Kalinga () is a

dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ...

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

in the Philippines, spoken by the

Kalinga people The Kalinga people () are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. They are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. km. Some of them, howev ...

, alongside Ilocano. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring

Itneg languages Itneg is a South-Central Cordilleran dialect continuum found in the island of Luzon, Philippines. This language and Ilocano are spoken by the Itneg people (sometimes also referred to as the "Tingguian people") in Abra. Several ethnic-Itneg ...

Dialects

Ronald Himes (1997) divides Kalinga into three dialects: Masadiit (in Abra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.

Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensiv ...

reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg. *Butbut Kalinga: spoken in

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat;

Tabuk City Tabuk, known officially as the City of Tabuk ( ilo, Siudad ti Tabuk; fil, Lungsod ng Tabuk), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 people ...

, Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in

Rizal Rizal, officially the Province of Rizal ( fil, Lalawigan ng Rizal), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Antipolo. It is about east of Manila. The p ...

: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing.), 1,000 monoglots. *Limos Kalinga (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

(

, north to border) and Conner municipality,

Apayao Province Apayao, officially the Province of Apayao ( ilo, Probinsia ti Apayao; fil, Lalawigan ng Apayao), is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial capitol ...

. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing). *Lubuagan Kalinga: spoken in

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

(

Lubuagan Lubuagan, officially the Municipality of Lubuagan is a 4th class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,323 people. It is north of Manila and from Tabuk. Lubuagan Municip ...

and

). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga. , Language status is 5 (developing). *Mabaka Valley Kalinga (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in Conner municipality,

, as well as western Abra and northern

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

. *Majukayang Kalinga (Madukayang): spoken in

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

and in

Paracelis Paracelis, officially the Municipality of Paracelis is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Mountain Province, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 31,168 people. Paracelis' population distribution is 37 perc ...

municipality,

Mountain Province Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as ''Mountain'' in some foreign references. The name is usually short ...

. 1,500 speakers as of 1990. , Language status is 6a. (Vigorous). *Southern Kalinga: spoken in

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

(

municipality; some also in

) and

(13 villages of

Sadanga Sadanga, officially the Municipality of Sadanga is a 5th class municipality in the province of Mountain Province, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 8,427 people. Sadanga boundaries both provinces are Abra to the ...

and

Sagada Sagada, officially the Municipality of Sagada is a 5th class municipality in the province of Mountain Province, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 11,510 people. Sagada is from Bontoc, the provincial capital ...

municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980. Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan. *Tanudan Kalinga (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the Tanudan valley in southern

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120 monoglots. *Banao Itneg (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in

Kalinga Province ; tl, Lalawigan ng Kalinga) , native_name = , other_name = , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_caption = (from top: left to right) Bum-bag Rice Terraces, Pasil Valley, ...

(

Balbalan Balbalan, officially the Municipality of Balbalan is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Kalinga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 12,914 people. History ote: The historical note is taken from an articl ...

and

Pasil Pasil is a 5th class municipality in the southwestern part of the Kalinga. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Balbalan, on the south by the municipality of Tinglayan, on the east by Tabuk city, and on the west by the province of Abr ...

municipalities) and Abra ( Daguioman and Malibcong municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman.

Dialects

Writing system

Lubuagan Kalinga

References

Further reading