Juliaca (
Quechua and ay, Hullaqa) is the capital of San Roman Province in the
Puno Region of southeastern
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = National seal
, national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...
. It is the region's largest city with a population of 276,110 inhabitants (
2017
File:2017 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The War Against ISIS at the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017); aftermath of the Manchester Arena bombing; The Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 ("Great American Eclipse"); North Korea tests a s ...
). On the
Altiplano
The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extensive high plateau on Earth outside Tibet. The plateau is located at ...
, Juliaca is above sea level, is located on the Collao Plateau and is northwest of
Lake Titicaca
Lake Titicaca (; es, Lago Titicaca ; qu, Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. By volume of water and by surface area, i ...
(45 km). It is the largest trade center in the Puno region.
Juliaca is near Lake
Chacas, the Maravillas river, and near the ruins of
Sillustani
Sillustani is a pre- Inca cemetery on the shores of Lake Umayo near Puno in Peru. The tombs, which are built above ground in tower-like structures called chullpas, are the vestiges of the Qulla people, who are Aymara conquered by the Inca Empi ...
.
The city hosts
Juliaca's Carnival each year between February and March. During this very popular event participants, dressed in colorful costumes, gather on the streets to dance in the style of the Collao Plateau. Saint Sebastian's feast is celebrated on 20 January of every year.
Juliaca's citizens rely on cars, trains, and bicycles. It is a major transit point in the region and has strong ties with Peru's southern cities, including
Arequipa
Arequipa (; Aymara and qu, Ariqipa) is a city and capital of province and the eponymous department of Peru. It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed the "legal capital of Peru". It is the second most populated city ...
,
Puno
Puno (Aymara and qu, Punu) is a city in southeastern Peru, located on the shore of Lake Titicaca. It is the capital city of the Puno Region and the Puno Province with a population of approximately 140,839 (2015 estimate). The city was establ ...
,
Tacna
Tacna is a city in southern Peru and the regional capital of the Tacna Region. A very commercially active city, it is located only north of the border with Arica y Parinacota Region from Chile, inland from the Pacific Ocean and in the valley of ...
,
Cuzco,
Ilo
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is the first and ol ...
, and with
La Rinconada
La Rinconada is a municipality located in the province of Seville, Andalusia, Spain. According to the 2020 census (INE
INE, Ine or ine may refer to:
Institutions
* Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung, a German nuclear research center
* Instit ...
and
Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
.
Like
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
, Illinois, it is nicknamed "The Windy City", in its case, because of the city's location on the windy Collao Plateau. It is also called the "Sock City" or "Knitting City" because Juliaca was a major center of sock, sweater, and handicraft production. Now the production of clothes, wool and fabrics are industrial processes.
It is also home to
Inca Manco Capac Airport, the region's main airport.
Etymology
The historian Ramon Rios argues that Juliaca comes from the
Quechua words ''Xullaskca kaipi'' (it had drizzled) in allusion that when the Inca troops arrived at this part of the Altiplano chasing the ''
collas'', they noticed that in the Huaynarroque hill it had drizzled.
However, Justo Ruelas affirms that Juliaca comes from the Quechua word ''Shulla Qaqa'' (roquedal dew), due to the fact that in the vicinity of the Huaynarroque and Santa Cruz hills, small quartz particles can be seen, which resembles the morning dew that falls on rocks.
History
Pre-Spanish arrival
The Altiplano was inhabited from around 4,000 BC by sedentary communities dedicated to agriculture and livestock (
llama
The llama (; ) (''Lama glama'') is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era.
Llamas are social animals and live with others as a herd. Their wool is soft ...
s and
guinea pig
The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus''), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus '' Cavia'' in the family Caviidae. Breeders tend to use the word ''cavy'' to describe the ...
s).
The
Uros
The Uru or Uros ( ure, Qhas Qut suñi) are an indigenous people of Bolivia. They live on an approximate and still growing 120 self-fashioned floating islands in Lake Titicaca near Puno. They form three main groups: the Uru-Chipaya, Uru-Murat ...
settled in the river towns, taking advantage of the benefits of the
totora and the fish of
Lake Titicaca
Lake Titicaca (; es, Lago Titicaca ; qu, Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. By volume of water and by surface area, i ...
, settled in the surrounding lakes:
Chacas, Qoriwata, Cochapampa, and the Juliaca River, today Coata River.
The constitution of these settlers were registered as ''Uros de Coata'' and ''Uros de Desaguadero'', from where the Uros of Coata would be better communicated and related to Juliaca, by the river that linked them, also these riverine settlers developed a sailing technique, on rafts made of
totora, fastened with yarned ropes based on the
ichus, which would serve as support for fishing, and at times, of transport from Lake Titicaca to the smaller lakes that were between the territories of Juliaca.
Between the years 1000 to 500 BC, Juliaca flourished under the influence of
Qaluyo (ancient settlement), in the place of Qomer Moqo (
Taparachi). Archaeologists discovered a small village dating back to this time, whose settlers were fed with
potatoes
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern United ...
,
quinoa
Quinoa (''Chenopodium quinoa''; , from Quechua ' or ') is a flowering plant in the amaranth family. It is a herbaceous annual plant grown as a crop primarily for its edible seeds; the seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, ...
,
kañiwa
''Chenopodium pallidicaule'', known as ''cañihua'', ''canihua'' or ''cañahua'' (from Quechua ''qañiwa, qañawa or qañawi'') and also kaniwa, is a species of goosefoot, similar in character and uses to the closely related ''quinoa'' ''(Chenopo ...
, carachi, guinea pig, among others. They were the first builders of
waruwarus and developed a special textile industry.
In the years 200 BC to 200 AD, the domain of the
Pukara culture expanded in this region of the highlands. Between the third and fourth centuries, the
Huaynarroque tribe flourished. Subsequently, the hegemony of
Tiahuanaco,
Colla and
Inka arises consecutively. The kollas and Inka were ruthless rivals and only under the military command of
Pachacútec and his son
Mayta Capac were able to subdue the brave Sapana, Chuchicápac and Huaynarroque tribes after bloody wars of conquest.
Economy
Juliaca is a large trade center for
goods
In economics, goods are items that satisfy human wants
and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. A common distinction is made between goods which are transferable, and services, which are not ...
and
services, and is considered the financial capital of the
Puno region. Trade is its principal economic activity, comprising 26.5% of the
Labor force
The workforce or labour force is a concept referring to the pool of human beings either in employment or in unemployment. It is generally used to describe those working for a single company or industry, but can also apply to a geographic ...
. In 2008, Juliaca had 15,439 commercial establishments, which amounts to 41% of trade done in the Puno region. It is the commercial hub for the
La Rinconada
La Rinconada is a municipality located in the province of Seville, Andalusia, Spain. According to the 2020 census (INE
INE, Ine or ine may refer to:
Institutions
* Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung, a German nuclear research center
* Instit ...
high-altitude city of informal gold mining.
[William Finnegan, "Tears of the Sun: The Gold Rush at the Top of the World." ''The New Yorker'', 20 April 2015: 55–65]
The city of Juliaca has become a center of capital investment. As a result, poverty has been reduced, and increased per capita income has come to some of its residents.
Climate
Juliaca has a
subtropical highland climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ...
(
Köppen ''Cwb/Cwc'') bordering on an
alpine tundra climate (''ETH'') with cool to cold temperatures most of the year. The average annual precipitation is . Winters are dry with freezing nights and mornings, and pleasant afternoon temperatures.
Monuments and places of interest
The city of Juliaca and its surroundings have various natural and historical tourist attractions, among the most outstanding are: The Santa Catalina church, Waynaruqi hill, Chacas lagoon and the Kokan community.
Santa Catalina Church
Located in the Plaza de Armas, it has an indigenous baroque architectural style. The start of its construction dates back to 1649, started by the Jesuits; however it was not completed until 125 years later. Proof of this is its only bell tower, built entirely with ashlar brought from the quarries of Arequipa.
It is currently under the command of the
Franciscan Order
The Franciscans are a group of related Mendicant orders, mendicant Christianity, Christian Catholic religious order, religious orders within the Catholic Church. Founded in 1209 by Italian Catholic friar Francis of Assisi, these orders include t ...
.
La Merced Church
This church is a beautiful work of architecture from the time of the republic. It is located in the west wing of the
Plaza Bolognesi in the city center. Carved out of red limestone (due to its characteristic color) and with a structure typical of the modern era (iron frame). Like the main Church of Santa Catalina, it only has a bell tower arranged symmetrically unlike the previous one, and it also features a clock with four circular faces. Its construction is due to a group of faithful devotees who commissioned the construction from Don Gregorio Layme. It was inaugurated in 1959 and renovated in 1995, where they included indigenous elements.
Franciscan Convent
Also called Convent of '' Santa Bárbara ''. It is a four-level building built on the hill '' Hatun Rumi '' or '' Santa Bárbara '' (Spanish name), 40 m from the Plaza de Armas de Juliaca, it presents a style essentially
Romanesque
Due to its importance during the republican era, today it constitutes one of the main tourist attractions of the city.
Waynaruqi hill
Located in a southeast of the Plaza de Armas, on the top of the hill Waynaruqi. The White Christ, made entirely in concrete and fiberglass, stands out on the horizon of Juliaca. At the foot of the monument is a viewpoint, from which it is possible to see the urban and non-urban areas that comprise the city. The complex was built in just two and a half weeks, and was opened in 1987.
Las Calceteras Gallery
It is a three-floor building, located in the north wing of the Plaza Bolognesi. It is a shopping center for handicrafts, where all kinds of clothing are sold (socks, chullos,
bootees
A bootee (also bootie or booty) is a short soft sock or bootlike garment used for warmth or protection. Bootees for babies are usually thick and knitted, to keep the baby's feet warm. Dog booties for dogs such as sledge dogs in very cold Arctic ...
, shawls, sweaters, rugs, gloves, etc.) woven or manufactured with native materials (llama, alpaca, vicuña ), the visitor can also visualize the handwork done by the artisan ladies with their typical clothing (called hosiery), in different types of wool and fiber, highly appreciated in the international market.
Chacas Lagoon
Located 10 km northwest of the city of Juliaca, in the area corresponding to the towns of Kokan and Chacas. It is a lagoon surrounded by vast hills, like the Iquinito (which is the highest in the area), the lagoon has a fusiform shape and an area of approximately 6.2 km
2 . In this abundant lagoon the local
flora
Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring ( indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' gut flora'' or '' skin flora''.
...
and
fauna
Fauna is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is '' flora'', and for fungi, it is '' funga''. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as '' biota''. ...
, mainly during the summer (rainy season).
Gallery
PeruTren.JPG, 1980's Train in Juliaca
Carnaval de juliaca.jpg, Juliaca's Carnival
NuestraSeñoraDeLaMerced Juliaca 0929.jpg, La Merced church
Juliaca Station.JPG, Juliaca Train Station
Templo santa catalina 1940.jpg, Santa Catalina Church in 1940
Autopistajul004 grande.jpg, Road to Puno
Starts in aviation 0192-1.jpg, Inka Manqu Qhapaq Airport
Municipalidad de Juliaca.JPG, Juliaca's Prefecture
See also
*
Colegio Parroquial Franciscano San Román
*
PeruRail
PeruRail is a railway operator providing tourist, freight, and charter services in southern Peru. It was founded in 1999 by two Peruvian entrepreneurs and the British company Sea Containers.
The main line between the port of Matarani, Arequipa ...
References
External links
{{Authority control
Populated places in the Puno Region
Cities in Peru