July 11

Events

Pre-1600

* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius).
*911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
* 1174 – Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III, Count of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.
* 1302 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (''Guldensporenslag'' in Dutch): A coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.
*1346 – Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.
*1405 – Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.
* 1410 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.
* 1476 – Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances.
* 1576 – While exploring the North Atlantic Ocean in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage, Martin Frobisher sights Greenland, mistaking it for the hypothesized (but non-existent) island of "Frisland".

1601–1900

* 1616 – Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.
* 1735 – Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that dwarf planet Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune for the last time before 1979.
*1789 – Jacques Necker is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.
*1796 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.
* 1798 – The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.
* 1801 – French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons makes his first comet discovery. In the next 27 years he discovers another 36 comets, more than any other person in history.
*1804 – A duel occurs in which the Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr mortally wounds former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.
*1833 – Noongar Australian aboriginal warrior Yagan, wanted for the murder of white colonists in Western Australia, is killed.
* 1836 – ''The Fly-fisher's Entomology'' is published by Alfred Ronalds. The book transformed the sport and went to many editions.
* 1848 – Waterloo railway station in London opens.
* 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Stevens; Confederate forces attempt to invade Washington, D.C.
* 1882 – The British Mediterranean Fleet begins the Bombardment of Alexandria in Egypt as part of the Anglo-Egyptian War.
* 1889 – Tijuana, Mexico, is founded.
* 1893 – The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kōkichi Mikimoto.
* 1893 – A revolution led by the liberal general and politician José Santos Zelaya takes over state power in Nicaragua.
* 1897 – Salomon August Andrée leaves Spitsbergen to attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon.
* 1899 – Fiat founded by Giovanni Agnelli in Turin, Italy.

1901–present

* 1906 – Murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in the United States, inspiration for Theodore Dreiser's '' An American Tragedy''.
* 1914 – Babe Ruth makes his debut in Major League Baseball.
* 1914 – is launched.
* 1919 – The eight-hour day and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.
*1920 – In the East Prussian plebiscite the local populace decides to remain with Weimar Germany.
*1921 – A truce in the Irish War of Independence comes into effect.
* 1921 – The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic.
* 1921 – Former president of the United States William Howard Taft is sworn in as 10th chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming the only person ever to hold both offices.
*1922 – The Hollywood Bowl opens.
*1924 – Eric Liddell won the gold medal in 400m at the 1924 Paris Olympics, after refusing to run in the heats for 100m, his favoured distance, on a Sunday.
* 1934 – Engelbert Zaschka of Germany flies his large human-powered aircraft, the ''Zaschka Human-Power Aircraft'', about 20 meters at Berlin Tempelhof Airport without assisted take-off.
* 1936 – The Triborough Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic.
* 1940 – World War II: Vichy France regime is formally established. Philippe Pétain becomes Chief of the French State.
* 1941 – The Northern Rhodesian Labour Party holds its first congress in Nkana.
* 1943 – Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine ( Volhynia) peak.
* 1943 – World War II: Allied invasion of Sicily: German and Italian troops launch a counter-attack on Allied forces in Sicily.
* 1947 – The '' Exodus 1947'' heads to Palestine from France.
* 1950 – Pakistan joins the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank.
* 1957 – Prince Karim Husseini Aga Khan IV inherits the office of Imamat as the 49th Imam of Shia Imami Ismai'li worldwide, after the death of Sir Sultan Mahommed Shah Aga Khan III.
*1960 – France legislates for the independence of Dahomey (later Benin), Upper Volta (later Burkina Faso) and Niger