Kaliszanie (, ''those from

Kalisz (The oldest city of Poland) , image_skyline = , image_caption = ''Top:'' Town Hall, Former "Calisia" Piano Factory''Middle:'' Courthouse, "Gołębnik" tenement''Bottom:'' Aerial view of the Kalisz Old Town , image_flag = POL Kalisz flag.svg ...

'') or Kalisz Opposition was a semi-formal political group opposed to the

conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization i ...

authorities of the

Kingdom of Poland The Kingdom of Poland ( pl, Królestwo Polskie; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a state in Central Europe. It may refer to: Historical political entities *Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom existing from 1025 to 1031 *Kingdom of Poland, a kingdom exist ...

in the period preceding the outbreak of the

November Uprising The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in W ...

. The circle was formed around 1820 by brothers Bonawentura and Wincenty Niemojowski, two

liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * a supporter of liberalism ** Liberalism by country * an adherent of a Liberal Party * Liberalism (international relations) * Sexually liberal feminism * Social liberalism Arts, entertainment and m ...

politicians from the western provinces of Poland. The group was opposed to the government, yet supported only legal means of political struggle. Its main aims were the defence of the autonomy of Congress Poland within the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

and the Polish Constitution of 1815. They also played a pivotal role in founding of the

National Patriotic Society National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, c ...

. Although opposing to any means of revolutionary changes, the ''Kaliszanie'' eventually supported the

and joined the ranks of the National Government in 1830. During the period of struggle against Russia the ''Kaliszanie'' practically dominated the government, controlling the ministries of internal affairs, treasury and war. Following the fall of the uprising in 1831, most of its members had to flee Poland and continued their political activities abroad, notably in London and Paris. Among the noted politicians commonly associated with the movement were

Alojzy Alojzy is a given name. Notable people with the name include: *Alojzy Ehrlich (1914–1992), also called "King of the Chiselers," Polish table tennis legend *Alojzy Feliński (1771–1820), Polish writer *Alojzy Gonzaga Jazon Żółkowski, Ziółko ...

and Józef Biernacki,

Teodor Teodor is a masculine given name. In English, it is a cognate of Theodore. Notable people with the name include: * Teodor Muzaka III, Albanian nobleman who was born in 1393. * Teodor Andrault de Langeron (19th century), President of Warsaw * Teod ...

and Teofil Morawski, Bonawentura, Jan Nepomucen and Wincenty Niemojowski, Antoni Jan and Władysław Tomasz Ostrowski,

Ignacy Prądzyński Ignacy Prądzyński (; 1792–1850) was a Polish military commander and a general of the Polish Army. A veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, he was one of the most successful Polish commanders of the November Uprising against Russia. Ignacy Prądz ...

, Stanisław Kaczkowski, Józef Komorowski,

Jan Nepomucen Umiński Jan Nepomucen Umiński of Cholewa (1778-1851) was a Polish military officer and a brigadier general of the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw. A veteran of the Kościuszko Uprising, Napoleonic Wars and the November Uprising, he died in exile in Wiesbade ...

and Walenty Zwierkowski.

Notes and references

::In-line: ::General: * * * {{refend Establishments in Congress Poland Political history of Poland People from Kalisz