he visited ex-emperor Go-Mizunoo.Titsingh
p. 411
Ponsonby-Fane, p. 317; compare with April 22, 1863 (''

Bunkyū was a after ''Man'en'' and before '' Genji''. This period spanned the years from March 1861 through March 1864. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * March 29, 1861 (''Man'en 2/Bunkyū 1, 19th day of the 2nd month'') : The new era name of ...

3, 5th day of the 3rd month''): Shogun

Tokugawa Iemochi (July 17, 1846 – August 29, 1866) was the 14th ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, who held office from 1858 to 1866. During his reign there was much internal turmoil as a result of the "re-opening" of Japan to western nations. ...

came to the capital and had an audience. This was the first time since the visit of Iemitsu in ''Kan'ei'' 11, 230 years before, that a shogun had visited Heian-kyō. In ''Bunkyō'' 3, Iemochi was summoned by the

Emperor Kōmei was the 121st Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'')孝明天皇 (121)/ref> Kōmei's reign spanned the years from 1846 through 1867, corresponding to the final years of the ...

; and when he traveled from Edo to the capital, the shogun had 3,000 retainers as escort. (Ponsonby-Fane, p. 325.) Later, on the 22nd day of the 9th month was held at

Fukiage Palace The is the main residence of the Emperor of Japan, located in the Fukiage Garden on the grounds of the Tokyo Imperial Palace The is the main residence of the Emperor of Japan. It is a large park-like area located in the Chiyoda district o ...

the famous martial arts tournament of 12 bout, organized by Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu, and held in the presence of the visiting Emperor. It entered in History under the name of ''Kan'ei Jōran Jiai'' and was judged by the two Kenjutsu instructor of the Shōgun. * 1635 (''Kan'ei 12''): An ambassador from the King of Korea was received in Heian-kyō. * 1636 (''Kan'ei 13''): The ''Kan'ei Tsūhō'' became the new standard copper cash coin of Japan. * 1637 (''Kan'ei 14''): There was a major Christian rebellion in Arima and Shimabara; shogunal forces are sent to quell the disturbance. * 1638 (''Kan'ei 15''): The Christian revolt was crushed; and 37,000 of the rebels are killed. The Christian religion is extirpated in Japan. * 1640 (''Kan'ei 17''): A Spanish ship from Macao brought a delegation of 61 people to Nagasaki. They arrived on July 6, 1640; and on August 9, all of them were decapitated and their heads were stuck on poles. * 1640-1643 (''Kan'ei 17-20''):

Kan'ei Great Famine The Kan'ei Great Famine ( ') was a famine which affected Japan during the reign of Empress Meishō in the Edo period. The estimated number of deaths due to starvation is between 50,000 and 100,000. The famine is generally considered to have begun in ...

forces an agricultural reform giving a greater independence to the farmers and the reduction of military spendings. * 1643 (''Kan'ei 20''): An ambassador from the

King of Korea This is a list of monarchs of Korea, arranged by dynasty. Names are romanized according to the South Korean Revised Romanization of Korean. McCune–Reischauer romanizations may be found at the articles about the individual monarchs. Gojoseon G ...

arrived in Heian-kyō.Titsingh
p. 412.
/ref> * November 10, 1643 (''Kan'ei 20, 29th day of the 9th month''): In the 15th year of Empress Meishō's reign (明正天皇15年), the empress abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by her brother.Titsingh
p. 412
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki'', p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to

Emperor Tenji , also known as Emperor Tenchi, was the 38th emperor of Japan, Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'')天智天皇 (38)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession.Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan'', p. 5 ...

; and all sovereigns except

Jitō were medieval territory stewards in Japan, especially in the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. Appointed by the ''shōgun'', ''jitō'' managed manors including national holdings governed by the provincial governor ( kokushi). There were also d ...

, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami. * December 15, 1643 (''Kan'ei 20, 5th day of the 11th month''):

Emperor Go-Kōmyō was the 110th emperor of Japan,Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 後光明天皇 (110)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession. Go-Kōmyō's reign spanned the years from 1643 through 1654. This 17th-century sovereign was n ...

acceded to the throne (''sokui'').

Notes

References

* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia''. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retirem ...

. , . . * Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. . * Screech, Timon (2006)
''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822''
London:

RoutledgeCurzon Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, and ...

. , . . * Titsingh, Isaac (1834). ''

Nihon Ōdai Ichiran , ', is a 17th-century chronicle of the serial reigns of Japanese emperors with brief notes about some of the noteworthy events or other happenings. According to the 1871 edition of the ''American Cyclopaedia'', the 1834 French translation of ...

''; ou
''Annales des empereurs du Japon''
Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. .

External links

National Diet Library The is the national library of Japan and among the largest libraries in the world. It was established in 1948 for the purpose of assisting members of the in researching matters of public policy. The library is similar in purpose and scope to ...

, "The Japanese Calendar
-- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
*

Bank of Japan The is the central bank of Japan.Louis Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric. (2005). "Nihon Ginkō" in The bank is often called for short. It has its headquarters in Chūō, Tokyo, Chūō, Tokyo. History Like most modern Japanese instituti ...

''Kan'ei Tsuho''
''Bunsen'' (copper coin = one mon) {{DEFAULTSORT:Kanei Japanese eras 1620s in Japan 1630s in Japan 1640s in Japan