Kaleb Joseph

Kaleb (), also known as Saint Elesbaan, was King of Aksum, which was situated in modern-day Eritrea and Ethiopia.

Procopius calls him "Hellestheaeus", a variant of grc-koi, Ελεσβόάς version of his regnal name, gez, እለ አጽብሐ, translit=ʾƎllä ʾAṣbəḥa (''Histories'', 1.20). Variants of his name are Hellesthaeus, Ellestheaeus, Eleshaah, Ellesboas, Elesbaan, and Elesboam.

At Aksum, in inscription RIE 191, his name is rendered in unvocalized Gə‘əz as KLB ’L ’ṢBḤ WLD TZN (Kaleb ʾElla ʾAṣbeḥa, son of Tazena). In vocalized Gə‘əz, it is (Kaleb ʾƎllä ʾAṣbəḥa).

Kaleb, a name derived from the Biblical character Caleb, was his given name; on both his coins and inscriptions he left at Axum, as well as Ethiopian hagiographical sources and king lists, he refers to himself as the son of Tazena.

History

Procopius, John of Ephesus, and other contemporary historians recount Kaleb's invasion of Yemen around 520, against the Himyarite king, Yusuf Asar Yathar, known as Dhu Nuwas, a Jew who was persecuting the Christian community of Najran. After much fighting, Kaleb's soldiers eventually routed Yusuf's forces and killed the king, allowing Kaleb to appoint Sumuafa' Ashawa', a native Christian (named Esimiphaios by Procopius), as his viceroy of Himyar.

As a result of his protection of the Christians, Kaleb is known as Saint Elesbaan after the sixteenth-century Cardinal Caesar Baronius added him to his edition of the ''Roman Martyrology'' despite his being a miaphysite. However, the Catholic Church now recognises that Miaphysitism — the actual Christology of Oriental Orthodoxy — is not heretical as signed agreements between the Popes and various Patriarchs confirm.

Axumite control of Arabia Felix continued until c. 525 when Sumuafa' Ashawa' was deposed by Abraha, who made himself king. Procopius states that Kaleb made several unsuccessful attempts to recover his overseas territory; however, his successor later negotiated a peace with Abraha, where Abraha acknowledged the Axumite king's authority and paid tribute. Munro-Hay opines that by this expedition Axum overextended itself, and this final intervention across the Red Sea, "was Aksum's swan-song as a great power in the region."

A historical record survives of a meeting between the Byzantine ambassador and historian Nonnosus and Kaleb in the year 530.Bowersock, G.W, ''The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam'' (2013), p. 109

Ethiopian tradition states that Kaleb eventually abdicated his throne, gave his crown to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, and retired to a monastery.

Later historians who recount the events of King Kaleb's reign include ibn Hisham, ibn Ishaq, and al-Tabari. Taddesse Tamrat records a tradition he heard from an aged priest in Lalibela that "Kaleb was a man of Lasta and his palace was at Bugna where it is known that Gebre Mesqel Lalibela had later established his centre. The relevance of this tradition for us is the mere association of the name of Kaleb with the evangelization of this interior province of Aksum."

Besides several inscriptions bearing his name, Axum also contains a pair of ruined structures, one said to be his tomb and its partner said to be the tomb of his son, Gabra Masqal. (Tradition gives him a second son, Israel, who, it has been suggested, is identical with king Israel of Axum.) This structure was first examined as an archaeological subject by Henry Salt in the early 19th century; almost a century later, it was partially cleared and mapped out by the Deutsche Aksum-Expedition in 1906. The most recent excavation of this tomb was in 1973 by the British Institute in Eastern Africa.The report of the 1973 excavation of these structures was published in S.C. Munro-Hay, ''Excavations at Aksum'' (London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989), pp. 42ff.

The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates Kaleb as ''"Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia"'' on 24 October ( O.S.) / 6 November ( N.S.).

See also

* Saifu
* Gregentios of Himyaritia

Notes

References

External links

Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia
Eastern Orthodox synaxarion

Elesbaan, king, hermit, and saint of Ethiopia
entry from the ''Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D.'', by Henry Wace
Catholic Online: Saint ElesbaanKatolsk.no: Elesbaan

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaleb Of Axum
6th-century Christian saints
6th-century monarchs in Africa
Ethiopian saints
Kings of Axum
Ancient history of Yemen
Rulers of Yemen
Christian royal saints