Kalanchoe Schizophylla
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''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical,
succulent plant In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word ''succulent'' comes from the Latin word ''sucus'', meani ...
s in the stonecrop
family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the stonecrop family or the orpine family, are a diverse family of dicotyledon flowering plants characterized by succulent leaves and a unique form of photosynthesis, known as Crass ...
, mainly
native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...
to
Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
and tropical
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one of the first plants to be sent into space, sent on a resupply to the Soviet
Salyut 1 Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (russian: Салют-1) was the world's first space station launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971. The Salyut program followed this with five more successful launches of seven more stations. The fi ...
space station in 1979. The majority of kalanchoes require around 6-8 hours of sunlight a day; a few cannot tolerate this, and survive with bright, indirect sunlight to bright shade.


Description

Most are
shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
s or
perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...
plants, but a few are
annual Annual may refer to: * Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year **Yearbook ** Literary annual * Annual plant * Annual report * Annual giving * Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco * Annuals (b ...
or
biennial Biennial means (an event) lasting for two years or occurring every two years. The related term biennium is used in reference to a period of two years. In particular, it can refer to: * Biennial plant, a plant which blooms in its second year and th ...
. The largest, ''
Kalanchoe beharensis ''Kalanchoe beharensis'' (commonly known as elephant's ear kalanchoe, felt bush, or feltbush) is a plant species in the succulent genus ''Kalanchoe'', and the family Crassulaceae. ''Kalanchoe beharensis'' is native to Madagascar known by local n ...
'' from Madagascar, can reach tall, but most species are less than tall. Kalanchoes open their flowers by growing new cells on the inner surface of the
petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...
s to force them outwards, and on the outside of the petals to close them. Kalanchoe flowers are divided into 4 sections with 8 stamens. The petals are fused into a tube, in a similar way to some related genera such as ''
Cotyledon A cotyledon (; ; ; , gen. (), ) is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, and is defined as "the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first to appear from a germinating seed." The numb ...
''. File:San Bartolomé - LZ-20 - Casa Museo del Campesino 03 ies.jpg, ''
Kalanchoe luciae ''Kalanchoe luciae'', the paddle plant, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Kalanchoe'', native to northeast South Africa, Eswatini, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Refer ...
'' File:Kalanchoe delagoensis (Plantlets).jpg, ''
Kalanchoe delagoensis ''Kalanchoe delagoensis'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum delagoense'' and commonly called mother of millions or chandelier plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of ''Bryophyllum'' (now included in ''Kalanchoe''), ...
'' File:Kalanchoe thrysiflora.jpg, ''
Kalanchoe thyrsiflora ''Kalanchoe thyrsiflora'' (also known as paddle plant, flapjacks, desert cabbage, white lady, geelplakkie, meelplakkie, or plakkie ) is a species of flowering plant native to Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. Taxonomy The name ''Kal ...
'' File:Kalanchoe marmorata.jpg, ''
Kalanchoe marmorata ''Kalanchoe marmorata'', the penwiper, is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, native to Central and West Africa, from Zaire to Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. It is an erect or decumbent succulent perennial growing to tall and ...
'' File:Kalanchoe tomentosa (4508582330).jpg, ''
Kalanchoe tomentosa ''Kalanchoe tomentosa'', also known as pussy ears or panda plant, is a succulent plant in the genus ''Kalanchoe''. A native of Madagascar, ''Kalanchoe tomentosa'' has many different cultivars such as 'Golden Girl', 'Chocolate Soldier', 'Black Ti ...
'' File:Kalanchoe beharensis 01.jpg, ''
Kalanchoe beharensis ''Kalanchoe beharensis'' (commonly known as elephant's ear kalanchoe, felt bush, or feltbush) is a plant species in the succulent genus ''Kalanchoe'', and the family Crassulaceae. ''Kalanchoe beharensis'' is native to Madagascar known by local n ...
'' File:Kalanchoe_tarantula_flowers.jpg, ''
Kalanchoe 'Tarantula' ''Kalanchoe'' 'Tarantula', or ''Kalanchoe katapifa'' 'Tarantula', is a succulent cultivar in the kalanchoe genus that produces small bouquets of pink flowers. Description 30cm in height and width, the plant features irregular, spidery leaves (h ...
'' File:不死鳥-草坪頭 Kalanchoe hybrida Desf. ex Steud. 20220126155514.jpg, ''
Kalanchoe delagoensis ''Kalanchoe delagoensis'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum delagoense'' and commonly called mother of millions or chandelier plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of ''Bryophyllum'' (now included in ''Kalanchoe''), ...
'' × ''
Kalanchoe daigremontiana ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum daigremontianum'' and commonly called mother of thousands, or Mexican hat plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of ''Bryophyllum'' (now included in th ...
''


Taxonomy

The genus ''Kalanchoe'' was first described by the French botanist
Michel Adanson Michel Adanson (7 April 17273 August 1806) was an 18th-century French botanist and naturalist who traveled to Senegal to study flora and fauna. He proposed a "natural system" of taxonomy distinct from the binomial system forwarded by Linnaeus. ...
in 1763. The genus ''Bryophyllum'' was described by
Salisbury Salisbury ( ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately from Southampton and from Bath. Salisbury is in the southeast of Wil ...
in 1806 and the genus ''Kitchingia'' was created by
Baker A baker is a tradesperson who bakes and sometimes sells breads and other products made of flour by using an oven or other concentrated heat source. The place where a baker works is called a bakery. History Ancient history Since grains ha ...
in 1881. ''Kitchingia'' is now regarded as a synonym for ''Kalanchoe'', while ''Bryophyllum'' has also been treated as a separate genus, since species of ''Bryophyllum'' appear to be nested within Kalanchoe on
molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
analysis, ''Bryophyllum'' is considered as a section of the former, dividing the genus into three sections, ''Kitchingia'', ''Bryophyllum'', and ''Eukalanchoe''. these were formalised as subgenera by Smith and Figueiredo (2018).


Etymology

Adanson cited
Georg Joseph Kamel Georg Joseph Kamel (; la, Georgius Josephus Camellus; cz, Jiří Josef Kamel; es, Jorge Camel; 12 April 1661 – 2 May 1706) was a Jesuit missionary, pharmacist and naturalist known for producing the first comprehensive accounts of Philippine f ...
(Camellus) as his source for the name. The name came from the
Cantonese Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...
name 伽藍菜 (
Jyutping Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme. The LSHK advocates for ...
: gaa1 laam4 coi3). ''Kalanchoe ceratophylla'' and ''Kalanchoe laciniata'' are both called Kalanchoe, Chinese Plant Names
www.eFloras.org.
(apparently "Buddhist monastery '' amghārāma' herb") in China. In Mandarin Chinese, it does not seem very close in pronunciation (''qiélán cài'', but possibly ''jiālán cài'' or ''gālán cài'' as the character has multiple pronunciations), but the Cantonese ''gālàahm choi'' is closer.


List of selected species

*''
Kalanchoe adelae ''Kalanchoe adelae'' is a succulent plant that grows in the Comoros The Comoros,, ' officially the Union of the Comoros,; ar, الاتحاد القمري ' is an independent country made up of three islands in southeastern Africa, locate ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe arborescens ''Kalanchoe arborescens'' is a species of ''Kalanchoe'', native to Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is a ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe beauverdii '' ''Kalanchoe beauverdii'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae. It goes by the common name Beauverd's widow's-thrill. The species was described and named by Raymondl Hamet in the year 1907. The perennials can grow up to ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe beharensis ''Kalanchoe beharensis'' (commonly known as elephant's ear kalanchoe, felt bush, or feltbush) is a plant species in the succulent genus ''Kalanchoe'', and the family Crassulaceae. ''Kalanchoe beharensis'' is native to Madagascar known by local n ...
'' – velvet leaf, felt plant, felt bush *''
Kalanchoe bentii ''Kalanchoe bentii'' is a subshrub that grows in Somalia and Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ''Kalanchoe blossfeldiana'' is a herbaceous and commonly cultivated house plant of the genus ''Kalanchoe'' native to Madagascar. It is known by the English common names flaming Katy, Christmas kalanchoe, florist kalanchoe and Madagascar widow's-t ...
'' – flaming katy, Christmas kalanchoe, florist kalanchoe, Madagascar widow's-thrill *'' Kalanchoe bouvetii'' *''
Kalanchoe bracteata ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe brasiliensis ''Kalanchoe brasiliensis'', the , saião, folha-da-costa or coerama, is a plant species in the genus ''Kalanchoe ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in t ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe ceratophylla ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *'' Kalanchoe crenata'' *''
Kalanchoe crundallii ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe daigremontiana ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum daigremontianum'' and commonly called mother of thousands, or Mexican hat plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of ''Bryophyllum'' (now included in th ...
'' – Devil's backbone, Mexican-hat plant, mother of thousands *''
Kalanchoe delagoensis ''Kalanchoe delagoensis'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum delagoense'' and commonly called mother of millions or chandelier plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of ''Bryophyllum'' (now included in ''Kalanchoe''), ...
'' *'' Kalanchoe dinklagei'' *'' Kalanchoe eriophylla'' *''
Kalanchoe fadeniorum ''Kalanchoe fadeniorum'' is a species of ''Kalanchoe'' in the family Crassulaceae. Description Vegetative characters ''Kalanchoe fadeniorum'' is an herbaceous perennial plant lacking hairs that reaches about 10 cm in height. The branch ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe farinacea ''Kalanchoe farinacea'' is a species of plant in the family Crassulaceae. It is endemic to the Yemeni island of Socotra. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland at an altitude of 100-800m. While it is listed by International ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi ''Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi'', native to Madagascar, is widely sold as a house or garden plant
'' *''
Kalanchoe figuereidoi ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe flammea ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri ''Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the stonecrop family or the orpine family, are a diverse family of dicotyledon flowerin ...
'' – donkey ears, life plant *''
Kalanchoe glaucescens ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe garambiensis ''Kalanchoe garambiensis'' is a plant species in the succulent genus ''Kalanchoe'', and the family Crassulaceae. It is endemic to Taiwan. Distribution The plant is found on limestone near coast of Taiwan Kaohsiung and Hengchun Peninsula. Plan ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe gracilipes ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe grandidieri ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe grandiflora ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe hildebrantii ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' – silver teaspoons *''
Kalanchoe humilis ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe jongmansii ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *'' Kalanchoe kewensis'' *''
Kalanchoe laciniata ''Kalanchoe laciniata'', commonly known as the christmas tree plant or cathedral bells, is a small plant which is native to the Arabian Peninsula, Eritrea, and the Middle East but it also can be found in parts of India and Sri Lanka. ''Kalancho ...
'' *''
kalanchoe laetivirens ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe lateritia ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *'' Kalanchoe laxiflora'' *'' Kalanchoe linearifolia'' *''
Kalanchoe longiflora ''Kalanchoe longiflora'', also known as tugela cliff-kalanchoe or long-flower kalanchoe, is a species of the succulent genus ''Kalanchoe'', in the family (biology), family Crassulaceae. An obscure shrub native to South Africa, it is known for its ...
'' – long-flower kalanchoe *''
Kalanchoe luciae ''Kalanchoe luciae'', the paddle plant, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Kalanchoe'', native to northeast South Africa, Eswatini, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Refer ...
'' – paddle plant *''
Kalanchoe macrochlamys ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe manginii ''Kalanchoe manginii'', beach bells, is a species of flowering plant in the family (biology), family Crassulaceae, native plant, native to Madagascar. It is an evergreen succulent plant, succulent perennial plant, perennial growing to tall and w ...
'' – beach bells *''
Kalanchoe marmorata ''Kalanchoe marmorata'', the penwiper, is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, native to Central and West Africa, from Zaire to Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. It is an erect or decumbent succulent perennial growing to tall and ...
'' – penwiper *'' Kalanchoe marnieriana'' *''
Kalanchoe millotii ''Kalanchoe millotii'' is a succulent plant that is native south-central and southeastern Madagascar. It forms a shrub up to a foot high. The leaf is a hazy green and scalloped, with dense felt covering it. This succulent, like most of its kind, ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe miniata ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe mortagei ''Kalanchoe mortagei'' is a species of ''Kalanchoe'' (section ''Bryophyllum'') native to northern Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: R ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe nyikae ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe obtusa ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe orgyalis ''Kalanchoe orgyalis'' a species of flowering plant in the Crassulaceae family. It is a Succulent plant, succulent commonly known as copper spoons due to its leaf shape. References

Kalanchoe, orgyalis Flora of Madagascar Taxa named by J ...
'' *'' Kalanchoe petitiana'' * ''
Kalanchoe pinnata ''Kalanchoe pinnata'', commonly known as cathedral bells, air plant, life plant, miracle leaf, and Goethe plant is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. It is a popular houseplant and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas. Th ...
'' ( Lam.)
Pers. Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a German mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy. Early life Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope, the third child of an imm ...
*''
Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx ''Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx'' is a species of Kalanchoe native to Madagascar. Many cultivars have been derived from ''K. porphyrocalyx''. 'Wendy' is a multiflorous cultivar with 15-30 flowers in an inflorescence, which originated from hybridizatio ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe prasina ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe prolifera ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe pubescens ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe pumila ''Kalanchoe pumila'', the flower dust plant, is a species of flowering plant in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, native plant, native to Madagascar. Growing to tall and wide, it is a spreading, dwarf succulent plant, succulent subshrub with a ...
'' *'' Kalanchoe quartiniana'' *''
Kalanchoe rhombopilosa ''Kalanchoe rhombopilosa'' is a succulent plant species in the family Crassulaceae. This species of plant is endemic to southwest Itampolo Itampolo is a town and commune ( mg, kaominina) in southwestern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of ...
'' – pies from heaven *'' Kalanchoe robusta'' *''
Kalanchoe rolandi-bonapartei ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe rosei ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe rotundifolia ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe schizophylla ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe serrata ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
'' *'' Kalanchoe sexangularis'' *''
Kalanchoe streptantha ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe suarezensis ''Kalanchoe suarezensis'' is a species of ''Kalanchoe'' (section ''Bryophyllum'') native to northern Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe synsepala ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' – cup kalanchoe, walking kalanchoe *''
Kalanchoe thyrsiflora ''Kalanchoe thyrsiflora'' (also known as paddle plant, flapjacks, desert cabbage, white lady, geelplakkie, meelplakkie, or plakkie ) is a species of flowering plant native to Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. Taxonomy The name ''Kal ...
'' – flapjacks, desert cabbage, white lady, geelplakkie, meelplakkie, plakkie *''
Kalanchoe tomentosa ''Kalanchoe tomentosa'', also known as pussy ears or panda plant, is a succulent plant in the genus ''Kalanchoe''. A native of Madagascar, ''Kalanchoe tomentosa'' has many different cultivars such as 'Golden Girl', 'Chocolate Soldier', 'Black Ti ...
'' – panda plant *''
Kalanchoe uniflora ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe producta ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae, mainly native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. A ''Kalanchoe'' species was one ...
'' *''
Kalanchoe viguieri ''Kalanchoe'' , also written ''Kalanchöe'' or ''Kalanchoë'', is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent plants in the stonecrop family (biology), family Crassulaceae, mainly native plant, native to Madagascar and tropical Africa. ...
''


List of hybrids

Several hybrids within ''Kalanchoe'' are known: * ''K. houghtonii'' = ''K. daigremontiana'' × ''K. delagoensis'' * ''K. lokarana'' * ''K. poincarei'' * ''K. rechingeri'' * ''K. richaudii'' = ''K. delagoensis'' × ''K. rosei''


Distribution and ecology

The genus is predominantly native to the
Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...
. Only one species originates from the Americas. 56 are from southern and eastern Africa and 60 species on the island of
Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
. It is also found in south-eastern Asia and
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
. These plants are food plants for caterpillars of the
Red Pierrot ''Talicada nyseus'', the red Pierrot, is a small but striking butterfly found in the Indian subcontinent and South-East Asia belonging to the lycaenids, or blues family. The red Pierrots, often found perching on its larva host plant, ''Kalancho ...
butterfly. The butterfly lays its eggs on
phylloclade Phylloclades and cladodes are flattened, photosynthetic shoots, which are usually considered to be modified branches. The two terms are used either differently or interchangeably by different authors. ''Phyllocladus'', a genus of conifer, is name ...
s, and after hatching, caterpillars burrow into the phylloclades and eat their inside cells.


Cultivation and uses

These plants are cultivated as ornamental
houseplants A houseplant, sometimes known as a pot plant, potted plant, or an indoor plant, is an ornamental plant that is grown indoors. As such, they are found in places like residences and offices, mainly for decorative purposes. Common houseplants are us ...
and rock or succulent garden plants. They are popular because of their ease of propagation, low water requirements, and wide variety of flower colors typically borne in clusters well above the phylloclades. The
section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...
''
Bryophyllum ''Bryophyllum'' (from the Greek ''bryon/bryein'' = sprout, ''phyllon'' = leaf) is a group of plant species of the family Crassulaceae native to Madagascar. It is a section or subgenus within the genus ''Kalanchoe'', and was formerly placed at ...
''—formerly an independent genus—contains species such as the "air-plant" ''
Kalanchoe pinnata ''Kalanchoe pinnata'', commonly known as cathedral bells, air plant, life plant, miracle leaf, and Goethe plant is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. It is a popular houseplant and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas. Th ...
''. In these plants, new individuals develop
vegetatively Vegetative reproduction (also known as vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication or cloning) is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment or cutting of the parent plant or spec ...
as plantlets, also known as bulbils or gemmae, at indentations in phylloclade margins. These young plants eventually drop off and take root. No males have been found of one species of this genus which does flower and produce seeds, and it is commonly called the mother of thousands: ''
Kalanchoe daigremontiana ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum daigremontianum'' and commonly called mother of thousands, or Mexican hat plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of ''Bryophyllum'' (now included in th ...
'' is thus an example of
asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the fu ...
. The cultivars ‘Tessa’ and ‘Wendy’ have gained the
Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
’s
Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...
.


Diseases


Traditional medicine

In traditional medicine, ''Kalanchoe'' species have been used to treat ailments such as infections, rheumatism and inflammation. ''Kalanchoe'' extracts also have
immunosuppressive Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reacti ...
effects. ''
Kalanchoe pinnata ''Kalanchoe pinnata'', commonly known as cathedral bells, air plant, life plant, miracle leaf, and Goethe plant is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. It is a popular houseplant and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas. Th ...
'' has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago as being used as a traditional treatment for hypertension. A variety of bufadienolide compounds have been isolated from various ''Kalanchoe'' species. Five different bufadienolides have been isolated from ''
Kalanchoe daigremontiana ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'', formerly known as ''Bryophyllum daigremontianum'' and commonly called mother of thousands, or Mexican hat plant, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. Like other members of ''Bryophyllum'' (now included in th ...
''. Two of these,
daigremontianin Daigremontianin is a bufadienolide. Bufadienolides are steroids and cardiac glycoside aglycones (meaning that they bind with carbohydrates to form cardiac glycosides) that are similar to cardenolides, differing only in the structure of the C-17 ...
and bersaldegenin 1,3,5-orthoacetate, have been shown to have a pronounced
sedative A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are CNS depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but t ...
effect. They also have the strong positive
inotropic An inotrope is an agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction. The term ''inotro ...
effect associated with cardiac glycosides, and with greater doses an increasing effect on the
central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all par ...
. Bufadienolide compounds isolated from ''
Kalanchoe pinnata ''Kalanchoe pinnata'', commonly known as cathedral bells, air plant, life plant, miracle leaf, and Goethe plant is a succulent plant native to Madagascar. It is a popular houseplant and has become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas. Th ...
'' include bryophillin A which showed strong anti-tumor promoting activity, and bersaldegenin-3-acetate and bryophillin C which were less active. Bryophillin C also showed insecticidal properties.


In Popular Culture

Kalanchoe play a major role in the
Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...
anime is Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside of Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japane ...
and
manga Manga (Japanese: 漫画 ) are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long prehistory in earlier Japanese art. The term ''manga'' is u ...
series The Yakuza's Guide to Babysitting.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * *


External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q312063 Flora of Southern Africa Medicinal plants of Africa Space-flown life Taxa named by Michel Adanson Crassulaceae genera