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Kaempfer's tody-tyrant (''Hemitriccus kaempferi'') is a rare species of
bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class (biology), class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the Oviparity, laying of Eggshell, hard-shelled eggs, a high Metabolism, metabolic rate, a fou ...
in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is native to the Serra do Mar coastal forests.


Taxonomy and systematics

Kaempfer's tody-tyrant was originally described in 1953 as ''Idioptilon mirandae kaempferi'', a subspecies of the buff-breasted tody-tyrant (now ''Hemitriccus mirandae''). Following a study published in 1976 it was elevated to species rank. At about that same time genus ''Idioptilon'' was merged into ''Hemitriccus''. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 18 November 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 26, 2024 Kaempfer's tody-tyrant is
monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...
.


History

Kaempfer's tody-tyrant was long known only from two specimens, the
type specimen In biology, a type is a particular wikt:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to ancho ...
collected in 1929 and another in 1950; the second was only later correctly identified. It was not seen again until 1991 and then intermittently after that.


Description

Kaempfer's tody-tyrant is about long. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a buffy olive crown and buffy face, sometimes with some rufous. Their back and rump are dark olive. Their wings are dark olive with wide pale yellow or greenish yellow outer webs on the innermost secondaries. Their wing coverts have buffish yellow-olive tips that show as two wing bars. Their tail is dusky olive with pale tips on the outer feathers. Their throat is yellow to buff and their breast is dull ochraceous buff with a greenish olive wash. Their belly is pale yellow with a sharp edge between it and the breast. They have a brown to warm fawn-brown iris, a gray maxilla, a paler mandible, and dark gray legs and feet.Clock, B. M. and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Kaempfer's Tody-Tyrant (''Hemitriccus kaempferi''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.kattyr1.01 retrieved January 28, 2025


Distribution and habitat

Kaempfer's tody-tyrant was known from a few localities in southeastern Brazil's Santa Catarina state. By 2025 it was known from 10 sites in northeastern Santa Catarina and one in adjacent southeastern Paraná. It is native to the Serra do Mar coastal forests, where it inhabits tropical evergreen forest, early-stage secondary forest, and open low-stature woodland. It favors thick undergrowth, often with '' Cecropia'' and '' Heliconia'', and often near rivers. In elevation it is known only from near sea level to about .


Behavior


Movement

Kaempfer's tody-tyrant is a year-round resident.


Feeding

Kaempfer's tody-tyrant feeds on insects. It typically forages singly or in pairs and is not known to join mixed-species feeding flocks. It mostly forages in dense vegetation between about above the ground. It takes prey using short upward sallies from a perch to grab it from the underside of leaves and also while briefly hovering after a short flight.


Breeding

The one known nest of Kaempfer's tody-tyrant was discovered in October 1998. It was a partially concealed longish cup made mostly from moss with some grass and dead leaves. Both members of a pair were building the nest. It was wrapped around a horizontal branch about above the ground. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.


Vocalization

The primary vocalization of Kaempfer's tody-tyrant is a "high-pitched, nasal, strident and raspy 'kuı´t-kuı´t' or 'kwit-kwit', sometimes given as 'kwit kwit-kwit kwit-kwit-kwit-kwit' ".


Status

The
IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status ...
originally in 1988 assessed Kaempfer's tody-tyrant as Threatened, then in 1994 as Endangered, in 2004 as Critically Endangered, in 2009 again as Endangered, and since 2017 as Vulnerable. It has a "very small and severely fragmented range"; its estimated population of between 6000 and 12,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. "Deforestation has been extensive in the Atlantic forest, and lowland forest remaining in the vicinity of all sites continues to be cleared. The main threats for the species are apparently banana, rice and timber plantations and the urbanisation of the coastal plain." It is known from two reserves. It is considered Vulnerable under Brazilian lawMMA (2014). Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção. Portaria No 444, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Diário Oficial da União - Seção 1. Nº 245, quinta-feira, 18 de dezembro de 2014 and is on the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
' Endangered Species List.USFWS
Listing seven Brazilian bird species as endangered throughout their range; Final rule.
''Federal Register'' December 28, 2010
.


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q632038 Hemitriccus Birds of the Atlantic Forest Endemic birds of Brazil Birds described in 1953 Taxa named by John T. Zimmer Taxonomy articles created by Polbot