In
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religions, Indian religion or Indian philosophy#Buddhist philosophy, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha. ...
, Jāti (
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
/
Pāli
Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or '' Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of ''Theravāda'' Buddhi ...
), "birth", refers to physical birth; to
rebirth
Rebirth may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Film
* ''Rebirth'' (2011 film), a 2011 Japanese drama film
* ''Rebirth'' (2016 film), a 2016 American thriller film
* ''Rebirth'', a documentary film produced by Project Rebirth
* ''The Re ...
, the arising of a new living entity within
''saṃsāra'' (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena.
Meaning
Within the teachings on the
Four Noble Truths, ''jāti'' refers to physical birth, and is qualified as ''
dukkha'' (suffering): "Now this, monks, is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha."
In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth:
* birth from an egg (
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
: Andaja;
Pali
Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or '' Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of '' Theravāda'' Buddh ...
: Aṇḍaja; ; bo, Sgongskyes)—like a bird, fish, or reptile;
* birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; ; bo, Mnal-skyes)—like most mammals and some worldly
devas
Devas may refer to:
* Devas Club, a club in south London
* Anthony Devas (1911–1958), British portrait painter
* Charles Stanton Devas (1848–1906), political economist
* Jocelyn Devas (died 1886), founder of the Devas Club
* Devas (band), ...
;
* birth from moisture (Sanskrit: Samsvedaja;
Pali
Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or '' Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of '' Theravāda'' Buddh ...
: Saṃsedaja; ; bo, Drod-skyes)—probably referring to the appearance of animals whose eggs are microscopic, like maggots appearing in rotting flesh;
* birth by transformation (Sanskrit: Upapaduka; Pali: Opapatika; ; bo, Rdzus-skyes)—miraculous materialization, as with this
devas
Devas may refer to:
* Devas Club, a club in south London
* Anthony Devas (1911–1958), British portrait painter
* Charles Stanton Devas (1848–1906), political economist
* Jocelyn Devas (died 1886), founder of the Devas Club
* Devas (band), ...
.
Jāti is the eleventh link within the
eleventh Nidāna of
paṭiccasamuppāda ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena. The ''
Vibhanga'', the second book of the Theravada ''
Abbidhamma'', treats it in both ways. In the ''Suttantabhajaniya'' it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming (
bhava
The Sanskrit word bhava (भव) means being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, be, production, origin,Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Archiveभव bhava but also habitual or emotional te ...
), and gives rise to old age and death (
) in a living being. In the ''Abhidhammabhajaniya'' it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena.
References
Sources
*
Further reading
;Single suttas
*
Piyadassi Thera
Piyadassi Maha Thera ( si, පියදස්සි මහා ස්ථවිරයන් වහන්සේ, 8 July 1914 – 18 August 1998) was a preacher of the Dhamma both in Sinhala and in English. He was born on 8 July 1914 at Kotahena in C ...
(trans.) (1999). ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth'' (
SN 56.11). Retrieved 2007-06-13 from "Access to Insight" a
Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth
*
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). ''Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising'' (
SN 12.2). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" a
SN XII.2: Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). ''Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference'' (
DN 22). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" a
Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference
*
;Sutta-collections
*
*
;Commentaries and interpretations
*
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;Scholarly
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Twelve nidānas
Sanskrit words and phrases
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