The gens Julia (''gēns Iūlia'', ) was one of the most prominent patrician families in

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom ...

. Members of the

gens In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (plural: ''stirpes''). The ''gen ...

attained the highest dignities of the state in the earliest times of the

Republic A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

. The first of the family to obtain the

consulship A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politic ...

was Gaius Julius Iulus in 489 BC. The gens is perhaps best known, however, for Gaius Julius Caesar, the

dictator A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in time ...

and grand uncle of the emperor

Augustus Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...

, through whom the name was passed to the so-called

Julio-Claudian dynasty , native_name_lang=Latin, coat of arms=Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png, image_size=260px, caption= The Great Cameo of France depicting emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius and Nero, type= Ancient Roman dynasty, country= Roman Empire, estates=* ...

of the first century AD. The Julius became very common in imperial times, as the descendants of persons enrolled as

citizens Citizenship is a "relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection". Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and ...

under the early emperors began to make their mark in history.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, pp. 642, 643.

Origin

Augustus Lugdunum principes iuventutis 671253

The Julii were of Alban origin, mentioned as one of the leading Alban houses, which

Tullus Hostilius Tullus Hostilius (r. 672–640 BC) was the legendary third king of Rome. He succeeded Numa Pompilius and was succeeded by Ancus Marcius. Unlike his predecessor, Tullus was known as a warlike king who according to the Roman Historian Livy, bel ...

removed to Rome upon the destruction of

Alba Longa Alba Longa (occasionally written Albalonga in Italian sources) was an ancient Latin city in Central Italy, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Rome, in the vicinity of Lake Albano in the Alban Hills. Founder and head of the Latin League, it wa ...

. The Julii also existed at an early period at Bovillae, evidenced by a very ancient inscription on an altar in the theatre of that town, which speaks of their offering sacrifices according to the ''lege Albana'', or Alban rites. Their connection with Bovillae is also implied by the , or chapel, which the emperor

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...

dedicated to the ''gens Julia'' in the town, and in which he placed the statue of Augustus. Some of the Julii may have settled at Bovillae after the fall of Alba Longa. As it became the fashion in the later times of the Republic to claim a divine origin for the most distinguished of the Roman gentes, it was contended that Iulus, the mythical ancestor of the race, was the same as

Ascanius Ascanius (; Ancient Greek: Ἀσκάνιος) (said to have reigned 1176-1138 BC) was a legendary king of Alba Longa and is the son of the Trojan hero Aeneas and Creusa, daughter of Priam. He is a character in Roman mythology, and has a divine ...

, the son of

Aeneas In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (, ; from ) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons ...

, and founder of

. Aeneas was, in turn, the son of

Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus (like Mercury) appears in Earth's sky never f ...

and

Anchises Anchises (; grc-gre, Ἀγχίσης, Ankhísēs) was a member of the royal family of Troy in Greek and Roman legend. He was said to have been the son of King Capys of Dardania and Themiste, daughter of Ilus, who was son of Tros. He is mos ...

. In order to prove the identity of Ascanius and Iulus, recourse was had to etymology, some specimens of which the reader curious in such matters will find in Servius. Other traditions held that Iulus was the son of Aeneas by his Trojan wife,

Creusa In Greek mythology, Creusa (; grc, Κρέουσα ''Kreousa'' "princess") may refer to the following figures: * Creusa, a naiad daughter of Gaia. * Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, King of Athens and his wife, Praxithea. * Creusa, also known ...

, while Ascanius was the son of Aeneas and

Lavinia In Roman mythology, Lavinia ( ; ) is the daughter of Latinus and Amata, and the last wife of Aeneas. Creation It has been proposed that the character was in part intended to represent Servilia Isaurica, Emperor Augustus's first fiancée. Sto ...

, daughter of

Latinus Latinus ( la, Latinus; Ancient Greek: Λατῖνος, ''Latînos'', or Λατεῖνος, ''Lateînos'') was a figure in both Greek and Roman mythology. He is often associated with the heroes of the Trojan War, namely Odysseus and Aeneas. Al ...

. The dictator Caesar frequently alluded to the divine origin of his race, as, for instance, in the funeral oration which he pronounced when

quaestor A ( , , ; "investigator") was a public official in Ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times. In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officials who ...

over his aunt Julia, and in giving ''Venus Genetrix'' as the word to his soldiers at the battles of

Pharsalus ''Pharsalus''Melichar L (1906) ''Monographie der Issiden. (Homoptera). Abhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien.'' Wien 3: 1-327 21 is the type genus of planthoppers in the subfamily Pharsalinae (family Ricaniidae); it ...

and Munda; and subsequent writers and poets were ready enough to fall in with a belief which flattered the pride and exalted the origin of the imperial family. Though it would seem that the Julii first came to Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, the name occurs in Roman legend as early as the time of

Romulus Romulus () was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of these ...

. It was Proculus Julius who was said to have informed the sorrowing Roman people, after the strange departure of Romulus from the world, that their king had descended from heaven and appeared to him, bidding him tell the people to honor him in future as a god, under the name of

Quirinus In Roman mythology and religion, Quirinus ( , ) is an early god of the Roman state. In Augustan Rome, ''Quirinus'' was also an epithet of Janus, as ''Janus Quirinus''. Name Attestations The name of god Quirinus is recorded across Roman so ...

. Some modern critics have inferred from this, that a few of the Julii might have settled in Rome in the reign of the first king; but considering the entirely fabulous nature of the tale, and the circumstance that the celebrity of the Julia gens in later times would easily lead to its connection with the earliest times of Roman story, no historical argument can be drawn from the mere name occurring in this legend.Livy, i. 16.Ovid, ii. 499 ''ff.'' In the later Empire, the distinction between praenomen, nomen, and cognomen was gradually lost, and ''Julius'' was treated much like a personal name, which it ultimately became. The Latin form is common in many languages, but other familiar forms exist, including ''

Giulio Giulio () is an Italian given name. Notable people with the name include: * Giulio Alberoni (1664–1752), Italian cardinal and statesman * Giulio Alenio (1582–1649), Italian Jesuit missionary and scholar * Giulio Alfieri (1924–2002), Italian ...

'' (Italian), '' Julio'' (Spanish), ''

Jules Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). It is the given name of: People with the name * Jules Aarons (1921–2008), American space physicist and photographer *Jules Abadie (1876–19 ...

'' (French), ''Júlio'' (Portuguese), ''

Iuliu Iuliu is a Romanian male given name derived from Latin ''Iulius''. The female form is Iulia. In other cases Iuliu is the Romanianized form of the Hungarian name Gyula. People named Iuliu: *Iuliu Barasch *Iuliu Baratky *Iuliu Bodola *Iuliu Coro ...

'' (Romanian) and ''Юлий'' (''Yuliy'', Bulgarian and Russian).

Praenomina

The Julii of the Republic used the praenomina ''

Lucius Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from '' Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames ('' praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from ...

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People * Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius * Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus * Gaius Asiniu ...

, and

Sextus Sextus is an ancient Roman ''praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Although i ...

''. There are also instances of '' Vopiscus'' and '' Spurius'' in the early generations of the family. The earliest of the Julii appearing in legend bore the praenomen ''

Proculus Proculus (died c. 281) was a Roman usurper, one of the "minor pretenders" according to ''Historia Augusta'', who would have taken the purple against Emperor Probus in 280. This is now disputed. Probably Proculus had family connection with the Fr ...

'', and it is possible that this name was used by some of the early Julii, although no later examples are known. In the later Republic and imperial times, ''Vopiscus'' and ''Proculus'' were generally used as personal cognomina. The gens was always said to have descended from and been named after a mythical personage named ''Iulus'' or ''Iullus'', even before he was asserted to be the son of Aeneas; and it is entirely possible that ''Iulus'' was an ancient praenomen, which had fallen out of use by the early Republic, and was preserved as a cognomen by the eldest branch of the Julii. The name was later revived as a praenomen by

Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the au ...

, the triumvir, who had a son named ''Iulus''. Classical Latin did not distinguish between the letters "I" and "J", which were both written with "I", and for this reason the name is sometimes written ''Julus'', just as ''Julius'' is also written ''Iulius''. The many Julii of imperial times, who were not descended from the gens Julia, did not limit themselves to the praenomina of that family. The imperial family set the example by freely mingling the praenomina of the Julii with those of the

gens Claudia The gens Claudia (), sometimes written Clodia, was one of the most prominent patrician houses at ancient Rome. The gens traced its origin to the earliest days of the Roman Republic. The first of the Claudii to obtain the consulship was Appi ...

, using titles and cognomina as praenomina, and regularly changing their praenomina to reflect the political winds of the empire.

Branches and cognomina

The family-names of the Julii in the time of the Republic are ''Caesar'', ''Iulus'', ''Mento'', and ''Libo'', of which the first three are undoubtedly patrician; but the only families which were particularly celebrated were those of ''Iulus'' and ''Caesar'', the former at the beginning and the latter in the last century of the Republic. On coins the only names found are ''Caesar'' and ''Bursio'', the latter of which does not occur in ancient writers. Due to the activity of Julius Caesar in Gaul over many years, a number of natives of the Gallic provinces adopted ''Julius'' as their gentilicum, and have no other connection to the Republican Julii. Examples of their descendants include

Julius Florus Three main sets of works are attributed to Florus (a Roman cognomen): ''Virgilius orator an poeta'', an Epitome of Roman History and a collection of 14 short poems (66 lines in all). As to whether these were composed by the same person, or set o ...

, and

Gaius Julius Civilis Gaius Julius Civilis was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD. His nomen shows that he (or one of his male ancestors) was made a Roman citizen (and thus, the tribe a Roman vassal) by either Augustus or Caligula. Earl ...

. Other Julii are descended from the numerous

freedmen A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), emancipation (granted freedom ...

, and it may have been assumed by some out of vanity and ostentation.

Iullus

''Iullus'', also written as ''Iulus'' and ''Jullus'', was the surname of the eldest branch of the Julii to appear in Roman history. The gens claimed descent from Iulus, who was in some manner connected with Aeneas, although the traditions differed with respect to the details.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 656. In some accounts, Iulus was the son of Aeneas and Creüsa, who came to Latium from the ruins of

Troy Troy ( el, Τροία and Latin: Troia, Hittite: 𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 ''Truwiša'') or Ilion ( el, Ίλιον and Latin: Ilium, Hittite: 𒃾𒇻𒊭 ''Wiluša'') was an ancient city located at Hisarlik in present-day Turkey, south-west of Ç ...

, together with his father and others seeking a land in which to settle. In others, Ascanius was the son of Creüsa, while Iulus was the son of Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, the king of Latium with whom Aeneas made peace after landing in Italy. In still different accounts, Iulus was the son not of Aeneas, but of Ascanius. Perhaps an indigenous origin of the name is suggested by the '' De Origo Gentis Romanae'' of Aurelius Victor, in which Iulus and Ascanius are identical. Described as the son of Jupiter, he was originally known as ''Jobus'', and then ''Julus''. This calls to mind the use of ''Jove'' for

Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousand ...

, and the ''

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/ biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 ...

'' suggests that ''Iulus'' might be a diminutive of ''Dius'', which is also the root of ''Jupiter''. Furthermore, Livy reports that after his death Aeneas was worshiped as ''Jupiter Indiges'', "the local Jove". This suggests the early fusion of the Aeneas story with a local cult hero, said to have been the son of Jupiter. Irrespective of the historicity of the Iulus of Roman myth, there is little reason to doubt that ''Iullus'' was an ancient personal name, perhaps even a praenomen, and that ''Julius'' is a patronymic surname built upon it. ''Iullus'' seems to be the original and better attested spelling, although the trisyllabic form ''Iulus'' became common after

Vergil Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 7021 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: t ...

introduced it in his ''

Aeneid The ''Aeneid'' ( ; la, Aenē̆is or ) is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who fled the fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of ...

''.

Libo

During the century and a half between the last records of the Julii Iuli and the first appearance of the Julii Caesares, we encounter a Lucius Julius Libo, consul in BC 267. His surname Chase translates as "sprinkler", deriving it from ''libare'', and suggests that it might originally have signified the libation pourer at religious ceremonies. It is not certain whether the name was personal, or whether the consul inherited it from his father and grandfather, of whom all we know is that they were named Lucius. Some scholars have supposed that Libo was descended from the Julii Iuli, and that Lucius, the father of Sextus Julius Caesar, was his son; but the evidence is very slight.

Caesar

The ''

'' says this of the

cognomen A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became here ...

''Caesar'':

It is uncertain which member of the Julia gens first obtained the surname of ''Caesar'', but the first who occurs in history is Sextus Julius Caesar,
praetor Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vari ...
in BC 208. The origin of the name is equally uncertain. Spartianus, in his life of Aelius Verus, mentions four different opinions respecting its origin: #That the word signified an elephant in the language of the
Moors The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a distinc ...
, and was given as a surname to one of the Julii because he had killed an elephant. #That it was given to one of the Julii because he had been cut (''caesus'') out of his mother's womb after her death; or #Because he had been born with a great quantity of hair (''caesaries'') on his head; or #Because he had azure-colored (''caesii'') eyes of an almost supernatural kind. Of these opinions, the third, which is also given by Festus, seems to come nearest the truth. ''Caesar'' and ''caesaries'' are both probably connected with the Sanskrit ''kêsa'', "hair", and it is quite in accordance with the Roman custom for a surname to be given to an individual from some peculiarity in his personal appearance. The second opinion, which seems to have been the most popular one with the ancient writers, arose without doubt from a
false etymology A false etymology (fake etymology, popular etymology, etymythology, pseudo-etymology, or par(a)etymology) is a popular but false belief about the origin or derivation of a specific word. It is sometimes called a folk etymology, but this is also a ...
. With respect to the first, which was the one adopted, says Spartianus, by the most learned men, it is impossible to disprove it absolutely, as we know next to nothing of the ancient Moorish language; but it has no inherent probability in it; and the statement of Servius is undoubtedly false, that the grandfather of the dictator obtained the surname on account of killing an elephant with his own hand in Africa, as there were several of the Julii with this name before his time. An inquiry into the etymology of this name is of some interest, as no other name has ever obtained such celebrity — ''"clarum et duraturum cum aeternitate mundi nomen."'' It was assumed by Augustus as the adopted son of the dictator, and was by Augustus handed down to his adopted son
Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
. It continued to be used by
Caligula Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the popular Roman general Germani ...
,
Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Drusus and Antonia Minor ...
, and
Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 un ...
, as members either by adoption or female descent of Caesar's family; but though the family became extinct with Nero, succeeding emperors still retained it as part of their titles, and it was the practice to prefix it to their own name, as for instance, ''Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus''. When
Hadrian Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania ...
adopted Aelius Verus, he allowed the latter to take the title of ''Caesar''; and from this time, though the title of ''Augustus'' continued to be confined to the reigning prince, that of ''Caesar'' was also granted to the second person in the state and the heir presumptive to the throne.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 536.

Members

Proculus Julius Proculus Julius is a figure in the legendary history of the Roman Kingdom. His reported visitation by King Romulus, Rome's putative founder and first ruler, shortly after the king's disappearance convinces the people of Rome to accept Romulus' ...

, a legendary figure who announced the apotheosis of

to the Roman people, ''circa'' 716 BC.

Julii Iulli

* Lucius Julius, father of the consul of 489 BC * Gaius Julius L. f. Iullus, consul in 489 BC. * Gaius Julius C. f. L. n. Iullus, consul in 482 BC, and one of the

decemvirs The decemviri or decemvirs ( Latin for "ten men") were some of the several 10-man commissions established by the Roman Republic. The most important were those of the two Decemvirates, formally the " decemvirate with consular power for writin ...

in 451. * Vopiscus Julius C. f. L. n. Iullus, consul in 473 BC.'' Fasti Capitolini'', * Gaius Julius C. f. C. n. Iullus, consul in 447 and 435 BC. * Spurius Julius Vop. f. C. n. Iullus, father of the consular tribunes of 408, 405, and 403 BC, according to the Capitoline Fasti. * Lucius Julius Vop. f. C. n. Iullus,

consular tribune A consular tribune was putatively a type of magistrate in the early Roman Republic. According to Roman tradition, colleges of consular tribunes held office throughout the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the so-called " Conflict of the ...

in 438, and consul in 430 BC. *

Sextus Julius Iulus Sextus Julius Iulus was a consular tribune of the Roman Republic in 424 BC. Julius belonged to the patrician Julia gens and the branch known as the Julii Iuli, one of the early republics most influential families having produced five consuls pri ...

, consular tribune in 424 BC. * Gaius Julius Sp. f. Vop. n. Iullus, consular tribune in 408 and 405 BC, and censor in 393. * Lucius Julius Sp. f. Vop. n. Iullus, consular tribune in 403 BC, continued the siege against

Veii Veii (also Veius; it, Veio) was an important ancient Etruscan civilization, Etruscan city situated on the southern limits of Etruria and north-northwest of Rome, Italy. It now lies in Isola Farnese, in the Comuni of the Province of Rome, comune ...

. * Lucius Julius L. f. Vop. n. Iullus, consular tribune in 401 and 397 BC. * Lucius Julius Iullus, consular tribune in 388 and 379 BC. * Gaius Julius Iullus, nominated

in 352 BC, ostensibly to carry on war against the

Etruscans The Etruscan civilization () was developed by a people of Etruria in ancient Italy with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states. After conquering adjacent lands, its territory covered, at its greatest extent, roug ...

, but in fact to carry the election of two patricians in the consular comitia, in violation of the ''lex Licinia Sextia''.

Julii Mentones

Gaius Julius Mento Gaius Julius Mento was a member of the ancient patrician gens Julia, who held the consulship in BC 431.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 1044. Family As Mento's filiation has not been preserved, it is not clea ...

, consul in 431 BC. * Gaius Julius Mento, a rhetorician, cited by Seneca.

Julii Libones

* Lucius Julius Libo, grandfather of the consul of 267 BC. * Lucius Julius L. f. Libo, father of the consul of 267 BC. * Lucius Julius L. f. L. n. Libo, consul in 267 BC, triumphed over the Sallentini.

Julii Caesares

* Lucius Julius (Caesar?), father of the praetor of 208 BC. * Sextus Julius (L. f.) Caesar,

praetor Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vari ...

in 208 BC, obtained the province of Sicilia, father of the praetor of 166 BC and the consul of 157 BC. * Lucius Julius (Sex. f. L. n.) Caesar, praetor in 183 BC, had the province of

Gallia Cisalpina Cisalpine Gaul ( la, Gallia Cisalpina, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the part of Italy inhabited by Celts (Gauls) during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. After its conquest by the Roman Republic in the 200s BC it was con ...

. * Lucius Julius (L. f. Sex. n.) Caesar, praetor in 166 BC. * Sextus Julius Sex. f. L. n. Caesar, consul in 157 BC. * Gaius Julius (Sex. f. L. n.) Caesar, great-grandfather of the dictator. * Sextus Julius (Sex. f. Sex. n.) Caesar, praetor ''urbanus'' in 123 BC; he is probably the same Sextus Julius Caesar who was ''

triumvir monetalis The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be respon ...

'' about this time. * Lucius Julius Sex. f. Sex. n. Caesar, father of the consul of 90 BC, married Popillia, widow of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, and mother of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, consul in 102 BC. * Gaius Julius (C. f. Sex. n.) Caesar, grandfather of the dictator, married Marcia. * Lucius Julius L. f. Sex. n. Caesar, consul in 90 BC, during the Social War, and censor in 89. * Julia L. f. L. n., wife of Marcus Antonius Creticus, and mother of

Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the au ...

, the triumvir. After his death, she married Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, one of

Catiline Lucius Sergius Catilina ( 108 BC – January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman politician and soldier. He is best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to violently seize control of the ...

's conspirators. * Gaius Julius L. f. Sex. n. Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, a notable orator and poet, proscribed and put to death by Marius and Cinna in 87 BC. * Gaius Julius C. f. (C. n.) Caesar, praetor, governor of

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

, and father of the dictator, married Aurelia. * Lucius Julius L. f. L. n. Caesar, consul in 64 BC. * Lucius Julius L. f. L. n. Caesar, a partisan of

Pompeius Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman Republic, Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the tr ...

during the

Civil War A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government polici ...

. * Julia C. f. (C. n.), aunt of the dictator, married

Gaius Marius Gaius Marius (; – 13 January 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. Victor of the Cimbric and Jugurthine wars, he held the office of consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his important refor ...

. * Sextus Julius C. f. (C. n.) Caesar, consul in 91 BC, uncle of the dictator. * Gaius Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar, consul in 59, 48, 46, 45, and 44 BC, dictator in 49, and from 47 to 44 BC. * Julia C. f. C. n., elder sister of the dictator, and wife of Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius. * Julia C. f. C. n., younger sister of the dictator, and wife of Marcus Atius Balbus. * Julia C. f. C. n., daughter of the dictator, and wife of

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of ...

. *

Caesarion Ptolemy XV Caesar). (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος ; 23 June 47 BC – August 30 BC), nicknamed Caesarion (, "Little Caesar"), was the last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra from 2 September 44 BC until her de ...

, the son of the dictator by

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Philopator ( grc-gre, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}, "Cleopatra the father-beloved"; 69 BC10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler.She was also a ...

, executed by order of Augustus in 30 BC. * Sextus Julius Sex. f. C. n. Caesar, '' Flamen Quirinalis'' in 57 BC. * Sextus Julius Sex. f. Sex. n. Caesar, appointed governor of

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

in 47 BC, killed in a revolt of the soldiers. * Gaius Julius C. f. C. n. Caesar Octavianus, adopted son of the dictator, afterwards the emperor Augustus.

Julio-Claudian dynasty

* Imperator Caesar divi f. C. n. Augustus, emperor from 27 BC to AD 14.'' Fasti Capitolini'' * Julia Augusta, empress of Augustus, and mother of the emperor Tiberius. * Julia C. f. C. n., daughter of Augustus by his second wife, Scribonia, married first

Marcus Claudius Marcellus Marcus Claudius Marcellus (; 270 – 208 BC), five times elected as consul of the Roman Republic, was an important Roman military leader during the Gallic War of 225 BC and the Second Punic War. Marcellus gained the most prestigious award a Roma ...

, second Marcus Agrippa, and lastly, the emperor Tiberius. * Gaius (Julius) Caesar Augusti f. divi n., the eldest son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Augustus. * Lucius (Julius) Caesar Augusti f. divi n., the second son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Augustus. * Marcus Julius Caesar Agrippa Postumus Augusti f. divi n., the third son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, adopted by Augustus. * Tiberius Caesar Augusti f. divi n. Augustus, emperor from AD 14 to 37. * Drusus Julius Ti. f. Caesar, son of the emperor Tiberius, was probably poisoned in AD 23 by

Sejanus Lucius Aelius Sejanus (c. 20 BC – 18 October AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus (), was a Roman soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Of the Equites class by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Praetorian ...

. * Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus, son of Drusus, was killed by the emperor Caligula. * Germanicus Julius Ti. f. Caesar, nephew of Tiberius. * Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Germanicus, died in early childhood. *

Nero Julius Caesar Nero Julius Caesar (c. AD 6–31) was the adopted grandson and heir of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, alongside his brother Drusus. Born into the prominent Julio-Claudian dynasty, Nero was the son of Tiberius' general and heir, Germanicus. Afte ...

, son of Germanicus, was exiled during the reign of Tiberius and died under unclear circumstances in AD 31. *

Drusus Julius Caesar Drusus Julius Caesar (14 BC – 14 September AD 23), was the son of Emperor Tiberius, and heir to the Roman Empire following the death of his adoptive brother Germanicus in AD 19. He was born at Rome to a prominent branch of the ''gens Claud ...

, son of Germanicus, was likewise exiled by Tiberius, and is said to have starved to death in AD 33. * Gaius (Julius) Caesar Germanicus, son of Germanicus, better known as ''Caligula'', emperor from AD 37 to 41. *

Julia Agrippina Julia Agrippina (6 November AD 15 – 23 March AD 59), also referred to as Agrippina the Younger, was Roman empress from 49 to 54 AD, the fourth wife and niece of Emperor Claudius. Agrippina was one of the most prominent women in the Julio-Clau ...

, daughter of Germanicus, and mother of the emperor

Nero Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 un ...

. *

Julia Drusilla Julia Drusilla (16 September AD 16 – 10 June AD 38) was a member of the Roman imperial family, the second daughter and fifth child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder to survive infancy. She was the favorite sister of Emperor Caligula, w ...

, daughter of Germanicus, married first Lucius Cassius Longinus, and second Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. *

Julia Livilla Julia Livilla ( – ) was the youngest child of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder and the youngest sister of the Emperor Caligula. Life Julia Livilla was the youngest great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus, great-niece and adoptive grandd ...

, daughter of Germanicus, married Marcus Vinicius, consul in AD 30. * Julia C. f. Drusilla, daughter of Caligula, was murdered by the Praetorian Guard in AD 41.

Others

First century BC

* Lucius Julius Bursio, ''

'' in 85 BC. * Julius Polyaenus, a contemporary of Caesar, and the author of four epigrams in the Anthologia Graeca. * Lucius Julius Calidus, a poet in the final years of the Republic, proscribed by Volumnius, the partisan of Marcus Antonius, but saved through the intercession of Atticus. *

Gaius Julius Hyginus Gaius Julius Hyginus (; 64 BC – AD 17) was a Latin author, a pupil of the scholar Alexander Polyhistor, and a freedman of Caesar Augustus. He was elected superintendent of the Palatine library by Augustus according to Suetonius' ''De Gramma ...

, a freedman of Augustus, appointed head of the Palatine library, and the author of numerous books about history, mythology, and science. * Julius Modestus, a freedman of Gaius Julius Hyginus, who became a distinguished grammarian, and the author of ''Quaestiones Confusae''. * Julius Marathas, a freedman of Augustus, who wrote a life of his master. * Marcus Julius Cottius, king of several Alpine tribes of the

Ligures The Ligures (singular Ligur; Italian: liguri; English: Ligurians) were an ancient people after whom Liguria, a region of present-day north-western Italy, is named. Ancient Liguria corresponded more or less to the current Italian regi ...

, submitted to

and granted the title of Praefectus.

First century

, an orator, jurist, poet, and either the author or editor of several satires during the reign of Augustus. He accompanied Tiberius to Armenia, and may have been the uncle of Julius Secundus, and perhaps the friend of

Quintilian Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (; 35 – 100 AD) was a Roman educator and rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing. In English translation, he is usually referred to as Quintilia ...

, who calls him an eminent orator of

Gaul Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...

. * Julius Florus, leader of an insurrection of the

Treveri The Trēverī (Gaulish: *''Trēueroi'') were a Celtic tribe of the Belgae group who inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle from around 150 BCE, if not earlier, until their displacement by the Franks. Their domain lay within the southern fring ...

during the reign of

. * Julius Sacrovir, a leader of the Aedui, who together with Julius Florus revolted in AD 21. * Julius Secundus Florus, an orator and friend of Quintilian, and nephew of the Gallic orator. * Julius Montanus, a senator, poet, and friend of Tiberius, cited by both the

elder An elder is someone with a degree of seniority or authority. Elder or elders may refer to: Positions Administrative * Elder (administrative title), a position of authority Cultural * North American Indigenous elder, a person who has and ...

and younger Seneca. After the emperor

assaulted him in the dark, Montanus resisted forcefully before recognizing his attacker and begging for mercy, but he was compelled to commit suicide. * Sextus Julius Postumus, used by

in one of his schemes, AD 23. * Julius Africanus, of the Gallic state of the Santones, was condemned by Tiberius in AD 32. * Julius Celsus, a tribune of the city cohort, was condemned to death under Tiberius, but broke his own neck in prison, in order to avoid a public execution. * Julius Canus, a Stoic philosopher, condemned to death by the emperor

Caligula Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the popular Roman general Germani ...

. He had promised to appear to his friends after his death, and fulfilled his promise by appearing to one of them in a vision. *

Julius Graecinus The gens Julia (''gēns Iūlia'', ) was one of the most prominent patrician families in ancient Rome. Members of the gens attained the highest dignities of the state in the earliest times of the Republic. The first of the family to obtain the ...

, a writer on botany, and the father of Gnaeus Julius Agricola, was put to death by Caligula. *

Gaius Julius Callistus Gaius Julius Callistus (flourished 1st century) was a Greek imperial freedman during the reigns of Roman Emperors Caligula and Claudius. Callistus was originally a freedman of Caligula, and was given great authority during his reign, which he used ...

, a

freedman A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), emancipation (granted freedom ...

of Caligula, influential during his reign and that of

Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Drusus and Antonia Minor ...

. * Gaius Julius Sex. f. Postumus,

governor A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...

of Egypt from AD 45 to 48. * Marcus Julius Romulus, adlected into the Senate after serving as tribune of the plebs, also served as

legate Legate may refer to: * Legatus, a higher ranking general officer of the Roman army drawn from among the senatorial class :*Legatus Augusti pro praetore, a provincial governor in the Roman Imperial period *A member of a legation *A representative, ...

of the Legio XV Apollinaris, and proconsul of Macedonia. * Gaius Julius M. f. Donnus, son of Marcus Julius Cottius, prefect of the Ligures, fought for

. * Marcus Julius M. f. Cottius, another son of Marcus Julius Cottius, prefect of the Ligures, was granted title of king by the emperor Claudius. * Julius Pelignus,

Procurator Procurator (with procuracy or procuratorate referring to the office itself) may refer to: * Procurator, one engaged in procuration, the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency * ''Procurator'' (Ancient Rome), the title o ...

Cappadocia Cappadocia or Capadocia (; tr, Kapadokya), is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It largely is in the provinces Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde. According to Herodotus, in the time of the Ionian Revo ...

in the reign of Claudius, AD 52. * Julius Bassus, said by the elder Plinius to have written a medical work in Greek. * Gaius Julius Aquila, an eques, sent to protect Cotys, King of the

Bosporus The Bosporus Strait (; grc, Βόσπορος ; tr, İstanbul Boğazı 'Istanbul strait', colloquially ''Boğaz'') or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Tu ...

, in AD 50. * Julius Densus, an eques during the reign of

, accused of being too favorably disposed towards

Britannicus Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus (12 February AD 41 – 11 February AD 55), usually called Britannicus, was the son of Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Valeria Messalina. For a time he was considered his father's heir, but that ...

in AD 56. * Julius Diocles of Carystus, author of four epigrams in the

Greek Anthology The ''Greek Anthology'' ( la, Anthologia Graeca) is a collection of poems, mostly epigrams, that span the Classical and Byzantine periods of Greek literature. Most of the material of the ''Greek Anthology'' comes from two manuscripts, the ' ...

. *

Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus was procurator of Roman Britain from 61 to his death in 65. He was appointed after his predecessor, Catus Decianus, had fled to Gaul in the aftermath of the rebellion of Boudica. Classicianus expressed conc ...

, procurator of

Britannia Britannia () is the national personification of Britain as a helmeted female warrior holding a trident and shield. An image first used in classical antiquity, the Latin ''Britannia'' was the name variously applied to the British Isles, Grea ...

from AD 61 to 65. *

Julia Pacata Julia Pacata was the daughter of Julius Indus, a 1st-century nobleman of the Gaulish Treveri who helped put down a Gaulish rebellion in 21 and led an auxiliary cavalry unit in the Roman army, the Ala Gallorum Indiana. She married Gaius Julius Al ...

, the wife of Classicanus. *

Julius Indus Julius Indus was a nobleman of the Gaulish Treveri tribe. In 21 CE he helped the Romans put down a rebellion of the Treveri and Aedui. Indus had a personal vendetta with one of the leaders in the revolt, Julius Florus. Culminating in a confrontatio ...

, a cavalry commander of the Treveri, and the father-in-law of Classicanus. * Julius Africanus, a celebrated orator in the reign of Nero. * Lucius Julius Rufus, consul in AD 67. His death is related by the elder Pliny. * Gaius Julius Vindex, one of the chief supporters of

Galba Galba (; born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January AD 69) was the sixth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69. After his adoption by his stepmother, and before becoming emperor, he was known as Livius Ocella Sulpicius Ga ...

, led the rebellion against Nero. *

Julius Fronto The gens Julia (''gēns Iūlia'', ) was one of the most prominent patrician families in ancient Rome. Members of the gens attained the highest dignities of the state in the earliest times of the Republic. The first of the family to obtain t ...

, a supporter of Otho, put in chains by the soldiers because his brother, Julius Gratus, was a supporter of

Vitellius Aulus Vitellius (; ; 24 September 1520 December 69) was Roman emperor for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69. Vitellius was proclaimed emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of ci ...

. *

Julius Gratus The gens Julia (''gēns Iūlia'', ) was one of the most prominent patrician families in ancient Rome. Members of the gens attained the highest dignities of the state in the earliest times of the Republic. The first of the family to obtain the ...

, prefect of the camp in the army of Aulus Caecina Alienus, the general of Vitellius, was put in chains by the soldiers because his brother, Julius Fronto, supported Otho. * Julius Carus, one of the murderers of Titus Vinius when the emperor Galba was put to death in AD 69. *

, leader of the

Batavian Rebellion The Revolt of the Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior between AD 69 and 70. It was an uprising against the Roman Empire started by the Batavi, a small but militarily powerful Germanic tribe that inhabited Batavia, on ...

in AD 69. *

Julius Classicus Julius Classicus was a Gaulish nobleman and military commander of the 1st century AD, belonging to the tribe of the Treviri. He served as a commander of the Roman auxiliaries. Along with Julius Tutor, another Treviran Roman auxiliary commander, and ...

, of the Treveri, who with Civilis was one of the leaders of the Batavian Rebellion. *

Julius Paulus Julius Paulus ( el, Ἰούλιος Παῦλος; fl. 2nd century and 3rd century AD), often simply referred to as Paul in English, was one of the most influential and distinguished Roman jurists. He was also a praetorian prefect under the Rom ...

, the brother of Civilis, was put to death on a false charge of treason by Gaius Fonteius Capito, the governor of

Germania Inferior Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province from AD 85 until the province was renamed Germania Secunda in the fourth century, on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea. The capital of the province was Colonia Agripp ...

. *

Julius Briganticus Julius Briganticus (died AD 69) was a Batavian who commanded auxiliary cavalry in the Roman Army. He was the son of the sister of Gaius Julius Civilis, the leader of the Batavian rebellion, who apparently hated his nephew. The ''nomen'' Julius ...

, a nephew of Civilis, who fought under

Cerealis Cerealis is a Portuguese food producer and the biggest milling company in Portugal, headquartered in Maia, and founded in 1919 as a cereal processing company. Cerealis Group has two divisions, food producer Cerealis Produtos Alimentares and mil ...

Germania Germania ( ; ), also called Magna Germania (English: ''Great Germania''), Germania Libera (English: ''Free Germania''), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman province of the same name, was a large historical region in north-c ...

, and fell in battle in AD 71. *

Julius Sabinus Julius Sabinus was an aristocratic Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69. He attempted to take advantage of the turmoil in Rome after the death of Nero to set up an independent Gaulish state. After his defeat he was h ...

, of the Lingones, joined in the revolt of the Batavi. * Julius Tutor, of the Treviri, joined in the rebellion of Classicus. * Julius Calenus, of the Aedui, a partisan of Vitellius, was sent to

as proof of the emperor's defeat at

Cremona Cremona (, also ; ; lmo, label= Cremunés, Cremùna; egl, Carmona) is a city and ''comune'' in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the ''Pianura Padana'' ( Po Valley). It is the capital of the ...

in AD 69. * Julius Priscus, appointed

Praetorian Prefect The praetorian prefect ( la, praefectus praetorio, el, ) was a high office in the Roman Empire. Originating as the commander of the Praetorian Guard, the office gradually acquired extensive legal and administrative functions, with its holders be ...

by Vitellius in AD 69, he failed to hold the passes of the Apennines, and returned to Rome in disgrace. * Julius Placidus, tribune of a cohort in the army of

Vespasian Vespasian (; la, Vespasianus ; 17 November AD 9 – 23/24 June 79) was a Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 to 79. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Emp ...

, who dragged Vitellius from his hiding place. * Julius Burdo, commander of the Roman fleet in Germania, in AD 70. Previously suspected by the soldiers of having a hand in the death of Gaius Fonteius Capito, he was protected by Vitellius. * Sextus Julius Gabinianus, a celebrated rhetorician who taught in Gaul during the time of Vespasian, and was spoken of by

Suetonius Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τ� ...

in ''De Claris Rhetoribus''. * Julia Procilla, the mother of Agricola. * Gnaeus Julius Agricola, consul in AD 77, the conqueror of Britannia. * Julius Cerealis, a poet, and a friend and contemporary of the younger Pliny and

Martial Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial ; March, between 38 and 41 AD – between 102 and 104 AD) was a Roman poet from Hispania (modern Spain) best known for his twelve books of ''Epigrams'', published in Rome between AD 86 and ...

. *

Tiberius Julius Lupus Tiberius Julius Lupus (died AD 73) was a member of the equestrian class who was ''praefectus'' or governor of Roman Egypt from 71 to 73. He was the older brother of Lucius Julius Ursus; their father was Julius Lupus, the brother-in-law of the pra ...

, governor of

Roman Egypt , conventional_long_name = Roman Egypt , common_name = Egypt , subdivision = Province , nation = the Roman Empire , era = Late antiquity , capital = Alexandria , title_leader = Praefectus Augustalis , image_map = Roman E ...

from 71 to 73. * Lucius Julius Marinus, governor of Bithynia and Pontus at some point between AD 85 and 89. * Julius Rufus, a writer of satires, contemporary with Martial. *

Sextus Julius Frontinus Sextus Julius Frontinus (c. 40 – 103 AD) was a prominent Roman civil engineer, author, soldier and senator of the late 1st century AD. He was a successful general under Domitian, commanding forces in Roman Britain, and on the Rhine and Danube ...

, twice consul in the late first century, and author of '' De Aquaeductu''. * Gaius Junius Silanus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 92.'' Fasti Ostienses'', .'' Fasti Potentini'', . * Julius Naso, a friend of both the younger Pliny and

Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars. The surviving portions of his two major works—the ...

, who were interested in his success as a candidate for public office. * Julius Calvaster, a military tribune who took part in the rebellion of Lucius Antonius Saturninus, but was pardoned by

Domitian Domitian (; la, Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Fl ...

. * Julius Ferox, consul ''suffectus'' from the Kalends of November in AD 100, and subsequently Curator of the Banks and Courses of the Tiber, and of the Cloaca Maxima. He is sometimes confused with the jurist Urseius Ferox.

Second century

* Lucius Julius Ursus, consul in AD 84, 98, and 100. * Gaius Julius Servilius Ursus Servianus, the brother-in-law of

Hadrian Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania ...

, and consul in AD 107, 111, and 136. * Gaius Julius Lacer, an architect during the reign of

Trajan Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...

. His name is inscribed upon the famous bridge over the

Tagus The Tagus ( ; es, Tajo ; pt, Tejo ; see below) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. The river rises in the Montes Universales near Teruel, in mid-eastern Spain, flows , generally west with two main south-westward sections, to e ...

, which he built, and which still stands. * Gaius Julius Africanus, grandson of the orator, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 108. * Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus, a prince of

Commagene Commagene ( grc-gre, Κομμαγηνή) was an ancient Greco-Iranian kingdom ruled by a Hellenized branch of the Iranian Orontid dynasty that had ruled over Armenia. The kingdom was located in and around the ancient city of Samosata, which s ...

, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 109. * Julius Severianus, a rhetorician in the time of Hadrian, and the author of ''Syntomata'', or ''Praecepta Artis Rhetoricae''. *

Sextus Julius Severus Gnaeus Minicius Faustinus Sextus Julius Severus was an accomplished Roman general of the 2nd century. He also held the office of suffect consul in the last three months of 127 with Lucius Aemilius Juncus as his colleague. Biography Julius Severu ...

, governor of Britannia and Bithynia under Hadrian, was sent to Judaea to suppress the

Bar Kokhba revolt The Bar Kokhba revolt ( he, , links=yes, ''Mereḏ Bar Kōḵḇāʾ‎''), or the 'Jewish Expedition' as the Romans named it ( la, Expeditio Judaica), was a rebellion by the Jews of the Roman province of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, ag ...

. * Julius Aquila, a jurist, probably of the late second century. * Lucius Julius Aquila, the author of ''De Etrusca Disciplina'', a work on Etruscan religion. * Julius Vestinus, a

sophist A sophist ( el, σοφιστής, sophistes) was a teacher in ancient Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Sophists specialized in one or more subject areas, such as philosophy, rhetoric, music, athletics, and mathematics. They taught ' ...

, who made an abridgement of the lexicon of Pamphilus. * Julius Pollux, a Greek sophist and grammarian, and a teacher of grammar and rhetoric at

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates a ...

during the reign of

Commodus Commodus (; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 to 192. He served jointly with his father Marcus Aurelius from 176 until the latter's death in 180, and thereafter he reigned alone until his assassination. ...

. * Julius Titianus, a scholar and writer of the late second century, and the father of the rhetorician Titianus. * Julius Titianus, a rhetorician, and tutor of the younger Maximinus. * Julius Solon, purchased the rank of

senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

under Commodus, but put to death by

Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus (; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through the customary suc ...

, at the commencement of his reign. * Julius Crispus, a distinguished tribune of the

Praetorian Guard The Praetorian Guard (Latin: ''cohortēs praetōriae'') was a unit of the Imperial Roman army that served as personal bodyguards and intelligence agents for the Roman emperors. During the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guard were an escort fo ...

, capriciously put to death by Septimius Severus during the Parthian War in AD 199. * Julius Rufus, a nobilis, slain by Septimius Severus. * Lucius Julius Julianus, legate of the

Legio II Augusta Legio II Augusta ( Second Legion "Augustus'") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army that was founded during the late Roman republic. Its emblems were the Capricornus, Pegasus, and Mars. It may have taken the name "''Augusta''" from a victory ...

Third century

* Julius Frontinus, a Latin rhetorician, who gave instruction in his art to

Severus Alexander Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – 21/22 March 235) was a Roman emperor, who reigned from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his slain cousin Elagabalus in 222. Alexander himself wa ...

.Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Alexander Severus", 3. * Julius Granianus, a rhetorician at the time of Severus Alexander, who was instructed by him in rhetoric. *

, a distinguished jurist and prolific writer on the law, during the early third century. * Julius Martialis, joined the conspiracy against the emperor

Caracalla Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname "Caracalla" () was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor ...

, whom he killed with his own hand, before being slain by the emperor's Scythian guards. *

Sextus Julius Africanus Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160 – c. 240; Greek: Σέξτος Ἰούλιος ὁ Ἀφρικανός or ὁ Λίβυς) was a Christian traveler and historian of the late second and early third centuries. He is important chiefly because o ...

, a chronographer and Christian writer of the early third century. *

Gaius Julius Solinus Gaius Julius Solinus was a Latin grammarian, geographer, and compiler who probably flourished in the early 3rd century AD. Historical scholar Theodor Mommsen dates him to the middle of the 3rd century. Solinus was the author of ''De mirabilibus mu ...

, a grammarian and geographer, probably of the early third century. * Julia Aquilia Severa, a

Vestal Virgin In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals ( la, Vestālēs, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty ...

, scandalously taken as a wife by the emperor

Elagabalus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 11/12 March 222), better known by his nickname "Elagabalus" (, ), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager. His short reign was conspicuous for s ...

. * Gaius Julius Maximinus, equestrian governor of

Mauretania Tingitana Mauretania Tingitana ( Latin for "Tangerine Mauretania") was a Roman province, coinciding roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco. The territory stretched from the northern peninsula opposite Gibraltar, to Sala Colonia (or Chel ...

, between AD 222 and 235. * Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus, surnamed ''Thrax'', emperor from AD 235 to 238. * Marcus Julius Philippus, also known as Philip the Arab, emperor from AD 244 to 249. * Marcus Julius M. f. Philippus, emperor with his father from AD 247 to 249. * Gaius Julius Saturninus, a name assigned to the younger Marcus Julius Philippus by Aurelius Victor. * Quintus Julius Gallienus, a son of the emperor

Gallienus Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empi ...

, who probably predeceased his father. * Julius Aterianus, said to have written a history of

Victorinus Marcus Piavonius VictorinusSome of the inscriptions record his name as M. Piavvonius Victorinus, as does the first release of coins from the Colonia mint. A mosaic from Augusta Treverorum (Trier) lists him as Piaonius. was emperor in the Gallic ...

, and perhaps others of the ''

Thirty Tyrants The Thirty Tyrants ( grc, οἱ τριάκοντα τύραννοι, ''hoi triákonta týrannoi'') were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens after its defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. Upon Lysander's request, the Thirty were elec ...

''. *

Julius Saturninus Sextus (possibly Gaius) Julius Saturninus (died 280 AD) was a Roman usurper against Emperor Probus.Vagi, p. 375 Julius Saturninus was a Gaul by birth (others have him as a Moor) and was a friend of Emperor Probus. He was appointed governor of ...

, usurper against the emperor

Probus Probus may refer to: People * Marcus Valerius Probus (c. 20/30–105 AD), Roman grammarian * Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus, consul in 228 * Probus (emperor), Roman Emperor (276–282) * Probus of Byzantium (–306), Bishop of Byzantium from 29 ...

in AD 280.

Fourth century

* Julius Capitolinus, the supposed author of nine biographies in the ''

Historia Augusta The ''Historia Augusta'' (English: ''Augustan History'') is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Supposedly modeled on the si ...

''. * Flavius Julius Crispus, son of the emperor

Constantine I Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterran ...

; a distinguished soldier, he was put to death at the instigation of his stepmother in AD 326. *

Julius Firmicus Maternus __NOTOC__ Julius Firmicus Maternus was a Roman Latin writer and astrologer, who received a pagan classical education that made him conversant with Greek; he lived in the reign of Constantine I (306 to 337 AD) and his successors. His triple career ...

, a fourth-century

astrologer Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. Di ...

and writer on the subject of profane religions. * Julius I,

Pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

from AD 337 to 352. *

Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius ( AD) was a translator of the Greek '' Alexander Romance'', a romantic history of Alexander the Great, into Latin under the title ''Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis''. The work is in three books on his birth, acts a ...

, a historian who translated a Greek life of

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

; he is likely the same Polemius who was consul in AD 338. *

Julius Obsequens Julius Obsequens was a Roman writer active in the 4th or early 5th centuries AD, during late antiquity. His sole known work is the ''Prodigiorum liber'' (''Book of Prodigies''), a tabulation of the wonders and portents that had occurred in the Ro ...

, perhaps of the fourth century, an author of a tract known as ''De Prodigiis'', or ''Prodigiorum Libellus'', describing various prodigies and phenomena found in the works of earlier writers. * Gaius Julius Victor, a rhetorician of the fourth century. * Julius Ausonius, an eminent physician, and praefectus of Illyricum under the emperor

Valentinian I Valentinian I ( la, Valentinianus; 32117 November 375), sometimes called Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor, he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces. Val ...

. * (Julius) Ausonius, also called Decimus Magnus Ausonius, son of the physician, a celebrated poet. * Julia Dryadia, daughter of the physician Julius Ausonius. * Julius Rufinianus, a Latin rhetorician of uncertain date, and the author of a treatise called ''De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis''. * Julius Paris, author of an epitome of

Valerius Maximus Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' ...

, written perhaps in the fourth or fifth century.

Fifth century and after

* Julius Valerius Majorianus, emperor from AD 457 to 461. * Julius Nepos, emperor in AD 474 and 475. * Julius Exsuperantius, a late Roman historian, probably of the fifth or sixth century; his tract, ''De Marii, Lepidi, ac Sertorii Bellis Civilibus'' may have been abridged from the histories of

Sallust Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (; 86 – ), was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. Probably born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines, Sallust became during the 50s BC a partisa ...

. * Claudius Julius or Joläus, a Greek historian of unknown date, wrote works on

Phoenicia Phoenicia () was an ancient thalassocratic civilization originating in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The territory of the Phoenician city-states extended and shrank throughout their his ...

and the

Peloponnesus The Peloponnese (), Peloponnesus (; el, Πελοπόννησος, Pelopónnēsos,(), or Morea is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmus of Corinth land bridge wh ...

. * Julius Celsus, a scholar at

Constantinople la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه , alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...

in the seventh century, who made a recension of the text of Caesar's commentaries.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 661.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Diodorus Siculus Diodorus Siculus, or Diodorus of Sicily ( grc-gre, Διόδωρος ; 1st century BC), was an ancient Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history '' Bibliotheca historica'', in forty books, fifteen of which ...

, ''

Bibliotheca Historica ''Bibliotheca historica'' ( grc, Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική, ) is a work of universal history by Diodorus Siculus. It consisted of forty books, which were divided into three sections. The first six books are geographical in theme, ...

'' (Library of History). * Titus Livius (

Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding in ...

), ''

History of Rome The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced ...

''. *

Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( grc, Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς, ; – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Emperor Augustus. His literary styl ...

, ''Romaike Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities). *

Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

, ''De Haruspicum Responsis''. *

Cornelius Nepos Cornelius Nepos (; c. 110 BC – c. 25 BC) was a Roman biographer. He was born at Hostilia, a village in Cisalpine Gaul not far from Verona. Biography Nepos's Cisalpine birth is attested by Ausonius, and Pliny the Elder calls him ''Pad ...

, ''De Viris Illustribus'' (On the Lives of Famous Men). * Publius Ovidius Naso (

Ovid Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom ...

), '' Fasti''. * Lucius Annaeus Seneca (

Seneca the Elder Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Elder (; c. 54 BC – c. 39 AD), also known as Seneca the Rhetorician, was a Roman writer, born of a wealthy equestrian family of Corduba, Hispania. He wrote a collection of reminiscences about the Roman schools of rheto ...

), ''Controversiae''. * Lucius Annaeus Seneca (

Seneca the Younger Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (; 65 AD), usually known mononymously as Seneca, was a Stoic philosopher of Ancient Rome, a statesman, dramatist, and, in one work, satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin literature. Seneca was born ...

), '' De Beneficiis'', '' Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium'' (Moral Letters to Lucilius). * Gaius Plinius Secundus (

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ' ...

), ''

Naturalis Historia The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...

'' (Natural History). * Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (

Pliny the Younger Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61 – c. 113), better known as Pliny the Younger (), was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate ...

), '' Epistulae'' (Letters). * Marcus Valerius Martialis (

), ''Epigrams''. * Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (

), ''

Institutio Oratoria ''Institutio Oratoria'' (English: Institutes of Oratory) is a twelve-volume textbook on the theory and practice of rhetoric by Roman rhetorician Quintilian. It was published around year 95 AD. The work deals also with the foundational education ...

'' (Institutes of Oratory). * Publius Cornelius Tacitus, '' Annales'', '' Dialogus de Oratoribus'' (Dialogue on Oratory). * Publius Cornelius Tacitus, '' Historiae''. * Publius Cornelius Tacitus, '' De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae'' (On the Life and Mores of Julius Agricola). * Publius Cornelius Tacitus, '' Dialogus de Oratoribus'' (Dialogue on Oratory). *

Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire. His most important surviving work is a set of biographies ...

, ''De Claris Rhetoribus'' (The Eminent Orators); ''De Illustribus Grammaticis'' (The Illustrious Grammarians); '' De Vita Caesarum'' (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars). *

Aulus Gellius Aulus Gellius (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Roman author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his ''Attic Nights'', a commonplace book, ...

, ''Noctes Atticae'' (Attic Nights). *

Sextus Pompeius Festus Sextus Pompeius Festus, usually known simply as Festus, was a Roman grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul. Work He made a 20-volume epitome of Verrius Flaccus's voluminous and encyclop ...

, epitome of

Marcus Verrius Flaccus Marcus Verrius Flaccus (c. 55 BCAD 20) was a Roman grammarian and teacher who flourished under Augustus and Tiberius. Life He was a freedman, and his manumitter has been identified with Verrius Flaccus, an authority on pontifical law; but for c ...

, ''De Verborum Significatu''. * Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (

Cassius Dio Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

), ''Roman History''. *

Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Caesarea (; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος ; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek historian of Christianity, exegete, and Chris ...

, '' Chronicon''. * Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, et al., ''

''. * Sextus Aurelius Victor, ''De Caesaribus'' (On the Caesars); ''De Origo Gentis Romanae'' (On the Origin of the Roman People); ''

Epitome de Caesaribus The ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' is a Latin historical work written at the end of the 4th century. It is a brief account of the reigns of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Theodosius the Great. It is attributed to Aurelius Victor, but was writte ...

'' (attributed). * Decimius Magnus Ausonius, ''Epigrammata de Diversis Rebus'' (Epigrams about Various Things). *

Maurus Servius Honoratus Servius was a late fourth-century and early fifth-century grammarian. He earned a contemporary reputation as the most learned man of his generation in Italy; he authored a set of commentaries on the works of Virgil. These works, ''In tria Virg ...

, ''Ad Virgilii Aeneidem Commentarii'' (Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid). * Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius, ''Epistulae''. * Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, ''Saturnalia''. *

Stephanus of Byzantium Stephanus or Stephan of Byzantium ( la, Stephanus Byzantinus; grc-gre, Στέφανος Βυζάντιος, ''Stéphanos Byzántios''; centuryAD), was a Byzantine grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled ''Ethn ...

, ''Ethnica''. *

Isidorus Hispalensis Isidore of Seville ( la, Isidorus Hispalensis; c. 560 – 4 April 636) was a Spanish scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of 19th-century historian Montalembert, as "the last scholar of t ...

, ''

Origines (, "Origins") is the title of a lost work on Roman and Italian history by Cato the Elder, composed in the early-2nd centuryBC. Contents According to Cato's biographer Cornelius Nepos, the ''Origins'' consisted of seven books. Book I was the hi ...

''. * ''

Suda The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; grc-x-medieval, Σοῦδα, Soûda; la, Suidae Lexicon) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souida ...

''. *

Jan Gruter Jan Gruter or Gruytère, Latinized as Janus Gruterus (3 December 1560 – 20 September 1627), was a Flemish-born philologist, scholar, and librarian. Life Jan Gruter was born in Antwerp. His father was Wouter Gruter, who was a merchant an ...

, ''Inscriptiones Antiquae Totius Orbis Romani'', Heidelberg (1603). * ''Anthologia Graeca'' (The

), ed. Tauchnitz. * Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum''. *

Barthold Georg Niebuhr Barthold Georg Niebuhr (27 August 1776 – 2 January 1831) was a Danish–German statesman, banker, and historian who became Germany's leading historian of Ancient Rome and a founding father of modern scholarly historiography. By 1810 Niebuhr wa ...

, ''The History of Rome'', Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828). *

Angelo Mai Angelo Mai (''Latin'' Angelus Maius; 7 March 17828 September 1854) was an Italian Cardinal and philologist. He won a European reputation for publishing for the first time a series of previously unknown ancient texts. These he was able to discove ...

, ''Classici Auctores e Vaticanis Codicibus Editi'' (Classical Authors Published by the Vatican), Rome, (1835). * ''

'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). *

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th centur ...

''et alii'', ''

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...

'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). * René Cagnat ''et alii'', '' L'Année épigraphique'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). * George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897). * * T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952). * *

Guido Bastianini Guido Bastianini (born September 10, 1945 in Florence), Italian papyrologist and palaeographer. Bastianini finished his papyrological studies in Florence 1970. He had participated in various archaeological missions in Egypt organized by the Isti ...

,
Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30^a al 299^p
, in ''

Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik The ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' (commonly abbreviated ZPE; "Journal of Papyrology and Epigraphy") is a peer-reviewed academic journal which contains articles that pertain to papyrology and epigraphy. It has been described as " ...

'', vol. 17 (1975). * J.E.H. Spaul,
Governors of Tingitana
, in ''Antiquités Africaines'', vol. 30 (1994). * Miriam Griffin
Companion to Julius Caesar''
John Wiley & Sons (2009), , . {{Julius Caesar, state=collapsed Alba Longa Roman gentes

Origin

Praenomina

Branches and cognomina

Iullus

Libo

Caesar

Members

Julii Iulli

Julii Mentones

Julii Libones

Julii Caesares

Julio-Claudian dynasty

Others

First century BC

First century

Second century

Third century

Fourth century

Fifth century and after

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography