Julius Scheiner (25 November 1858 – 20 December 1913) was a

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

astronomer An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either ...

, born in

Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...

and educated at

Bonn The federal city of Bonn ( lat, Bonna) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ru ...

. He became assistant at the astrophysical observatory in

Potsdam Potsdam () is the capital and, with around 183,000 inhabitants, largest city of the German state of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of ...

in 1887 and its observer in chief in 1898, three years after his appointment to the

chair A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. They may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in vari ...

astrophysics Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline said, Astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the h ...

in the

University of Berlin Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (german: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiative ...

. Scheiner paid special attention to celestial photography and wrote ''Die Spektralanalyse der Gestirne'' (1890); ''Lehrbuch der Photographie der Gestirne'' (1897); ''Strahlung und Temperatur der Sonne'' (1899); ''Der Bau des Weltalls'' (1901); third edition (1909). In 1899 he began the publication of the ''Photographische Himmelskarte; Zone +31° bis +40° Deklination''. He is also credited with developing the first system for measuring the sensitivity of photographic emulsions in 1894,Martin Riat. ''Graphische Techniken - Eine Einführung in die verschiedenen Techniken und ihre Geschichte''. E-Book, 3. German edition, Burriana, spring 2006

, based on a Catalan book: Martin Riat. ''Tècniques Gràfiques: Una introducció a les diferents tècniques i a la seva història''. 1. edition, Aubert, September 1983, . Scheinergrade, which also inspired the later DIN 4512 standard to measure

film speed Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system. A closely related ISO system is used to describe the relation ...

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A Spanish version of the book 'Técnicas Gráficas' can be downloaded freely from this site.
19th-century German astronomers German science writers 1858 births 1913 deaths German male non-fiction writers 20th-century German astronomers Humboldt University of Berlin faculty {{Germany-astronomer-stub

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