A Jones fracture is a

broken bone A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a ' ...

in a specific part of the fifth metatarsal of the

foot The foot ( : feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg mad ...

between the base and middle part that is known for its high rate of delayed healing or

nonunion Nonunion is permanent failure of healing following a broken bone unless intervention (such as surgery) is performed. A fracture with nonunion generally forms a structural resemblance to a fibrous joint, and is therefore often called a "false j ...

. It results in pain near the midportion of the foot on the outside. There may also be bruising and difficulty walking. Onset is generally sudden. The fracture typically occurs when the toes are pointed and the foot bends inwards. This movement may occur when changing direction while the heel is off the ground such in dancing, tennis, or basketball. Diagnosis is generally suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with

X-rays An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30&nbs ...

. Initial treatment is typically in a

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, without any walking on it, for at least six weeks. If, after this period of time, healing has not occurred, a further six weeks of casting may be recommended. Due to poor blood supply in this area, the break sometimes does not heal and surgery is required. In athletes, or if the pieces of bone are separated, surgery may be considered sooner. The fracture was first described in 1902 by

orthopedic surgeon Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics ( alternatively spelt orthopaedics), is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal ...

Robert Jones, who sustained the injury while dancing.

Diagnosis

A person with a Jones fracture may not realize that a fracture has occurred. Diagnosis includes the palpation of an intact fibularis brevis tendon, and demonstration of local tenderness distal to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal, and localized over the shaft of the proximal metatarsal. Diagnostic x-rays include anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral views and should be made with the foot in full flexion.

Differential diagnosis

$Proximal fractures of 5th metatarsal$ Other proximal fifth metatarsal fractures exist, although they are not as problematic as a Jones fracture. If the fracture enters the intermetatarsal joint, it is a Jones fracture. If, however, it enters the tarsometatarsal joint, then it is likely an

avulsion fracture An avulsion fracture is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma. This can occur at the ligament by the application of forces external to the body (such as a fall ...

caused by pull from the fibularis brevis tendon. An avulsion fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal is sometimes called a "dancer's fracture" or a "pseudo Jones fracture", and usually responds readily to non-operative treatment. The x-ray appearance of the developmental "apophysis" in this area may have some resemblance of a fracture, but is not a fracture; it is the secondary

ossification center An ossification center is a point where ossification of the cartilage begins. The first step in ossification is that the cartilage cells at this point enlarge and arrange themselves in rows.Gray and Spitzka (1910), page 44. The matrix in which t ...

of the metatarsal bone. It is a normal finding that occurs at this site in adolescents. If an injury to that area has occurred, the physician is often able to interpret certain radiographic clues to make the differentiation. An avulsion fracture at this location is typically extra-articular and oriented transversally as compared to the longitudinal orientation of an unfused apophysis.

Treatment

Casting

Initial treatment is typically in a

, without any weight being placed on it, for at least six weeks. If after this period of time healing has not occurred a further six weeks of casting may be recommended. Up to half, however, may not heal after casting.

Surgery

In athletes or if the pieces of bone are separated by more than 2 mm surgery may be considered. In a study of all players who entered the

NFL Scouting Combine The NFL Scouting Combine is a week-long showcase occurring every February at Lucas Oil Stadium (and formerly at the RCA Dome until 2008) in Indianapolis, where college football players perform physical and mental tests in front of National Foo ...

from 2009 to 2015, the incidence of Jones fracture was 3.2% and all had received surgery to repair the fracture with a metal screw. For persons who are not athletes, surgery might not be recommended unless healing does not occur after a trial of cast treatment.

Prognosis

For several reasons, a Jones fracture may not unite. The diaphyseal bone (zone II), where the fracture occurs, is an area of potentially poor blood supply, existing in a watershed area between two blood supplies. This may compromise healing. In addition, there are various tendons, including the fibularis brevis and fibularis tertius, and two small muscles attached to the bone. These may pull the fracture apart and prevent healing. Zones I and III have been associated with relatively guaranteed union and this union has taken place with only limited restriction of activity combined with early immobilization. On the other hand, zone II has been associated with either delayed or non-union and, consequently, it has been generally agreed that fractures in this area should be considered for some form of internal immobilization, such as internal screw fixation. These zones can be identified anatomically and on x-ray adding to the clinical usefulness of this classification. Surgical intervention is not, by itself, a guarantee of cure and has its own complication rate. Other reviews of the literature have concluded that conservative, non-operative, treatment is an acceptable option for the non-athlete. Image:Gray288.png, Anatomy of the fifth metatarsal. Image:Jones fracture, healing zones according to Polzer.jpg, 3 zone description Image:Jones fracture, healing zones according to Polzer 2.jpg, 2 zone description

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones Fracture Bone fractures Injuries of ankle and foot Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate