Julio María Sanguinetti
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Julio María Sanguinetti Coirolo (; born 6 January 1936 in
Montevideo, Uruguay Montevideo () is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Uruguay, largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 (about one-third of the country's total population) in an area of . M ...
) is a Uruguayan politician, lawyer and journalist, who twice served as
President of Uruguay The president of Uruguay ( es, Presidente del Uruguay), officially known as the president of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (), is the head of state and head of government of Uruguay. Their rights are determined in the Constitution of Urugua ...
(from March 1985 until March 1990, and again, from March 1995 until March 2000) for the Partido Colorado. A lawyer and journalist by profession, he was born into a middle-class family of Italian origin from
Genoa Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...
. He studied Law and Social Sciences at the University of the Republic. He received his law degree in 1961, and later combined his legal practice with work as a journalist. He had already been writing for the press, first in the weekly ''Canelones'' and later, since 1955, as a columnist for ''Acción'', a newspaper established by the then-President, Luis Batlle, for which he covered events such as the Cuban Revolution (1959) and carried on until the 1970s. Both media outlets were connected to the Colorado Political Party (Partido Colorado - PC), the historical liberal grouping where progressive and conservative sensitivities shared ground (a mixture of doctrines and styles that was frequently an obstacle to classifying it according to ideology) and which had as its rival the experienced National Party (PN) or ''Blancos'' ("Whites"), creating a 2-party system that dominated Uruguayan politics during its history, although on most occasions the governing force was the PC.


Early biography

In 1963, when he was 27 years old, Sanguinetti became a member of the Chamber of Representative for Montevideo. In 1964 he was a member of the
Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
an delegation that participated in the establishment of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Geneva. In 1966 he served as a member of the drafting group and informer on Constitutional Reform and from 1967 he was a member of the advisory group of Colorado President Jorge Pacheco on affairs related to the Organization of American States (OEA). Later on, in 1969, Pacheco appointed him as Minister for Industry and Commerce, a position which he occupied until 1971, when he was appointed Head of the Uruguayan Trade Mission to the
USSR The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
. He also became Deputy Editor of ''Acción''. In March 1972, the new President, also from the PC Party,
Juan María Bordaberry Juan María Bordaberry Arocena (; 17 June 1928 – 17 July 2011) was a Uruguayan politician and cattle rancher, who served as constitutional President from 1972 until 1973, and then ruled as the head of a civilian-military dictatorship up t ...
, brought him to the government once again as Minister for Education and Culture. That same year, Sanguinetti was a founding member of the National Commission for the Historical, Artistic and Cultural Heritage of the Nation.


Civilian-military administration 1973-1985

The breach of the constitutional order by the Armed Forces in June 1973 deprived him of his positions in the Government and in the Chamber of Representatives, where he had renewed his seat once again in 1971, as well as his position as Deputy Editor of Acción Newspaper - which was closed down - and President of the National Council of Visual Arts, to which he had been appointed in 1967. In 1976 he was prohibited from undertaking any political activity. During the following years, Sanguinetti worked as a journalist, working from a viewpoint that was critical of the de facto Government, in ''El Día Newspaper'' (1973–1981), ''Visión Newspaper'' (since 1974, as an opinion columnist, a collaboration which he has continued up until today), and in the weekly publication ''Correo de los Viernes'' (established by him in 1981 and edited until 1984), as well as in the promotion of cultural and sports activities as the President of the Regional UNESCO Centre for the promotion of books in South America (1975–1984) and Vice-President of the popular Peñarol Football Club. Following the rejection of the constitutional project on 30 November 1980 and having had his political rights restored on 29 June 1981, Sanguinetti headed the PC delegation in the political party negotiations with the army in order to allow a peaceful and ordered transition to democracy. The negotiations ended with the signing of the Naval Club Agreement on 3 August 1984. In 1983 he was elected Secretary General of the Executive Committee of PC and in August 1984 he obtained the majority nomination for the presidential elections which were to be held later that year, putting an end to 12 years of dictatorship. Sanguinetti also received significant support for his candidacy from the ruling military.


President of Uruguay, first term (1985-1990)

On 25 November 1984,
general elections A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections ( ...
were held. Sanguinetti won 31.2% of the votes, defeating the best PN candidate, Alberto Zumarán; thus on 1 March 1985 he was sworn in as president with a 5-year term substituting the temporary president, Rafael Addiego, who had in turn substituted the military president,
Gregorio Álvarez Gregorio is a masculine given name and a surname. It may refer to: Given name * Gregorio Conrado Álvarez (1925–2016), Uruguayan army general and de facto President of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985 * Gregorio Álvarez (historian) (1889–1986), A ...
, on the previous 12 February. The ceremony was attended by 72 foreign representatives as an expression of support from the international community towards that new era in Uruguayan politics. (At the time, Sanguinetti had been unwilling to participate in an office-conferring ceremony together with Álvarez, and thus the interim arrangement with Addiego was worked out with the agreement of the parties concerned, but in later years Álvarez found a not so unlikely defender in Sanguinetti, who argued that Álvarez's legal troubles since the coming of the Broad Front government in 2005 were unnecessarily one-sided, since known former Tupamaro insurgents were being ignored by
Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
an justice.) Considered at the time a progressive politician in political questions and more conservative in economic questions, Sanguinetti managed to rehabilitate the image of a party that included a great variety of ideological diversity, the more conservative sectors of which had supported the coup d'état in 1973. He immediately lifted the ban on political parties and leaders that had actively opposed the dictatorship and signed an amnesty for political prisoners. With respect to foreign relations, Sanguinetti re-launched relations with Spain and re-established contacts with communist countries. In the nearer geographic arena, on 26 May 1987, and as a colophon to several preparatory meetings, he signed the Montevideo Agreement with his colleague,
Raúl Alfonsín Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (12 March 1927 – 31 March 2009) was an Argentine lawyer and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 8 July 1989. He was the first democratically elected president after more than ...
. This agreement was decisive in giving an impulse to regional economic integration according to the objectives outlined in the South American Integration Association (ALADI). Alfonsín had already been negotiating an ambitious agreement to dismantle tariffs in bilateral trade with the Brazilian
José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa (; born José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa; 24 April 1930) is a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and writer who served as 31st president of Brazil from 1985 to 1990. He briefly served as the 20th vice president of ...
; now, Sanguinetti was included in an open field project that adopted a three-country shape and that gained impulse from the summit of the three presidents which the Uruguayan had organized in Colonia on 6 February 1988. With the inclusion of
Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
, all this work led to the creation of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) in 1991. In the economic area, Sanguinetti's Government had the reduction of the
USD The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...
$510 million foreign debt as one of its most important objectives. This is an enormous figure which is close to the level of national production. Likewise, Sanguinetti was an active member of the Support Group (Uruguay, Peru, Brazil and Argentina) of the Contadora Group (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and Panama), an informal consultative forum dedicated to exploring preventive measures against the expansion of armed conflicts in Central America, which, in December 1986 decided to merge with the so-called Group of Eight, which in turn was called the Río Group in October 1990 coinciding with its expansion to include
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
,
Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
,
Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
and
Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
. Sanguinetti presided the II Group of Eight Meeting, in Punta del Este on 29 October 1988. In his first presidential term, the Uruguayan economy, which had suffered from a deep depression until 1985, registered positive indicators with production growth, a reduction in inflation, stabilization of unemployment and an increase in exports. The confrontation with trade unions -which demanded separation from the IMF and non-payment of the national debt- was compensated with opening up agreements among political parties to strengthen the consensus between the parties in order to bring forward legislation which was in the general interest. The result of this consensus was the National Agreement which was signed on 1 April 1986 by PC, PN, the left-wing Broad Front (FA) and the conservative Unión Cívica (UC). Towards the end of his presidency, in spite of the agreements reached for its re-financing, Uruguay's foreign debt kept on increasing, always slightly below GDP, which was also reduced to a virtually inexistent growth rate. Inflation also experienced a strong increase and 1990 ended with a 130% inflation rate. A very particular aspect of his first term in office was the handling of the military issues. Uruguay had endured 12 long years of military dictatorship and the transition to democracy was very hard. Many opposition leaders and human-right organizations fought for truth and justice, and hundreds of cases were brought to the courts; but the military refused to cooperate, a political crisis was about to take place and, at the end of 1986, the very controversial
Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State The Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State ( es, Ley de Caducidad de la Pretensión Punitiva del Estado), called in short the Expiry Law ( es, Ley de Caducidad) granted an amnesty of sorts to the military who eventually committed ...
was passed by the Parliament. On 1 March 1990, Sanguinetti handed over the Presidency to
Luis Alberto Lacalle Luis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera, Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG (; ''Lacalle'' locally or ; born 13 July 1941), is a Uruguayan politician and lawyer who served as President of Uruguay from 1990 to 1995. Background His mother, María ...
, the PN candidate who had won the elections on 26 November 1989. Sanguinetti remained committed to journalism and to academic activities as well as to the internal politics of his party as the leader of the Batllist Forum, which had a Social Democratic ideology, the most important faction of PC along with Batllismo Unido, headed by
Jorge Batlle Jorge Luis Batlle Ibáñez (; ''Batlle'' locally or ; 25 October 1927 – 24 October 2016) was a Uruguayan politician and lawyer, and a member of the Colorado Party. He served as the President of Uruguay from 2000 to 2005. Dr. Jorge Batlle ...
. Among the several prominent politicians who served in his government can be mentioned:
Enrique V. Iglesias Enrique Valentín Iglesias García (born 29 March 1930 in Arancedo, Asturias) is an economist of Uruguayan-Spanish dual citizenship. He was once president of the Inter-American Development Bank, an international institution dedicated to furthe ...
,
Antonio Marchesano Antonio Marchesano (7 November 1930 – 24 January 2019) was a Uruguayan lawyer and politician. Early life Marchesano was born in Montevideo in 1930. A man of the Colorado Party, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1966. During the ...
,
Ricardo Zerbino Ricardo is the Spanish and Portuguese cognate of the name Richard. It derived from Proto-Germanic ''*rīks'' 'king, ruler' + ''*harduz'' 'hard, brave'. It may be a given name, or a surname. People Given name *Ricardo de Araújo Pereira, Portugue ...
, Juan Vicente Chiarino,
Adela Reta Adela Reta (9 July 1921– 3 April 2001) was a Uruguayan lawyer, jurist and politician who served as Ministry of Education and Culture (Uruguay), Minister of Education and Culture from 1985 to 1990 under President Julio María Sanguinetti. Biograp ...
,
Hugo Fernández Faingold Hugo Fernández Faingold (born 1 March 1947) is a Uruguayan political figure, who served as Vice President of Uruguay. Background Fernández Faingold belongs to the Uruguayan Colorado Party.
,
Luis Brezzo Luis Brezzo Paredes(March 30, 1939 – September 20, 2002) was a Uruguayan politician belonging to the Colorado party. He was born in Montevideo, Uruguay on March 20, 1939, and studied engineering. He was employed in the banking sector, worked ...
,
Alejandro Atchugarry Alejandro Víctor Washington Atchugarry Bonomi (31 July 1952 in Montevideo – 19 February 2017 in Montevideo) was a Uruguayan lawyer and politician. He was Minister of Economics and Finance during the most difficult period in Jorge Batlle ...
and
Ariel Davrieux Ariel Davrieux is a Uruguayan accountant, economist and politician. A man of the Colorado Party, he held the post of Head of the Uruguayan Office of Planning and Budgeting for 15 years, during both presidential terms of Julio María Sanguinetti an ...
. Opposition leader
Wilson Ferreira Aldunate Wilson Ferreira Aldunate (1919–1988) was a Uruguayan politician and a historically important member of the National Party. Biography He was Minister of Agriculture during the second National Council of Government with Blanco majority (1963 ...
played a key role in the definition of the most difficult issues for the democratic institutions.


President of Uruguay, second term (1995-2000)

Sanguinetti sought a second term in the 1994 presidential elections on 27 November, which he won with 24.7% of the vote, beating
Tabaré Vázquez Tabaré Ramón Vázquez Rosas (; ''Vázquez Rosas'' locally ; 17 January 19406 December 2020) was a Uruguayan politician who served as the 41st president of Uruguay from 2015 to 2020. He previously served from 2005 to 2010 as the 39th presiden ...
of the Encuentro Progresista-Frente Amplio (EP-FA) coalition, the other PC candidates -
Jorge Batlle Jorge Luis Batlle Ibáñez (; ''Batlle'' locally or ; 25 October 1927 – 24 October 2016) was a Uruguayan politician and lawyer, and a member of the Colorado Party. He served as the President of Uruguay from 2000 to 2005. Dr. Jorge Batlle ...
and Jorge Pacheco - as well as the three PN candidates, the strongest of which was
Alberto Volonté Alberto is the Romance languages, Romance version of the Latinized form (''Albertus'') of Germanic languages, Germanic ''Albert (given name), Albert''. It is used in Italian language, Italian, Portuguese language, Portuguese and Spanish language, ...
who received 14.9% of the vote. While Vázquez won the most votes of any individual candidate, under the Ley de Lemas still in force at the time, the highest-finishing candidate from the party winning the most votes would become president. This was the case even if that candidate was not the most-voted individual candidate (in practice this only affected the two biggest parties). In this case, even though Sanguinetti finished with 121,000 fewer votes than Vázquez, the Colorados polled 32.3% of the vote between them higher than the combined 31.2% received by the PN and the 30.6% received by Vázquez's Broad Front. On 1 March 1995 Sanguinetti was sworn in as the third leader to be re-elected in the country's history. Sanguinetti formed a coalition Government with PN which received 4 ministries, the Gobierno del Pueblo Party (PGP) - created by those who had broken away from the PC- whose leader,
Hugo Batalla Hugo Batalla Parentini (July 11, 1926 – October 3, 1998), Uruguayan politician, was Vice President of Uruguay from 1995 to 1998 during the presidency of Julio María Sanguinetti. Background His political activity started in the Colorado Party ...
, was given the Vice-Presidency-, along with an independent cabinet minister with Unión Cívica ties. This alliance framework allowed him to bring the budget through a parliament divided in equal parts between the three main groups each year until the end of his term along with the reforms of the Social Security Law –attacked by worker and pensioner organizations- as well as the
constitutional reform A constitutional amendment is a modification of the constitution of a polity, organization or other type of entity. Amendments are often interwoven into the relevant sections of an existing constitution, directly altering the text. Conversely, t ...
. Guaranteed the backing of two-thirds of the parliament, this reform, which eliminated the almost hundred-year old Ley de Lemas, was supported by 50.45% of the votes and came into force on 14 January 1997. The amendments strengthened the executive power against the legislative power and undertook a profound reform of the electoral system. Among other points, it limited each party to a single presidential candidate. If no candidate won a majority in the first round, the top two candidates in the first round would advance to a runoff. The expansionist economic policy of his Government brought about a reduction in the recession of -1.8% which had been registered the previous year, partly due to a fall in exports, and gave way to high growth rates that didn't generate inflation. The opposite is true in fact, this variable experimented a continuous fall until it reached around 6% in 1999. The positive results in trading and in key production sectors generated employment that gave way to improved salaries and pensions, a general increase in income that in turn increased investment and internal consumption. This boom panorama was drastically affected by the Brazilian crisis of 1998-1999, which reduced the products it bought from Uruguay; Brazil was the destination of more than a third of total Uruguayan exports. This interdependence was created within MERCOSUR, whose IX, XIII and XVII summits were hosted by Sanguinetti, respectively on the 7 December 1995 in Punta del Este, 15 December 1997 in Montevideo, and, again, on 8 December 1999, also in Montevideo. On 1 March 2000 his term as President ended and he handed over the Presidency to his colleague Jorge Batlle, who had won the elections on 28 November 1999. Among the many prominent politicians who took part in his government can be mentioned:
Didier Opertti Didier Opertti Badán (born 23 April 1937) is a Uruguayan political figure and lawyer. Political offices in Uruguay Interior Minister Opertti served as the interior minister of Uruguay from 1995 to 1998 in the government of Julio María Sanguin ...
,
Guillermo Stirling Guillermo Stirling (born 1937) is a Uruguayan notary and political figure. Background and political alignment Stirling is a prominent member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party. He has been a close colleague of Presidents Julio María Sanguinetti a ...
,
Luis Antonio Hierro López Luis Antonio Hierro López (born June 6, 1947) is a Uruguayan politician and diplomat who served as the 13th vice president of Uruguay from 2000 to 2005 under Jorge Batlle. Born into a political family, his father was Luis Hierro Gambardella, fo ...
, Álvaro Ramos,
Luis Mosca Luis is a given name. It is the Spanish form of the originally Germanic name or . Other Iberian Romance languages have comparable forms: (with an accent mark on the i) in Portuguese and Galician, in Aragonese and Catalan, while is archaic ...
,
Luis Brezzo Luis Brezzo Paredes(March 30, 1939 – September 20, 2002) was a Uruguayan politician belonging to the Colorado party. He was born in Montevideo, Uruguay on March 20, 1939, and studied engineering. He was employed in the banking sector, worked ...
, Lucio Cáceres, Juan Antonio Chiruchi, and
Ariel Davrieux Ariel Davrieux is a Uruguayan accountant, economist and politician. A man of the Colorado Party, he held the post of Head of the Uruguayan Office of Planning and Budgeting for 15 years, during both presidential terms of Julio María Sanguinetti an ...
. The Nationalist leader
Alberto Volonté Alberto is the Romance languages, Romance version of the Latinized form (''Albertus'') of Germanic languages, Germanic ''Albert (given name), Albert''. It is used in Italian language, Italian, Portuguese language, Portuguese and Spanish language, ...
was pivotal in daily affairs of the government coalition.


Post-2000

Always active in journalism and in the cultural world, during his break from presidential duties between 1990 and 1995 Sanguinetti was a columnist for the EFE Press Agency and ''
El País ''El País'' (; ) is a Spanish-language daily newspaper in Spain. ''El País'' is based in the capital city of Madrid and it is owned by the Spanish media conglomerate PRISA. It is the second most circulated daily newspaper in Spain . ''El Pa ...
'', both Spanish companies. His link with
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...
was strengthened as the Director of several Seminars organized by the Complutense University in Madrid and as a lecturer in summer courses at the Menéndez Pelayo International University in
Santander Santander may refer to: Places * Santander, Spain, a port city and capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain * Santander Department, a department of Colombia * Santander State, former state of Colombia * Santander de Quilichao, a m ...
. Since 1996 he has promoted the work of individuals from the political and intellectual world, including the former Colombian President
Belisario Betancur Belisario Betancur Cuartas (4 February 1923 – 7 December 2018) was a Colombian politician who served as the 26th President of Colombia from 1982 to 1986. He was a member of the Colombian Conservative Party. His presidency was noted for its at ...
, the former Spanish President,
Felipe González Felipe González Márquez (; born 5 March 1942) is a Spanish lawyer, professor, and politician, who was the Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 1974 to 1997, and the 3rd Prime Minister of Spain since the ...
, the former President of Chile,
Ricardo Lagos Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (; born 2 March 1938) is a Chilean lawyer, economist and social-democratic politician who served as president of Chile from 2000 to 2006. During the 1980s he was a well-known opponent of the Chilean military di ...
and the former President of Brazil,
Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso (; born 18 June 1931), also known by his initials FHC (), is a Brazilian sociologist, professor and politician who served as the 34th president of Brazil from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2002. He was the first Brazi ...
. This group is known as the Montevideo Circle. Since 1990, he has also been President of the PAX Institute, an academic foundation for international action. He is likewise a member of the InterAcción Council – another forum for retired world leaders that centers its work on the elaboration of reports and studies offering advice on diverse areas of the international arena- as well as of the Council of Presidents and Prime Ministers of the
Carter Center The Carter Center is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. He and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University just after his defeat in the 1980 United States presidenti ...
in
Atlanta, Georgia Atlanta ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia, but its territory falls in both Fulton and DeKalb counties. With a population of 498,715 ...
. He is also a member of Washington D.C. based Western Hemisphere think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue. He professed support for the
same-sex marriage Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same Legal sex and gender, sex or gender. marriage between same-sex couples is legally performed and recognized in 33 countries, with the most recent being ...
bill recently approved by the Uruguayan legislature. Sanguinetti was a pre-candidate for the presidential primaries in June 2019 supported by the Batllistas political sector of the Colorado Party, and accompanied by some of his former trusted advisers, including former ministers and politicians from the Foro Batllista. In the primaries, he was second, being surpassed by
Ernesto Talvi Ernesto Talvi Pérez (born June 10, 1957 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan economist. He served as Minister of Foreign Relations of Uruguay from 1 March to 6 July 2020. Early life Born to a Macedonian-born father and a Cuban mother, both of Sephardi ...
, who was proclaimed the presidential candidate of the PC. After being elected senator for the 49th Legislature in the general election of October 2019, Sanguinetti expressed his intention to collaborate from Parliament with the Multicolor Coalition during the first year, and then work on his activities as general secretary of the Colorado Party. He resigned his senatorial seat on October 20, 2020, announcing that he will begin a "full dedication" stage to his party. He resigned with former President
José Mujica José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano (; born 20 May 1935) is a Uruguayan politician, former revolutionary and farmer who served as the 40th president of Uruguay from 2010 to 2015. A former guerrilla with the Tupamaros, he was tortured and impr ...
(2010-2015).


Writings

He has received honorary doctorate degrees from the Universities of Brasília (1985), Moscow (1990), Asunción (1994), Genoa and Bucharest, and, excluding short articles and studies, he has published the books entitled ''Alcances y aplicaciones de la nueva Constitución uruguaya'' he Scope and Application of the New Uruguayan Constitution(1967), ''La nación, el nacionalismo y otros ismos'' he Nation, Nationalism and other '-isms'(1978), ''El temor y la impaciencia'
Fear and Impatience
(1991), ''El año 501'' he Year 501(1992), ''Un mundo sin Marx'' World without Marx(1993) y ''Meditaciones del milenio'' editations of the Millennium(1994), "El doctor Figari" octor Figari(2002), "La agonía de una democracia" gony of a democracy(2008), "La reconquista, Proceso de la restauración democrática en Uruguay (1980-1990)" he reconquest, Process of Uruguay's democratic rs restoration(2012), "Retratos desde la memoria (Debate, Montevideo)" ortraits from memory(2015), "El cronista y la historia" he reporter and history(2017).


Honours


Foreign honours

*: ** Collar of the
Order of the Liberator General San Martín The Order of the Liberator General San Martín ( es, Orden del Libertador General San Martín) is the highest decoration in Argentina. It is awarded to foreign politicians or military, deemed worthy of the highest recognition from Argentina. It is ...
*: ** Grand Collar of the
National Order of the Southern Cross Emperor Pedro I of Brazil founded the National Order of the Southern Cross ( pt, Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) as a Brazilian order of chivalry on 1 December 1822. The order aimed to commemorate the independence of Brazil (7 September 1822) ...
*: ** Collar of the
Order of Merit The Order of Merit (french: link=no, Ordre du Mérite) is an order of merit for the Commonwealth realms, recognising distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture. Established in 1902 by K ...
*: ** Grand Collar of the
Order of Boyaca Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
** Grand Collar of the
Order of San Carlos The Order of San Carlos is a state order granted by Colombia. The order was founded 16 August 1954 to honor Colombian citizens and foreign civilians and military officers who have made outstanding contributions to the nation of Colombia, especiall ...
*: ** Grand Cross of the National Order of José Matías Delgado *: ** Grand Cross of the National Order of Legion of Honour *: ** Collar of the
Order of the Quetzal The Order of the Quetzal (Spanish: Orden del Quetzal) is Guatemala’s highest honor. History and award conditions Established in 1936, it is bestowed by the Government of Guatemala Politics of Guatemala takes place in a framework of a p ...
*: ** Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the
Order of Merit of the Italian Republic The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( it, Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana) is the senior Italian order of merit. It was established in 1951 by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi. The highest-ranking ...
*: ** Honorary Recipient of the
Order of the Crown of the Realm The Most Exalted Order of the Crown of the Realm ( ms, Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara) is a Malaysian federal award. It is ranked lower than the Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia. It should not be confused with the Order of Loyalty to the ...
*: ** Collar of the
Order of the Aztec Eagle The Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle ( es, Orden Mexicana del Águila Azteca) forms part of the Mexican Honours System and is the highest Mexican order awarded to foreigners in the country. History It was created by decree on December 29, 193 ...
*: ** Collar of the
Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero The Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero ( es, Orden de Manuel Amador Guerrero) is the highest honour of Panama. Named after Manuel Amador Guerrero, the first president of Panama, the order was established on the 50th anniversary of Panama's independ ...
*: ** Collar of the National Order of Merit *: ** Grand Cross of the
Order of the Sun of Peru Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
*: ** Knight of the Collar of the
Order of Isabella the Catholic The Order of Isabella the Catholic ( es, Orden de Isabel la Católica) is a Spanish civil order and honor granted to persons and institutions in recognition of extraordinary services to the homeland or the promotion of international relations a ...
*: ** Collar of the
Order of the Liberator The Order of the Liberator was the highest distinction of Venezuela and was appointed for services to the country, outstanding merit and benefits made to the community. For Venezuelans the order ranks first in the order of precedence from other or ...
** Grand Cross of the Order of Andres Bello


Awards

In 2007, Sanguinetti was awarded the prestigious FCG International Award for a Lifetime Achievement by the Cristóbal Gabarrón Foundation from Spain
FCG International Awards
.


Family

He is married to the historian and journalist Marta Canessa; they have two children, Julio Luis and Emma, both of them lawyers.


See also

*
Politics of Uruguay The politics of Uruguay abide by a presidential representative democratic republic, under which the President of Uruguay is both the head of state and the head of government, as well as a multiform party system. The president exercises executiv ...
* List of political families#Uruguay


Notes


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Biography and tenure by CIDOB
(in Spanish) {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanguinetti, Julio Maria 1936 births Living people People from Montevideo Uruguayan journalists Education and Culture Ministers of Uruguay Presidents of Uruguay Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin Recipients of the Order of José Matías Delgado Uruguayan people of Italian descent University of the Republic (Uruguay) alumni 20th-century Uruguayan lawyers Colorado Party (Uruguay) politicians Recipients of the Medal of Military Merit (Uruguay) Members of the Inter-American Dialogue International Simón Bolívar Prize recipients