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Julian Cecil Stanley (July 9, 1918 – August 12, 2005) was an American psychologist. He was an advocate of accelerated education for academically
gifted Intellectual giftedness is an intellectual ability significantly higher than average. It is a characteristic of children, variously defined, that motivates differences in school programming. It is thought to persist as a trait into adult life, wi ...
children. He founded the Johns Hopkins University
Center for Talented Youth The Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth (CTY) is a gifted education program for school-age children founded in 1979 by psychologist Julian Stanley at Johns Hopkins University. It was established as a research study into how academically ad ...
(CTY), as well as a related research project, the
Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) is a prospective longitudinal survey study of persons (mostly in the United States) identified by scores of 700 or higher on a section of the SAT Reasoning Test before age 13 years. It is one of th ...
(SMPY), whose work has, since 1980, been supplemented by the Julian C. Stanley
Study of Exceptional Talent The Julian C. Stanley Study of Exceptional Talent (SET) is an outgrowth of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) at Johns Hopkins University. Founded in 1971 by Professor Julian Stanley, SMPY pioneered the concept of above-grade-leve ...
(SET), which provides academic assistance to gifted children. Stanley was also widely known for his classic book, coauthored with
Donald Campbell Donald is a masculine given name derived from the Gaelic name ''Dòmhnall''.. This comes from the Proto-Celtic *''Dumno-ualos'' ("world-ruler" or "world-wielder"). The final -''d'' in ''Donald'' is partly derived from a misinterpretation of the ...
, on the design of educational and psychological research - ''Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research''.


Biography

Julian Cecil Stanley Jr. was born in Macon, Georgia, on July 9, 1918. After finishing high school he attended West Georgia Junior College (1936) - now the State University of West Georgia - and at age 19 years, after attending the Georgia Teacher's College (1937) - now the
Georgia Southern University Georgia Southern University (GS or Georgia Southern) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Georgia. The flagship campus is in Statesboro, and other locations include the Armstrong Campus in Savannah and the Liberty Campus in H ...
- he became a high school math and chemistry teacher. During the Second World War he served in the Army Air Corps' chemical warfare service (1942–1945). Upon his return, he entered Harvard University where he completed his doctorate in education (Ed.D.) in 1950.


Academic career

Stanley's first academic teaching position was as an associate professor in educational psychology at the
George Peabody College Vanderbilt Peabody College of Education and Human Development (also known as Vanderbilt Peabody College, Peabody College, or simply Peabody) is the education school of Vanderbilt University, a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee ...
for Teachers (1949) - now
Peabody College Vanderbilt Peabody College of Education and Human Development (also known as Vanderbilt Peabody College, Peabody College, or simply Peabody) is the education school of Vanderbilt University, a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee ...
of Vanderbilt University. In 1951 he became President of the Tennessee Psychological Association before moving onto the University of Wisconsin in 1953. It was here that he became famous for his work in experimental designs and psychometrics; his most cited work, ''Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research'', was produced with co-author
Donald T. Campbell Donald Thomas Campbell (November 20, 1916 – May 6, 1996) was an American social scientist. He is noted for his work in methodology. He coined the term ''evolutionary epistemology'' and developed a selectionist theory of human creativity. A ''R ...
(1963). In 1965, he moved to Stanford University, becoming a fellow of Stanford's
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS) is an interdisciplinary research lab at Stanford University that offers a residential postdoctoral fellowship program for scientists and scholars studying "the five core social and ...
, and then onto the final chapter of his career, at Johns Hopkins University. It was here that he began his work with intellectually gifted youth, creating in 1971 the
Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) is a prospective longitudinal survey study of persons (mostly in the United States) identified by scores of 700 or higher on a section of the SAT Reasoning Test before age 13 years. It is one of th ...
(SMPY), which would eventually lead to a revolution in how gifted children were to be identified and treated within the education system. He retired as Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (1992), although reportedly worked up until one week before his death in 2005 at age 87 years.Benbow, C. P. & Lubinski D. (2006) Julian C. Stanley Jr. (1918-2005). ''American Psychologist, 61''(3), 251-252. retrieved from on June 9, 2010


Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth

When Stanley was a young math and science teacher he became fascinated with intellectual talent while taking a "tests and measurements" course at the University of Georgia. But, it was in 1969 that Stanley's interest with intellectually gifted youth was reignited when he was introduced to Joseph Bates, a 13-year-old boy from
Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore ( , locally: or ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, fourth most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and the 30th most populous city in the United States with a population of 585,708 in 2020. Baltimore was ...
. Joseph was outperforming all of his classmates in mathematics. Stanley decided to test him using the SAT and found that it was a much more effective and reliable way to test for both advanced math and verbal skills and reasoned that such a method could be used to identify more of these high ability students, especially if a systematic approach was taken. Seeing a need for more research and development in mathematical reasoning ability, Stanley submitted a proposal to the
Spencer Foundation The Spencer Foundation was established in 1962 by Lyle M. Spencer. This foundation makes grants to support research in areas of education that are widely construed. Founder Lyle M. Spencer was the founder of The Spencer Foundation. Spencer gr ...
of Chicago, which also had an interest in intellectual talent, to help fund his study. On September 1, 1971, the
Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) is a prospective longitudinal survey study of persons (mostly in the United States) identified by scores of 700 or higher on a section of the SAT Reasoning Test before age 13 years. It is one of th ...
(SMPY) was formed at Johns Hopkins University. It began as a project designed to model the longitudinal study by
Lewis M. Terman Lewis Madison Terman (January 15, 1877 – December 21, 1956) was an American psychologist and author. He was noted as a pioneer in educational psychology in the early 20th century at the Stanford Graduate School of Education. He is best known f ...
in the "Genetic Studies of Genius" series. The project primarily included holding talent searches with the intent of identifying gifted youth, particularly in the area of mathematics. The study then proceeded to examine both short- and long-term results of the students identified through this method. Stanley was also invested in helping them to further their education by devising and offering many different acceleration programs and classes. At the time, there was very little research to support acceleration, with educators often pushing gifted youths and their parents towards enrichment instead, as it seemed best to avoid attracting too much attention to the unusual abilities of these students and thereby make it easier for educators within the current system at the time to deal with their intellectual capabilities. Up until the time of Stanley's study, there was the prevalent idea that cultural assimilation, stemming from the
melting pot The melting pot is a monocultural metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" with a common culture; an alternative being a homogeneous society becoming more heterogeneous through ...
ideology featured prominently within the United States’ immigration policies, was also a factor in educators veering away from providing acceleration opportunities for gifted students.Cohn, S. J., George, W. C. & Stanley, J. C. (1979). ''Educating the Gifted: Acceleration and Enrichment''. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. The very first talent search was held in March 1972; 450 Baltimore grade 7 and 8 students took the SAT-M (School Aptitude Test-Math), which had previously only been taken by students in grades 11 and 12. This out of level testing method proved to be so successful in identifying intellectual talent and furthering the education of youths in ways that were deemed not to detract from social and emotional development, that the program continued with great achievement. Eventually verbal capabilities were added to the searches (SAT-V) and the program expanded to other universities (Duke, Northwestern, Iowa, and Denver). The program was also deemed to have predictive validity, reasons for which this type of testing has now become a standardized method of identifying early intellectually precocious youth, both within the United States and internationally. To date, the program has identified and provided acceleration for millions of gifted youth. At Johns Hopkins University, the program is now called the
Julian C. Stanley Julian Cecil Stanley (July 9, 1918 – August 12, 2005) was an American psychologist. He was an advocate of accelerated education for academically gifted children. He founded the Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth (CTY), as wel ...
Study of Exceptional Talent The Julian C. Stanley Study of Exceptional Talent (SET) is an outgrowth of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) at Johns Hopkins University. Founded in 1971 by Professor Julian Stanley, SMPY pioneered the concept of above-grade-leve ...
(SET). The
Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) is a prospective longitudinal survey study of persons (mostly in the United States) identified by scores of 700 or higher on a section of the SAT Reasoning Test before age 13 years. It is one of th ...
(SMPY) continues at Vanderbilt University today, with former colleagues of Stanley working to complete a fifty-year longitudinal study of gifted individuals. Currently there are 5000 previous students involved who are now nearing mid-life. In 1994, Stanley was one of 52 signatories on " Mainstream Science on Intelligence,Gottfredson, L. (December 13, 1994). Mainstream Science on Intelligence. '' Wall Street Journal'', p A18." an editorial written by
Linda Gottfredson Linda Susanne Gottfredson (née Howarth; born 1947) is an American psychologist and writer. She is professor emeritus of educational psychology at the University of Delaware and co-director of the Delaware- Johns Hopkins Project for the Study of ...
and published in the '' Wall Street Journal'', which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on intelligence research.


Other achievements

Julian Stanley wrote or edited 13 books, produced over 500 professional articles, received two honorary doctorates and numerous awards, including: *
Fellow of the American Statistical Association Like many other academic professional societies, the American Statistical Association (ASA) uses the title of Fellow of the American Statistical Association as its highest honorary grade of membership. The number of new fellows per year is limited ...
(1967)View/Search Fellows of the ASA
accessed 2016-08-20.
*APA's E.L. Thorndike Award (1978) *James McKeen Cattell Award from the Association for Psychological Science (1994) *AERA's Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education (1980) *NAGC's Distinguished Scholar Award (1982) *Mensa Lifetime Achievement Award (2000)


Selected publications


Books/edited books

* ''Educating the Gifted: Acceleration and Enrichment''. (1979). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (with W.C. George, and S.J. Cohn) * ''Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research''. (1966). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. (with Donald T. Campbell) * ''Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology''. (1970). Prentice-Hall. (with G. V. Glass) * ''Mathematical Talent: Discovery, Description, and Development: Proceedings from the Hyman Blumberg Symposium on Research in Early Childhood''. (1974). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. * ''Compensatory Education For Children, Ages Two To Eight: Recent Studies Of Educational Intervention; Proceedings''. (1973). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. * ''Preschool Programs''. (1972). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. * ''Preschool Programs for the Disadvantaged: Five Experimental Approaches to Early Childhood Education''. (1972). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. * ''The Gifted and the Creative: A Fifty-Year Perspective''. (1977). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. * ''Academic Precocity: Aspects of Its Development''. (1983). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (with C.P. Benbow) * ''Educational and Psychological Measurement and Evaluation'' (8th ed.). (1997). Prentice-Hall. (with K. D. Hopkins)


Selected chapters

* Reliability. In R. L. Thorndike (Ed.), (1971). ''Educational measurement'' (2nd ed., pp. 356–442). Washington, DC: American Council on Education. * Mathematics taught at a fast pace: A longitudinal evaluation of SMPY's first class. In C. P. Benbow & J. C. Stanley (1983). (Eds.), ''Academic Precocity: Aspects of its Development'' (pp. 51–78). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (with C.P. Benbow, & S. Perkins) * An eight-year evaluation of SMPY: What was learned? In C. P. Benbow & J. C. Stanley (1983). (Eds.), ''Academic Precocity: Aspects of its Development'' (pp. 205–214). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. (with C.P. Benbow) * Intellectually talented students: The key is curricular flexibility. In S. Paris et al.((1983). Eds.), Learning and Motivation in the Classroom'' (pp. 259-281). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (with C.P. Benbow) * Gender differences on eighty-six nationally standardized aptitude and achievement tests. In N. Colangelo et al.(1992).(Eds.), ''Talent Development: Proceedings of the Henry B. and Jocelyn Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development'' (pp. 42-65). Unionville, NY: Trillium Press. (with C.P. Benbow, L.E. Brody, & S.L. Dauber)


Selected articles

* Varieties of intellectual talent. ''Journal of Creative Behavior, 1977, 31''(2), 93-119. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1997.tb00783.x * Sex differences in mathematical ability: Fact or artifact? ''Science, 1980, 210'', 1262-1264.(with C.P. Benbow). * Using the SAT to find intellectually talented seventh graders. ''College Board Review, 1981–82, 122'', 2-7, 26. (with C.P. Benbow) * Consequences in high school and college of sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: A longitudinal perspective. ''American Educational Research Journal, 1982, 19'', 598-622. (with C.P. Benbow) * Educating mathematically precocious youths: Twelve policy recommendations. ''Educational Researcher, 1982, 11'', 4-9. (with C.P. Benbow) * Extremely young college graduates: Evidence of their success. ''College and University, 1983, 58'', 361-371. (with C.P. Benbow) * SMPY’s first decade: Ten years of posing problems and solving them. ''Journal of Special Education, 1983, 17'', 11- 25. (with C.P. Benbow) * Opening doors for the gifted. ''American Education, 1983, 19'', 44-46. (with C.P. Benbow) * Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts. ''Science, 1983, 222'', 1029-1031. (with C.P. Benbow) * Structure of intelligence of intellectually precocious children and in their parents. ''Intelligence, 1983, 7'', 129-152. (with C.P. Benbow, M.K. Kirk, & A.B. Zonderman) * Applying: A Mentor Model: For Young Mathematically Talented Students. ''Gifted Child Today, 1990, 13'', 15–19. doi:10.1177/107621759001300205 (with A.E. Lupkowski, & S.G. Assouline)


References


External links


JHU/CTY death press releaseMensa articleBaltimore Sun obituaryScholarly article summarizing SMPY's 35 year history and findings
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stanley, Julian Cecil 1918 births 2005 deaths 20th-century American psychologists Educational psychologists Fellows of the American Statistical Association Georgia Southern University alumni Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni Scientists from Georgia (U.S. state) American educational psychologists