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John Henry Hopkins (January 30, 1792 – January 9, 1868) was the first
/ref>James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, Volume 3 (D. Appleton, 1887), 255.
/ref>
/ref>John Henry Hopkins, Jr. (One of His Sons), ''The Life of the Late Right Reverend John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont, and Seventh Presiding Bishop.'' (F. J. Huntington and Co., 1873), 22.
/ref> After John was weaned he was sent to
bishop
A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.
In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
of Episcopal Diocese of Vermont
The Episcopal Diocese of Vermont is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in the state of Vermont. It was the first diocese in the Episcopal Church to elect a woman, Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod, as diocesan bishop.
...
and the eighth Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America
The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop o ...
. He was also an artist (in both watercolor and oils), a lawyer, an ironmonger, a musician and composer, a theologian, and an architect who introduced Gothic architecture into the United States.Rights: John Henry Hopkins./ref>James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, Volume 3 (D. Appleton, 1887), 255.
/ref>
Early life and education
John Henry Hopkins was a descendant of the Hopkins family of England that was conspicuous in the reign ofRichard II of England
Richard II (6 January 1367 – ), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan, Countess of Kent. Richard's father die ...
in the fourteenth century. In the reign of William III of England
William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of County of Holland, Holland, County of Zeeland, Zeeland, Lordship of Utrecht, Utrec ...
in the seventeenth century Isaac Hopkins was granted an estate in Ireland
Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
, where he married Mary Fitzgerald. From them the line of descent runs through the eldest son in two succeeding generations to Thomas Hopkins, who became a merchant in Dublin, Ireland
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 cen ...
, "dealing both in flour and linen." In April 1791 he married Elizabeth Fitzakerly, "a highly accomplished young bride of sixteen." John's mother was "a skilled musician," an artist with brush and pencil, and a reader of the best literature.
On January 30, 1792, John Henry Hopkins was born in Dublin, the son of Thomas and his wife Elizabeth. He was their only child.''Who Was Who in America. Historical Volume 1607-1896''. (Chicago, Marquis, 1967). 259./ref>John Henry Hopkins, Jr. (One of His Sons), ''The Life of the Late Right Reverend John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont, and Seventh Presiding Bishop.'' (F. J. Huntington and Co., 1873), 22.
/ref> After John was weaned he was sent to
Athlone
Athlone (; ) is a town on the border of County Roscommon and County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located on the River Shannon near the southern shore of Lough Ree. It is the second most populous town in the Midlands Region with a population of ...
in Ireland to live with his paternal grandmother for several years. She instilled in her grandson the "lesson of daily private prayer," which he kept up the rest of his life. She also taught him to read the Bible, which he also continued the rest of his life.
After he returned to his parents, John's mother was his teacher. Before he was eight years old "he had read Shakspere, Dryden, and Pope, besides any quantity of tales and romances." He was proficient in music, in French, and in drawing.
Moving to Philadelphia
In 1801 the family emigrated from Dublin toPhiladelphia
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
, Pennsylvania. The passage across the Atlantic Ocean was "very long and stormy." At times everyone on board feared "total shipwreck." The little John "knelt down and prayed to God to deliver them out of their danger." A sailor saw him praying and told the captain, saying "the ship was safe" because "such a little angel was on board."
Neither parent was religious, but both valued education: Elizabeth Hopkins established a school for girls in Trenton, New Jersey
Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. It was the capital of the United States from November 1 to December 24, 1784. Eventually she sent her son to a Baptist school for boys in Bordentown, to prepare for
Hopkins's first career was working in a counting room. However, he did not like this work. Artist
The young scholar found "a more congenial occupation in coloring the plates for the first volume of Alexander Wilson's ''Birds of America''." Ironmaster
At age sixteen, influenced by his Scottish friends, Hopkins decided to become an
/ref> Lawyer
After the iron business failed, Hopkins and his wife moved to Pittsburgh, where he taught drawing and painting and his wife taught music. A trip to Greensburg to be a witness in a lawsuit revived Hopkins's interest in becoming a
/ref>
/ref> On May 8, 1816, in Harmony, a Lutheran pastor, Johann C.G. Schweitzerbarth, united Hopkins and Melusina Mueller (1795-1884) in marriage, with family and a few friends in attendance. Hopkins is attributed to the gothic design of St. Paul Lutheran church in neighboring Zelienople, Pa. The Mueller family were founding members of this church. Hopkins brought Melusina and her sister Amelia back to Hermitage Furnace. Amelia Mueller lived with them and helped raise the children.Biography of John Henry Hopkins
/ref>Hiram Carleton, ''Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 1'' (Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 99.
/ref> The house in which the Hopkinses began their married life was "a log cabin of the better sort." There was a hall in the middle with a large room on either side and some smaller rooms to the rear, as well as an unfinished attic that Hopkins used as his workroom. Hopkins and Melusina were married fifty-four years and had fourteen children, eleven of whom (three daughters and eight sons) survived to adulthood. The sons were pioneers in the ministry, education, music, medicine, insurance, and journalism, working in New York, Vermont, and San Francisco in the United States, and in South America.Caspar Thomas Hopkins
/ref> As of 1937 their descendants and connections totaled almost 150.
In Pittsburgh Hopkins and his wife at first attended the Presbyterian Church, but he was invited to be the organist and choirmaster at Trinity Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. It was not long before John Henry and Melusina began to receive communion. Hopkins was soon elected to the
/ref> Hopkins had been licensed by Bishop White, his bishop, as a
/ref> Trinity was the only active parish of the church in the western half of Pennsylvania at the time. The number of communicants was about forty. The parish raised Hopkins's salary from $800 to $1,000, and then to $1,200 a year, but his rapidly growing family made a larger income necessary, so he started a day-school for both girls and boys. He himself led the classes in painting and drawing, and he composed much of the music taught in the school. From 1824 to 1830 he was also a professor of
/ref> In 1824, within a year of Hopkins's becoming rector, the vestry of Trinity Church had built a sanctuary to seat one thousand people. The number of communicants quadrupled, and at worship services the building was filled. Hopkins had studied
/ref> Hopkins had accomplished much at Trinity Church, Pittsburgh. A new church building had been completed and all of its 1,000 seats were rented. Only $1,000 of debt remained from the original cost of the building. The congregation was devoted to him and his leadership. Trinity Church, Boston: 1831
Hopkins's Boston experience was "brief and troubled." His acceptance of the call had been based on "the promise of aid in the establishment of a school of theology" near Boston. In September 1831 a class of seminarians was formed at his residence, with himself, the bishop
/ref>
Hopkins started a school for boys "as soon as possible." The school was successful from the first. It soon enrolled eighty boys, many coming from Canadian families. Before the spring of 1836, Hopkins had prepared plans for a "vast enlargement" of the school. When the plans were shown to his wife, "her heart misgave her." She implored her husband to be content with the building as it was or "to enlarge on a much more moderate scale." However, Hopkins refused to heed his wife's warning and ended up losing all his property. Hopkins borrowed the money at a bank on a note. The note's endorser was protected by a mortgage on every bit of land then owned by Hopkins in Vermont. The new buildings were soon built, and they were "almost filled as soon as they were opened." However, in spite of the enlarged school's auspicious beginning, the
In 1853, improvement in the diocese had been so great that Hopkins gave a retrospective summary of the twenty years of his Episcopate. *(1) The eleven clergymen whom he found in the Diocese on his arrival had been increased to twenty-five. *(2) The sixteen Church buildings had become twenty-eight, besides two entirely rebuilt, one much enlarged, and many others greatly improved. *(3) The one parsonage had become seven, with others in contemplation. *(4) There had been 2,595 confirmations. *(5) The property of the Church was generally free from debt. *(6) Compared with the population, which had been nearly stationary, Vermont had no reason to be ashamed of her Church strength. *(7) Hopkins then spoke of the divisions among the Clergy when he came. But now, there is no "bitterness or dissension." Plan for reviving the Institute in 1854
Hopkins laid out a plan for reviving the Institute before the Diocesan Convention in September 1854. Some of the church people of Burlington thought that their bishop's plan to revive the Institute would again lead to financial ruin. They thought that the kindest act they could do for their bishop would be to render impossible the execution of this new scheme. A paper was therefore prepared, and was passed round privately until it had received the signatures of 28 members of the parish. The paper embodied various reasons for a request with which they concluded: *That sufficient reflection had not been given at the outset *That the subscribers had not entertained the thought that it would be seriously undertaken *That the times were so hard that they were unable to aid any new object *That the enterprise could not obtain means enough anyhow to secure the object aimed at *That they doubted the expediency of such an institution even if the money could be had *That the parish yet owed $3,200 for the last improvements of the Church in the previous three years, and they could not pay that and aid the Institute plan at the same time. They therefore closed with the request "that the Trustees surrender the subscription thus far made, to those who have subscribed it, and that they abandon all future efforts in the prosecution of the object." In 1860, Hopkins accepted charge of Trinity Church, Rutland, and raised enough money to build a new church after his own plans. It was finished in 1865. He also drew the plans for the new church building for Thomas & Grace Episcopal Church in
At the Diocesan Convention of 1862, thirty years since his episcopate began, Hopkins reported that the number of clergy in the diocese was greater than it had ever been before. There were also six candidates for Orders, a large number for such a small a diocese. The churches had attained a ratio of communicants to population, which placed the Diocese of Vermont ahead of the dioceses of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio, and nineteen other dioceses besides. He reported also, that while there were then twenty-seven states out of thirty-three superior to Vermont in population, there were only sixteen states which exceeded it in the number of communicants, and only seventeen outranked it in the number of the clergy.
/ref>
When Hopkins returned home from the Lambeth Conference, he received a warm welcome by the clergy of the diocese at Burlington. On December 1, 1867, he preached for the last time in St. Paul's Church. ''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'': VOL. VI June, 1937 No. 2 John Henry Hopkins, III. "John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont," 203
/ref> During Hopkin's absence at the Lambeth Conference, the enlargement of St. Paul's Church, Burlington had been made, and a new rector had been installed. Thus, Hopkins was relieved from parish work and enabled to spend more time on his episcopal work which included the diocese and the church at large. On the third day after his return, a meeting of the leading churchmen in Burlington was held. There were two resolutions. One was that money could be raised to relieve Hopkins from pecuniary embarrassment. The other resolution was that Hopkins plan for a School was, "under all the circumstances, impracticable." Furthermore, they said that the diocese required Hopkins' entire episcopal services. If Hopkins agreed to devote himself entirely to his episcopal and parochial duties, his salary would be raised to $2,000. Hopkins closed the school and sent the remaining pupils home. Although Hopkins was becoming infirm and in spite of opposition from his friends and family, he began making visitations before the end of 1867. At the request of the Bishop of New York, he made a visitation to Trinity Church, Plattsburgh, New York. It was here that Hopkins did his final celebration of Holy Communion, with sermon and Confirmation. The difficult journey to his home on the other side of Lake Champlain involved crossing
After Hopkins died on January 9, 1868, there was as outflow of public sympathy. The story was carried by all the church papers, as well as the secular and sectarian press. Letters of consolation came from all kinds of persons, from the Archbishop of Canterbury down to the humble poor whom Hopkins had aided out of his own poverty. From Montreal to the uttermost parts of our own land, Churches were draped in mourning. Sermons and addresses were made about Hopkins. At some Altars, the Holy Sacrifice was offered on the day and at the hour of his burial. Five bishops and fifty other clergy quickly came to St. Paul's Church, Burlington, for the burial. Not since Bishop White's episcopate had any Presiding Bishop gained such a high degree the affections of the Church. On the evening of January 14, 1868, Hopkins' body was taken from the Episcopal residence and conveyed more than two miles to the church. It was accompanied "by a number of the Diocesan clergy." His body was placed in the tower porch. On the oaken coffin was a raised cross covering the whole lid. On Wednesday January 15, morning the outer door of the church was opened. For three hours there was "a constant stream of friends, high and low, rich and poor, one with another," who came to view the body. Then the lid was closed. The coffin was covered with a purple pall on which lay Hopkin's pastoral staff. It was wreathed with evergreen. At noon, the procession of five bishops and nearly fifty surpliced clergy from eight dioceses moved down the broad alley of the church towards the porch. The Bishop of Quebec began the service. The body was placed in the midst of the choir, facing the altar. The Bishops of Quebec and Connecticut delivered addresses. Burial
The day of the funeral was comparatively mild, but cloudy. A feathery snow was falling as the white-robed train passed on its winding way to the snow-clad cemetery. They were followed by a large crowd. At the grave, one of the younger clergy took up the Pastoral Staff, to be delivered to the next Bishop. Monument
Hopkins is buried under a monument of an elaborate marble Celtic Cross in the cemetery at Rock Point, which lies near th
Vermont Institute
Contributions to the amount of nearly $3,000 poured in from every State in the Union and from nearly every parish in Vermont for the monument. The monument was planned by
/ref> Hopkins' views on slavery increased his popularity in the South, but it made for him many influential enemies in his diocese, in Philadelphia and throughout the North. Hopkins defended his position on slavery in the book ''A Scriptural, Ecclesiastical and Historical View of Slavery, from the Days of the Patriarch Abraham to the Nineteenth Century''. The book "went through several editions."Hiram Carleton, ''Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 1'' (Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 100.
/ref> Nothing else that Hopkins ever wrote brought upon him such abuse. However, it is likely that his influence in preventing the Southern schism after the
1. Charlotte Emily (Mrs. Rev. Dr. Charles Fay).
Charlotte Emily Hopkins was a woman of unusual abilities and accomplishments. Besides being a skilled performer on the piano, organ, guitar, violin, flute, and harp, she was an accomplished needlewoman and a natural artist with pencil, pen and ink, and brush. She married at sixteen and became the mother of nine children. She died in 1856 at age thirty-nine." 2. Matilda Theresa (Mrs. Rev. Dr. Norman W. Camp)
Matilda Theresa was born on May 16, 1817, in Derby, Vermont. She died on November 10, 1898, in Maryland. Her husband Norman attended the University of Vermont, Class of 1837 where he earned a Doctor of Divinity degree and was ordained as an Episcopal minister in 1839. He served five churches. He served in the Civil War as a military Chaplain. 3. John Henry, Jr.
Edward Augustus was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on November 29, 1822. After studying for one year in the University of Vermont, then for a few months in
On December 1, 1834, Hopkins started on a visitation, leaving his whole family in their usual good health. Eight days later, he returned home to find that
Caspar Thomas Hopkins was born on May 18, 1826, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was not inclined to the ministry, He tried many occupations. Shortly after his graduation from the University of Vermont in 1847, he started a periodical called ''The Vermont State Agriculturalist''. In 1849, he moved to California to mine for gold. In 1853, he married Almira Burtnett (1828-1875), and they had four children. Caspar finally settled on a career in marine and fire insurance. In 1861, he established the first insurance company on the Pacific coast and served as its president for 35 years until 1884, when he retired on account of impaired health. In addition to numerous magazine articles and pamphlets, he published a civics textbook entitled ''A Manual of American Ideas''. Caspar Thomas Hopkins died on October 4, 1893, of an overdose of morphine which he was taking for pain. 7. Theodore Austin
Theodore attended a private school for boys his father had established in Burlington, Vermont. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1850. He began working in the Episcopal Church, serving at St. Luke's church in St. Louis, then as principal of the Yeates Institute for boys in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Yeates Institute was established on August 18, 1857. It was liberally endowed by Miss Catharine Yeates in memory of her father Judge Yeates. In the summer of 1860, Theodore and his wife, Alice Leavenworth Doolittle Hopkins, moved back to Burlington where he held the position of principal of the Vermont Episcopal Institute. He held that position for 21 years before retiring in 1881. 8. Alfred Dreneas 9. Clement Eusebius
Clement Eusebius was born on January 18, 1832, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. For a time, he served as City Editor of the ''
William Cyprian was born in Burlington, Vermont, on April 28, 1834. He was an Episcopal Clergyman. He married Julia Gibson Hopkins (1832 - 1912). He died on January 7, 1910, in Toledo, Ohio. 11. Charles Jerome
/ref> Jerome lived and worked most of his life in New York, City. For five years, he was a professor at
/ref> Jerome traveled throughout the United States. He gave concerts and lecture-concerts in one hundred and twelve cities. In 1866, he founded and maintained his New York Free Orpheon Choral School for Children. In 1867, he originated piano lecture-concerts for lyceums. He was the first musician in America who trained children to sing Handel's "
Caroline Amelia Hopkins Canfield, 1838-1907, married Thomas H. Canfield in 1860. Shortly after her father, John Henry Hopkins, Sr. died, Caroline ("Carrie") became the mistress of the family home at Rock Point, where she raised her family and entertained relatives and church figures. She was very involved in St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Burlington, as well as in diocesan activities, and served as the organist at St. Paul's for some time. She moved to Burlington in 1892. Caroline and Thomas had five children: Emily Canfield, born May 13, 1863; John Henry Hopkins Canfield, born January 21, 1868; Marion Canfield (Hadlock), born September 8, 1870; Flora Canfield (Camp), born January 11, 1873; and Thomas Hawley Canfield, Jr., born November 17, 1874. 13. Frederick Vincent
Frederick Vincent was a physician. He was born in Burlington, Vermont, on May 23, 1839. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1859. He studied medicine. He was surgeon and professor of geology in
In 1866, most of their family gathered at the family home at Rock Point to celebrate their golden
*He was a poet.
*He was an authority on
/ref> However, Saint Paul's Lutheran Church in Zelienople, Pennsylvania, which was built in 1826, still survives.
''Christianity Vindicated in Seven Discourses on the External Evidences of the New Testament'' (Edward Smith, 1833)
*''The Primitive Creed, Examined and Explained; In two Parts. The First Part Containing Sixteen Discourses on the Apostles' Creed ; designed for popular use. The Second Part containing a Dissertation on the testimony of the Early Councils, and the Fathers, from the Apostolic Age to the end of the fourth Century, with Observations on certain Theological Errors of the present day''. (Burlington: Edward Smith. 1834). *''The Primitive Church, compared with the Protestant Episcopal Church of the present day: Being an examination of the ordinary objections against the Church in Doctrine, Worship and Government, designed for Popular use; with a Dissertation on Sundry Points of Theology and Practice, connected with the subject of Episcopacy.'' (Burlington: Smith & Harrington. 1835). ::The three above books were "widely circulated, and commanded such respect that Harper Brothers offered to publish any succeeding work from Hopkins' pen, without question.
''The Church of Rome in her Primitive Purity, Compared with the Church of Rome, at the Present Day; Being a Candid Examination of her Claims to Universal Dominion. Addressed in the Spirit of Christian Kindness, to the Roman Hierarchy. (Vernon Harrington. 1837).
Reprinted in London in 1839. There it "received unstinted praise from the Anglican ministry." *''The Vermont Drawing Books in Six Lithograph Numbers'', ''The Vermont Drawing Book of Flowers'', and ''The Vermont Drawing Book of Figures'' (1838).
''Sixteen Lectures on the Causes, Principles, and Results of the British Reformation''. (James M. Campbell & Co., 1844).''History of the Confessional'' (Harper & Brothers, 1850).''The History and Results of the Confessional''. (Harper & Brothers, 1850.''The End of Controversy Controverted: A Refutation of Milner's "End of Controversy," in a series of letters addressed to the Most Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore''.
In two volumes
Volume One.
an
Volume Two.Francis Patrick Kenrick, ''A Vindication of the Catholic Church: In a Series of Letters Addressed to the Rt. Rev. John Henry Hopkins, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont'' (J. Murphy, 1855).''The American Citizen: His Rights and Duties'' (Pudney & Russell, 1857.''A Scriptural, Ecclesiastical and Historical View of Slavery, from the Days of the Patriarch Abraham to the Nineteenth Century: Addressed to The Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the Diocese of Pennsylvania''. (W. L. Pooley and Co. 1864).
The book "went through several editions." Also, the book was Hopkins' "final blast in defense of his beliefs." In it, "each chapter was specifically addressed to The Right Rev. Alonzo Potter. Hopkins "vented his full invective" on Potter, and he said that he will withdraw from Potter's company. The book "elicited several replies" because of Hopkins'supposed "misuse of the Sacred Scriptures" exposed by a Clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church. *''A Letter to the Bishops and Delegates of the Protestant Episcopal Church now assembled at Montgomery'' (1861).
''This is a Letter to G. M. Wharton, etc., in reply to a requested Hopkin's Views on the Aspect of Slavery. Hopkins' Letter on Slavery elicited several replies. One claimed that Hopkins "ripped up" and "misused" the Sacred Scriptures exposed by a Clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church.''
"Review of a Letter from Hopkins on Bible View of Slavery by a Vermonter. (Free Press Print, 1861). The Bibliography of Vermont: or A List of Books and Pamphlets Relating in Any Way to the State. With Biographical and Other Notes.''Autobiography in Verse'',1866). ''The History of the Church in Verse'' (W. I. Pooley, 1867).''A Candid Examination of the Question Whether the Pope of Rome is the Great Antichrist of Scripture'' (Hurd and Houghton, 1868).
The book "was noted for its entire fairness and great dignity".
''Poems by the Wayside: Written during more than Forty Years (James Pott, 1883).''
12mo, pp. vii, 324.
''Twelve Canzonets: Sacred Songs; Words and Music; for the use of Christian Families'' (London: and New York: 1889.
A Letter to the Bishop and Delegates of The Church, now assembled at Montgomery. June, 1861. James M. Donald, Bishop Hopkins and the Reunification of the Church (Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church Vol. 47, No. 1 (March,1978), pp. 73-91.
*''A Letter to the Right Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, Roman Bishop of Arath, and Coadjutor of the Roman Bishop of Philadelphia, in answer to His Letter on Christian Union, Addressed to the Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church.'' (Chauncey Goodrich. 1842).
''A Second Letter to the Right Rev. Francis P Kenrick, Roman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia'',(1843. ''A Pastoral Letter addressed by the Bishop to the people of his Diocese on the subject of his correspondence with the Rev. William Henry Holt'', (C. Goodrich. 1846.
*''Letter to the Rev. Samuel Seabury, D. D., Editor of the Churchman''. (1846).
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/jhhopkins/episcopal1854.html ''The True Principles of Restoration to the Episcopal Office: A Letter Addressed to the Clergy and the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States,(1854).'']
A Pastoral Letter, on the Support of the Clergy Addressed to the Wardens, Vestrymen and Parishioners in the Diocese of Vermont. (Stacy & Jameson, 1854). ''A Pastoral Letter to the Friends of Sound Doctrine, Piety and Education, in behalf of the Vermont Episcopal Institute''. (October 1855).
''Bible View of Slavery by John H. Hopkins, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont: Examined by Henry Drisler'' (1863).Fanny Kemble, ''The Views of Judge Woodward and Bishop Hopkins on Negro slavery at the South: illustrated from the Journal of a resident on a Georgia plantation.'' (1863).
*"Review of a Letter from the Rt. Rev. John H. Hopkins, Bishop of Vermont, on the ''Bible View of Slavery'' by a Vermonter (Free Press, 1861).
John Henry Hopkins, III, "John Henry Hopkins, the First Bishop of Vermont" in the ''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'' (Church Historical Society, 1932), 266
/ref>
Hiram Carleton, ''Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 1'' (Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 98-101.
John Henry Hopkins, Jr. (One of His Sons), ''The Life of the Late Right Reverend John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont, and Seventh Presiding Bishop.'' (F. J. Huntington and Co., 1873)
Documents by and about Hopkins
from
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private university, private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial Colleges, fourth-oldest ins ...
.
During Hopkins's school days Greek and Latin were favorite studies, and he made use of them in his later study of Patristics
Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church Fathers. The names derive from the combined forms of Latin ''pater'' and Greek ''patḗr'' (father). The period is generally considered to run from ...
. His religious education was almost totally neglected. In his late teens Hopkins read books by infidel writers, including Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In th ...
's ''The Age of Reason
''The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology'' is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of deism. It follows in the tradition of 18th-century Briti ...
'', Comte de Volney
''Comte'' is the French, Catalan and Occitan form of the word 'count' (Latin: ''comes''); ''comté'' is the Gallo-Romance form of the word 'county' (Latin: ''comitatus'').
Comte or Comté may refer to:
* A count in French, from Latin ''comes''
* A ...
, David Hume
David Hume (; born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) Cranston, Maurice, and Thomas Edmund Jessop. 2020 999br>David Hume" ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 18 May 2020. was a Scottish Enlightenment philo ...
, Victor de Riqueti, Marquis de Mirabeau
Victor de Riqueti, Marquis de Mirabeau (5 October 1715, Pertuis13 July 1789, Argenteuil) was a French economist of the Physiocratic school. He was the father of Honoré, Comte de Mirabeau and André Boniface Louis Riqueti de Mirabeau. He was, i ...
, Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778) was a French Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Known by his ''Pen name, nom de plume'' M. de Voltaire (; also ; ), he was famous for his wit, and his ...
, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolu ...
. He thus mastered all their principal attacks on the Christian religion. Blessed, nevertheless, with an analytical mind, he felt that he had read only one side of the mighty subject, and he therefore set out to learn what the Christian writers of his day had to say. He read Bishop Watson's ''Answer to Paine'', William Paley
William Paley (July 174325 May 1805) was an English clergyman, Christian apologist, philosopher, and utilitarian. He is best known for his natural theology exposition of the teleological argument for the existence of God in his work ''Natural T ...
's writings, and Charles Leslie's ''Short and Easy Method with the Deists''. These writings convinced him that the balance of probabilities lay heavily with the Christian believers. Thus Hopkins adopted and "stoutly maintained" a Christian faith. However, there was no evidence that he would ever feel called to the ministry.''
In his late teens Hopkins was one of the best violinists in Philadelphia and belonged to the best amateur orchestra in the city. He also learned to play the cello
The cello ( ; plural ''celli'' or ''cellos'') or violoncello ( ; ) is a Bow (music), bowed (sometimes pizzicato, plucked and occasionally col legno, hit) string instrument of the violin family. Its four strings are usually intonation (music), t ...
so that the orchestra, which was well supplied with violins, should have at least one cellist. For some years he was the only solo cellist in Philadelphia. In addition to music Hopkins was skilled with his "brush and pencil."
Although they brought up their son in "an atmosphere of culture and refinement," Hopkins's parents did not connect themselves with a church until after their son was ordained.
Early careers
Hopkins had four careers before he was ordained a priest in the Episcopal Church: working in a counting room, doing art work, working as an ironmaster, and practicing as a lawyer. Counting-roomHopkins's first career was working in a counting room. However, he did not like this work. Artist
The young scholar found "a more congenial occupation in coloring the plates for the first volume of Alexander Wilson's ''Birds of America''." Ironmaster
At age sixteen, influenced by his Scottish friends, Hopkins decided to become an
ironmaster
An ironmaster is the manager, and usually owner, of a forge or blast furnace for the processing of iron. It is a term mainly associated with the period of the Industrial Revolution, especially in Great Britain.
The ironmaster was usually a large ...
. He spent the next three years studying books about foundry work, chemistry, and kindred subjects. He also worked for ironmasters in New Jersey and in Philadelphia. Westward expansion and the Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general trade embargo on all foreign nations that was enacted by the United States Congress. As a successor or replacement law for the 1806 Non-importation Act and passed as the Napoleonic Wars continued, it repr ...
increased demand for American-made iron, and Hopkins, at the age of twenty-one, moved west to manage the ironworks at Bassenheim, Butler County, near Zelienople
Zelienople is a borough in Butler County, Pennsylvania, Butler County, Pennsylvania, north of Pittsburgh. The population was 3,812 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Zelienople is located in southwestern Butler County, situated on the south bank of C ...
, at a salary of $1,000 a year. There he superintended the building and management of a smelting furnace. However, two years of hard and disappointing work convinced him he was not suited for the job. Hopkins then went into partnership with James O'Hara of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Allegheny County. It is the most populous city in both Allegheny County and Wester ...
, an Irish immigrant who became the wealthiest man in Pittsburgh. Peace with England in 1815 seriously curtailed the iron business, and the partnership failed. O'Hara initially paid all the indebtedness, but over the years Hopkins repaid his half to O'Hara.James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, Volume 3 (D. Appleton, 1887), 254./ref> Lawyer
After the iron business failed, Hopkins and his wife moved to Pittsburgh, where he taught drawing and painting and his wife taught music. A trip to Greensburg to be a witness in a lawsuit revived Hopkins's interest in becoming a
lawyer
A lawyer is a person who practices law. The role of a lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions. A lawyer can be classified as an advocate, attorney, barrister, canon lawyer, civil law notary, counsel, counselor, solic ...
. In 1816 he borrowed Blackstone's Commentaries
The ''Commentaries on the Laws of England'' are an influential 18th-century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford, 1765–1770. The work is divided into four volume ...
and other books from a Greensburg lawyer and studied them. He completed his studies in Pittsburgh, where he was admitted to the bar in April 1819. His law practice was soon the largest in Pittsburgh. Hopkins continued to practice until he gave it up in order to be ordained. ''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'': VOL. VI June, 1937 No. 2 John Henry Hopkins, III. "John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont," 191-192/ref>
Marriage
Hopkins did not encounter a girl who "enlisted his affections" until he met Melusina Mueller, a daughter of Casper Otto Mueller. Mueller had been a wealthy merchant in Hamburg, Germany until the upheavals caused by the Napoleonic wars caused him and his family to flee to America. They embarked on the last ship that left Hamburg before the great embargo, and landed in Baltimore, Maryland.John Henry Hopkins, III. (1935). "The Rev. John Henry Hopkins, Jr." ''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'' Vol. 4, No. 4 (December, 1935), pp. 267-280. Page 267. On October 28, 1814, the Casper Mueller family, which included Melusina, began a three-week journey from Baltimore to Harmony in Western Pennsylvania, where they built a log house. On the way they met Hopkins. After a brief conversation Hopkins said that he would "call on the ladies." He kept his word, and his courtship of Melusina began. The couple's shared appreciation of "music, art, and culture" brought them together.Biography of Right Rev. John H. Hopkins./ref> On May 8, 1816, in Harmony, a Lutheran pastor, Johann C.G. Schweitzerbarth, united Hopkins and Melusina Mueller (1795-1884) in marriage, with family and a few friends in attendance. Hopkins is attributed to the gothic design of St. Paul Lutheran church in neighboring Zelienople, Pa. The Mueller family were founding members of this church. Hopkins brought Melusina and her sister Amelia back to Hermitage Furnace. Amelia Mueller lived with them and helped raise the children.Biography of John Henry Hopkins
/ref>Hiram Carleton, ''Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 1'' (Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 99.
/ref> The house in which the Hopkinses began their married life was "a log cabin of the better sort." There was a hall in the middle with a large room on either side and some smaller rooms to the rear, as well as an unfinished attic that Hopkins used as his workroom. Hopkins and Melusina were married fifty-four years and had fourteen children, eleven of whom (three daughters and eight sons) survived to adulthood. The sons were pioneers in the ministry, education, music, medicine, insurance, and journalism, working in New York, Vermont, and San Francisco in the United States, and in South America.Caspar Thomas Hopkins
/ref> As of 1937 their descendants and connections totaled almost 150.
Ministry as priest
In Philadelphia Hopkins attended Christ Church and St. Peter's, but there was nothing in either parish that interested him. Religion occupied only a minor part of his life. He was not confirmed until he lived in Pittsburgh. Hopkins's "religious awakening" happened during his first winter of work in the Ligonier Valley, during his association with James O'Hara. He was alone, reading a work ofHannah More
Hannah More (2 February 1745 – 7 September 1833) was an English religious writer, philanthropist, poet and playwright in the circle of Johnson, Reynolds and Garrick, who wrote on moral and religious subjects. Born in Bristol, she taught at a s ...
, when, as Hopkins described it, "a sudden beam of divine Truth shone into his inmost heart." For the rest of his life "the love of Christ Crucified" was Hopkins's "guiding and ruling principle."
This "religious awakening" inspired Hopkins to provide "spiritual help to his workmen." There were no clergy or churches in the area, so Hopkins invited everyone to Sunday services he conducted in his own lodgings. He used the Book of Common Prayer
The ''Book of Common Prayer'' (BCP) is the name given to a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion and by other Christian churches historically related to Anglicanism. The original book, published in 1549 in the reign ...
of the Episcopal Church and read "the Bible to them, with portions of ''Scott's Commentary'' and such sermons as he could obtain, to which were added some simple exhortations of his own."
Trinity Church, Pittsburgh: 1823In Pittsburgh Hopkins and his wife at first attended the Presbyterian Church, but he was invited to be the organist and choirmaster at Trinity Episcopal Church in Pittsburgh. It was not long before John Henry and Melusina began to receive communion. Hopkins was soon elected to the
vestry
A vestry was a committee for the local secular and ecclesiastical government for a parish in England, Wales and some English colonies which originally met in the vestry or sacristy of the parish church, and consequently became known colloquiall ...
. In 1823, when a replacement for the rector could not be found, Hopkins was unanimously elected by the vestry as the rector (in absentia, since he was away at court). He considered the vestry's action "a call from above." He therefore closed his legal practice and applied for admission to Holy Orders. That move reduced his income to sixteen percent of what it had been when he was a lawyer.Ronald Levy, Bishop Hopkins and the Dilemma of Slavery, 58./ref> Hopkins had been licensed by Bishop White, his bishop, as a
lay reader
In Anglicanism, a licensed lay minister (LLM) or lay reader (in some jurisdictions simply reader) is a person authorised by a bishop to lead certain services of worship (or parts of the service), to preach and to carry out pastoral and teaching f ...
, so he began to serve the parish in that role. He had already done serious study "in the field of religion," and he was "competent in the classical languages," so he "passed his examination for the diaconate in less than two months." In five more months he had qualified for the priesthood. He was ordained deacon on December 14, 1823, and priest on May 12, 1824. ''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'': VOL. VI June 1937 No. 2 John Henry Hopkins, III. "John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont," 193./ref> Trinity was the only active parish of the church in the western half of Pennsylvania at the time. The number of communicants was about forty. The parish raised Hopkins's salary from $800 to $1,000, and then to $1,200 a year, but his rapidly growing family made a larger income necessary, so he started a day-school for both girls and boys. He himself led the classes in painting and drawing, and he composed much of the music taught in the school. From 1824 to 1830 he was also a professor of
rhetoric
Rhetoric () is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic), is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the techniques writers or speakers utilize to inform, persuade, or motivate parti ...
and belles-lettres
is a category of writing, originally meaning beautiful or fine writing. In the modern narrow sense, it is a label for literary works that do not fall into the major categories such as fiction, poetry, or drama. The phrase is sometimes used pejora ...
at the Western University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) is a public state-related research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus, home to the universit ...
, now known as the University of Pittsburgh
The University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) is a public state-related research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus, home to the universit ...
.PATRICK COMERFORD: an online journal on Anglicanism, etc./ref> In 1824, within a year of Hopkins's becoming rector, the vestry of Trinity Church had built a sanctuary to seat one thousand people. The number of communicants quadrupled, and at worship services the building was filled. Hopkins had studied
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It e ...
sufficiently to design the new church building. He drew the plans for it and superintended its construction. Hopkins became "one of the leading authorities on Gothic architecture" in the United States.
The new church was consecrated by Bishop White. Hopkins also presented Bishop White a confirmation class of one hundred and fifty candidates. The parish was now the third largest in Pennsylvania, but the debt incurred in building the new church was not immediately paid. In the fall of 1825, therefore, the congregation prevailed upon Hopkins to visit churches back East. While he received warm welcomes there, he raised no money. That journey was still notable, for it involved a trip on the very new, 363-mile-long Erie Canal
The Erie Canal is a historic canal in upstate New York that runs east-west between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Completed in 1825, the canal was the first navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, vastly reducing t ...
from Buffalo, New York
Buffalo is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of New York (behind only New York City) and the seat of Erie County. It is at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River, and is across the Canadian border from South ...
, to Albany, New York
Albany ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York, also the seat and largest city of Albany County. Albany is on the west bank of the Hudson River, about south of its confluence with the Mohawk River, and about north of New York City ...
. During the journey Hopkins drew thirty-seven watercolor and pencil sketches of the canal, its operation, and communities along the route. Hopkins's long-lost drawings of the canal were accidentally discovered in 2015 in the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
During his tenure at Trinity Church, Hopkins established eight Episcopal churches in the Pittsburgh area, including Christ Church in Meadville, Pennsylvania
Meadville is a city in and the county seat of Crawford County, Pennsylvania. The city is within of Erie and within of Pittsburgh. It was the first permanent settlement in Northwestern Pennsylvania. The population was 13,388 at the 2010 censu ...
. When Hopkins established the church in Meadville he rode on horseback ninety miles from Pittsburgh through slush and snow. He remained there twelve days, during which time he preached eight times and baptized 32 adults and 243 children. The other foundations included:
* St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Butler, Pennsylvania
Butler is a city and the county seat of Butler County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located north of Pittsburgh and is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 13,502.
History
Butler was na ...
* Grace Episcopal Church in Mercer, Pennsylvania
Mercer is a borough (Pennsylvania), borough in and the county seat of Mercer County, Pennsylvania, Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,982 at the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census. It is part of the Mahoning Vall ...
* St. Paul's in Erie, Pennsylvania
Erie (; ) is a city on the south shore of Lake Erie and the county seat of Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. Erie is the fifth largest city in Pennsylvania and the largest city in Northwestern Pennsylvania with a population of 94,831 a ...
(now the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of Northwestern Pennsylvania)
* St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Blairsville, Pennsylvania
Blairsville is a borough in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States, located east of Pittsburgh, and on the Conemaugh River. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 3,252.
History
Blairsville was settled in 1818 and incorporated in 182 ...
In 1827 Hopkins could have been elected as coadjutor to Bishop White if he had voted for himself, but he refused to do so because, as he said later, in that case "he would have wondered for the rest of his life whether his will or God's had been done." In 1828 he was elected rector of St. Stephen's in New York, but he declined the election.
Hopkins recognized the need for a seminary in Pittsburgh. Travel to seminaries back east was costly in time and money. He believed that if the church were to grow in that area it must train up its own priests. However, Hopkins's project was not supported by the Pennsylvania Diocesan Convention. This made Hopkins accept an 1831 call to Boston as assistant minister of Trinity Church, Boston
Trinity Church in the City of Boston, located in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. The congregation, currently standing at approximately 4,000 households, was founded in 17 ...
. The call included the stipulation that he would be able to start a seminary. ''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'': VOL. VI June, 1937 No. 2 John Henry Hopkins, III. "John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont," 195./ref> Hopkins had accomplished much at Trinity Church, Pittsburgh. A new church building had been completed and all of its 1,000 seats were rented. Only $1,000 of debt remained from the original cost of the building. The congregation was devoted to him and his leadership. Trinity Church, Boston: 1831
Hopkins's Boston experience was "brief and troubled." His acceptance of the call had been based on "the promise of aid in the establishment of a school of theology" near Boston. In September 1831 a class of seminarians was formed at his residence, with himself, the bishop
Alexander Viets Griswold
Alexander Viets Griswold (April 22, 1766 – February 15, 1843) was the 5th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States from 1836 until 1843. He was also the Bishop of the Eastern Diocese, which included all of New Englan ...
, and two clergymen as teachers. He was to teach later in the Episcopal Divinity School
The Episcopal Divinity School (EDS) is a theological school in New York City that trains students for service with the Episcopal Church. It is affiliated with the Union Theological Seminary. Students who enroll in the EDS at Union Anglican st ...
in Cambridge, Massachusetts, but Hopkins's vision was to establish a diocesan seminary. Despite his hopes, the promise of a seminary contained in the call was not kept. Therefore in May 1832 Hopkins accepted election as the first bishop of the newly formed Episcopal Diocese of Vermont
The Episcopal Diocese of Vermont is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in the state of Vermont. It was the first diocese in the Episcopal Church to elect a woman, Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod, as diocesan bishop.
...
.Hopkins, John Henry./ref>
Bishop of Vermont
Vermont had been a part of theEpiscopal Eastern Diocese
At the founding of The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, all of New England was considered one diocese — the Diocese of Connecticut — led by Bishop Samuel Seabury. In 1811, the congregations in Massachusetts petitioned ...
, under Bishop Alexander Viets Griswold
Alexander Viets Griswold (April 22, 1766 – February 15, 1843) was the 5th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States from 1836 until 1843. He was also the Bishop of the Eastern Diocese, which included all of New Englan ...
. Griswold was planned to make Vermont an independent diocese. Vermont at that time reported a population of 280,652. Within a year after Hopkins had arrived in Boston as assistant in Boston's Trinity parish, he was elected bishop by the first diocesan convention of Vermont on May 30, 1832. Hopkins accepted his election.
Hopkins was consecrated on October 31, 1832, in Saint Paul's Church, New York. He was consecrated with three other Bishops, namely, those of the Diocese of Ohio, the Diocese of New Jersey, and Diocese of Kentucky
The Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, encompassing the western half of the state of Kentucky.
History
The first verifiable religious services in Kentucky were held on May 28, 1 ...
. Three weeks after his consecration, Hopkins and his family moved to Burlington, Vermont
Burlington is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County. It is located south of the Canada–United States border and south of Montreal. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 44,743. It ...
. He lived there until his death on January 9, 1868. Hopkins became the rector of St. Paul's Church, Burlington. Under his' leadership, the church grew, so three enlargements were required. As he had in Pittsburgh, Hopkins drew the plans and superintended the work. Hopkins retained the two positions of rector and bishop for twenty-seven years.
The thirteen parishes and missions which elected Hopkins as their bishop in 1832 offered him a salary of $500 a year, later raised to $1,200 a year.
Almost from the beginning of Vermont's history, younger Vermonters migrated farther west. From 1830 to 1840 the State's population had increased only about 11,000. This migration persisted during all the thirty-six years of Hopkins' episcopate, The 1860 census, the last one taken before his death in 1868, showed that the total increase of the whole of Vermont during the previous ten years, was only nine-hundred and ninety-six people. Some of the places where there were Episcopal Churches decreased in population. Active parishes would sometimes lose of fifty per cent of their communicants, thereby, reducing revenues and discouraging the remaining members.
On December 1, 1834, Hopkins started on a visitation, leaving his whole family in their usual good health. Eight days later, he returned home to find that typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by '' Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several ...
had invaded his household. The only one who died during that grievous season was his third daughter, Melusina, in her eleventh year.
School for boys and financial ruinHopkins started a school for boys "as soon as possible." The school was successful from the first. It soon enrolled eighty boys, many coming from Canadian families. Before the spring of 1836, Hopkins had prepared plans for a "vast enlargement" of the school. When the plans were shown to his wife, "her heart misgave her." She implored her husband to be content with the building as it was or "to enlarge on a much more moderate scale." However, Hopkins refused to heed his wife's warning and ended up losing all his property. Hopkins borrowed the money at a bank on a note. The note's endorser was protected by a mortgage on every bit of land then owned by Hopkins in Vermont. The new buildings were soon built, and they were "almost filled as soon as they were opened." However, in spite of the enlarged school's auspicious beginning, the
Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major depression, which lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down, westward expansion was stalled, unemployment went up, and pessimism abound ...
wrecked the enterprise and left Hopkins "penniless." Hopkins decided to seek aid in Great Britain, but was only able to raise a bit more than four thousand dollars. This sum was wholly inadequate, and the school was abandoned. Hopkins had lost all his personal property. He was constrained to depend in part for his support upon the proceeds of lecturing. The indebtedness incurred in building a vastly enlarged school harassed him for many years.
After his fund-raising trip to Great Britain, Hopkins arrived in Burlington on July 3, 1834. He found out that his youngest child had been born while he was away. His wife had concealed from her husband that she was pregnant lest it should hinder Hopkins in his fund raising trip to Great Britain.
Before the end of 1834, a sheriff's sale was held on the premises. All the furniture needed in the school together with the Library and everything else was sold. The buildings were worth $40,000, and they were sold for a debt of $10,000. In May 1841, when the school became "finally and completely the property of others," a home for the Hopkins family in Burlington had to be found. The only building available at a rent within Hopkins' means was an aged frame-house so dilapidated that the Hopkins family was its last tenants. A permanent solution for housing came when "kind friends combined to purchase the lot of an hundred acres, which includes nearly the whole of Rock Point. The terms were that Hopkins should have a lease of the land for ten years, paying rent. He also had the right to fell the timber to pay for permanent improvements. The papers were executed on July 17, 1841. The work began at once, and on December 1, 1841 the new house was occupied.
Several years after 1841, there occurred one of the most humiliating experiences of Hopkins' life. He was invited to Boston for a series of lectures. While there, one of his former Burlington creditors had him arrested under a Massachusetts law. The original debt of $8,500 had been paid down until only $1,000 remained. Two friends furnished bail, so the creditor did not succeed in imprisoning Hopkins.
Retrospection in 1853In 1853, improvement in the diocese had been so great that Hopkins gave a retrospective summary of the twenty years of his Episcopate. *(1) The eleven clergymen whom he found in the Diocese on his arrival had been increased to twenty-five. *(2) The sixteen Church buildings had become twenty-eight, besides two entirely rebuilt, one much enlarged, and many others greatly improved. *(3) The one parsonage had become seven, with others in contemplation. *(4) There had been 2,595 confirmations. *(5) The property of the Church was generally free from debt. *(6) Compared with the population, which had been nearly stationary, Vermont had no reason to be ashamed of her Church strength. *(7) Hopkins then spoke of the divisions among the Clergy when he came. But now, there is no "bitterness or dissension." Plan for reviving the Institute in 1854
Hopkins laid out a plan for reviving the Institute before the Diocesan Convention in September 1854. Some of the church people of Burlington thought that their bishop's plan to revive the Institute would again lead to financial ruin. They thought that the kindest act they could do for their bishop would be to render impossible the execution of this new scheme. A paper was therefore prepared, and was passed round privately until it had received the signatures of 28 members of the parish. The paper embodied various reasons for a request with which they concluded: *That sufficient reflection had not been given at the outset *That the subscribers had not entertained the thought that it would be seriously undertaken *That the times were so hard that they were unable to aid any new object *That the enterprise could not obtain means enough anyhow to secure the object aimed at *That they doubted the expediency of such an institution even if the money could be had *That the parish yet owed $3,200 for the last improvements of the Church in the previous three years, and they could not pay that and aid the Institute plan at the same time. They therefore closed with the request "that the Trustees surrender the subscription thus far made, to those who have subscribed it, and that they abandon all future efforts in the prosecution of the object." In 1860, Hopkins accepted charge of Trinity Church, Rutland, and raised enough money to build a new church after his own plans. It was finished in 1865. He also drew the plans for the new church building for Thomas & Grace Episcopal Church in
Brandon, Vermont
Brandon is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,129.
History
On October 20, 1761, the town of Neshobe was chartered to Capt. Josiah Powers. In October 1784, the name of the town was chang ...
.
On December 15, 1860, Hopkins received a written request from a number of personal friends in New York, that he would give them a brief statement of his views concerning the recognition of Slavery in the Bible, and the constitutional position of the two threatening parties in the country. Hopkins' views had been long and well known on this vexed subject of the Scriptural sanction of slavery. The pamphlet was completed on January 20, 1861, rushed through the press, and 20,000 copies circulated.
Retrospection in 1862At the Diocesan Convention of 1862, thirty years since his episcopate began, Hopkins reported that the number of clergy in the diocese was greater than it had ever been before. There were also six candidates for Orders, a large number for such a small a diocese. The churches had attained a ratio of communicants to population, which placed the Diocese of Vermont ahead of the dioceses of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio, and nineteen other dioceses besides. He reported also, that while there were then twenty-seven states out of thirty-three superior to Vermont in population, there were only sixteen states which exceeded it in the number of communicants, and only seventeen outranked it in the number of the clergy.
Presiding Bishop, 1865
On January 13, 1865, Hopkins became Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church by reason of the death of BishopThomas Church Brownell
Thomas Church Brownell (October 19, 1779 – January 13, 1865) was founder of Trinity College (Connecticut), Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, and Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Episcopal Ch ...
. He was next in seniority as a bishop. Hopkins served as Presiding Bishop until his death on January 9, 1868.
During the Civil War
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
, Hopkins had the names of all the Southern bishops called at every vote taken in the House of Bishops. After the end of the War, as the Presiding Bishop, Hopkins played a large role in reuniting the Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America
The Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America was an Anglican Christian denomination which existed from 1861 to 1865. It was formed by Southern dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States during the American Civil ...
with the United States Episcopal Church. At the General Convention of October 4–24, 1865 held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Hopkins invited the Southern bishops and delegates to resume their seats in the General Convention The General Convention is the primary governing and legislative body of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. With the exception of the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, and the Constitution and Canons, it is the ultimate authority ...
. The invitation was accepted.Hiram Carleton, ''Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 1'' (Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 101./ref>
Lambeth Conference, 1867
In 1867, when Hopkins received his invitation to the firstLambeth Conference
The Lambeth Conference is a decennial assembly of bishops of the Anglican Communion convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The first such conference took place at Lambeth in 1867.
As the Anglican Communion is an international association ...
of Bishops, he took the invitation to the Standing Committee of his diocese to ascertain whether the diocese would pay his expenses. A committee of five laymen was appointed to raise funds to defray the Bishop's expenses and more than enough was raised.
With funds to cover his expenses in hand, Hopkins attended the first Lambeth Conference of Bishops in 1867. The conference was convened upon invitation from the Archbishop of Canterbury
The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justi ...
. At the insistence of the other American bishops, Hopkins preached the opening sermon. Hopkins had suggested such a Conference to the Archbishop in 1851. During the Conference, he "took an active part in the deliberations." While in England, Hopkins was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L) by Oxford University
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
.
Return home and deathWhen Hopkins returned home from the Lambeth Conference, he received a warm welcome by the clergy of the diocese at Burlington. On December 1, 1867, he preached for the last time in St. Paul's Church. ''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'': VOL. VI June, 1937 No. 2 John Henry Hopkins, III. "John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont," 203
/ref> During Hopkin's absence at the Lambeth Conference, the enlargement of St. Paul's Church, Burlington had been made, and a new rector had been installed. Thus, Hopkins was relieved from parish work and enabled to spend more time on his episcopal work which included the diocese and the church at large. On the third day after his return, a meeting of the leading churchmen in Burlington was held. There were two resolutions. One was that money could be raised to relieve Hopkins from pecuniary embarrassment. The other resolution was that Hopkins plan for a School was, "under all the circumstances, impracticable." Furthermore, they said that the diocese required Hopkins' entire episcopal services. If Hopkins agreed to devote himself entirely to his episcopal and parochial duties, his salary would be raised to $2,000. Hopkins closed the school and sent the remaining pupils home. Although Hopkins was becoming infirm and in spite of opposition from his friends and family, he began making visitations before the end of 1867. At the request of the Bishop of New York, he made a visitation to Trinity Church, Plattsburgh, New York. It was here that Hopkins did his final celebration of Holy Communion, with sermon and Confirmation. The difficult journey to his home on the other side of Lake Champlain involved crossing
Lake Champlain
, native_name_lang =
, image = Champlainmap.svg
, caption = Lake Champlain-River Richelieu watershed
, image_bathymetry =
, caption_bathymetry =
, location = New York/Vermont in the United States; and Quebec in Canada
, coords =
, type =
, ...
, and subjected him to heated railroad cars in Vermont and open sleigh rides in bitter cold. The resultant pneumonia laid Hopkins low on January 9, 1868. He died in the arms of his son Theodore. Theodore offered the Book of Common Prayer's commendatory prayer,
The four periods of Hopkin's episcopate
Funeral and burial
After Hopkins' return from theLambeth Conference
The Lambeth Conference is a decennial assembly of bishops of the Anglican Communion convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The first such conference took place at Lambeth in 1867.
As the Anglican Communion is an international association ...
to Burlington in November, 1867, he lived only two months. He died of congestion of the lungs on January 9, 1868.
FuneralAfter Hopkins died on January 9, 1868, there was as outflow of public sympathy. The story was carried by all the church papers, as well as the secular and sectarian press. Letters of consolation came from all kinds of persons, from the Archbishop of Canterbury down to the humble poor whom Hopkins had aided out of his own poverty. From Montreal to the uttermost parts of our own land, Churches were draped in mourning. Sermons and addresses were made about Hopkins. At some Altars, the Holy Sacrifice was offered on the day and at the hour of his burial. Five bishops and fifty other clergy quickly came to St. Paul's Church, Burlington, for the burial. Not since Bishop White's episcopate had any Presiding Bishop gained such a high degree the affections of the Church. On the evening of January 14, 1868, Hopkins' body was taken from the Episcopal residence and conveyed more than two miles to the church. It was accompanied "by a number of the Diocesan clergy." His body was placed in the tower porch. On the oaken coffin was a raised cross covering the whole lid. On Wednesday January 15, morning the outer door of the church was opened. For three hours there was "a constant stream of friends, high and low, rich and poor, one with another," who came to view the body. Then the lid was closed. The coffin was covered with a purple pall on which lay Hopkin's pastoral staff. It was wreathed with evergreen. At noon, the procession of five bishops and nearly fifty surpliced clergy from eight dioceses moved down the broad alley of the church towards the porch. The Bishop of Quebec began the service. The body was placed in the midst of the choir, facing the altar. The Bishops of Quebec and Connecticut delivered addresses. Burial
The day of the funeral was comparatively mild, but cloudy. A feathery snow was falling as the white-robed train passed on its winding way to the snow-clad cemetery. They were followed by a large crowd. At the grave, one of the younger clergy took up the Pastoral Staff, to be delivered to the next Bishop. Monument
Hopkins is buried under a monument of an elaborate marble Celtic Cross in the cemetery at Rock Point, which lies near th
Vermont Institute
Contributions to the amount of nearly $3,000 poured in from every State in the Union and from nearly every parish in Vermont for the monument. The monument was planned by
John Henry Hopkins, Jr.
John Henry Hopkins Jr. (October 28, 1820 – August 14, 1891) was an American clergyman and hymnodist, most famous for composing the song " We Three Kings of Orient Are" in 1857 (even though it does not appear in print until his ''Carols, Hymn ...
Slavery
In 1861, Hopkins wrote his "most controversial" pamphlet, ''The Bible View of Slavery'', in which he criticized abolitionists and declared that no scriptural basis for ending slavery existed. The pamphlet was seen as Hopkins' attempt to justify slavery based on the Bible. He argued that slavery was not a sin per se. Rather, Hopkins argued that slavery was an institution that was objectionable and should be abrogated by agreement, not by war. His only object was "to enable the truth to reach the minds of men." In response to Hopkins' position, a letter was written by John R. Bolles criticizing Hopkins' justification of slavery. Bolles' letter against Hopkins gave a strong voice of reasoning to the anti-slavery movement. Although Hopkins came under fire for his views on slavery in the North during the Civil War, he had a key role in uniting the northern and southern Episcopalians after hostilities ended. A major example of Hopkins coming under fire was the "bitter attack upon him during the War signed byAlonzo Potter
Alonzo Potter (July 6, 1800 – July 4, 1865) was an American bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States who served as the third bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. Potter "identified himself with all the best interests of society."
...
, the then Bishop of Pennsylvania, and 163 other clergy of the Diocese of Pennsylvania." In the attack, Hopkins was called "wicked," and his views were called "unworthy of any servant of Jesus Christ." Hopkins' "come back" was an overwhelming citation of Holy Scripture, and of over one hundred historical authorities, ranging from St. Paul to Theodore Parker. Hopkins' "come back" was never answered.''Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church'': VOL. VI June, 1937 No. 2 John Henry Hopkins, III. "John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont", page 201/ref> Hopkins' views on slavery increased his popularity in the South, but it made for him many influential enemies in his diocese, in Philadelphia and throughout the North. Hopkins defended his position on slavery in the book ''A Scriptural, Ecclesiastical and Historical View of Slavery, from the Days of the Patriarch Abraham to the Nineteenth Century''. The book "went through several editions."Hiram Carleton, ''Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 1'' (Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 100.
/ref> Nothing else that Hopkins ever wrote brought upon him such abuse. However, it is likely that his influence in preventing the Southern schism after the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states th ...
was due to his avowal of the views defended in these forty-eight "Letters" to the Bishop of Pennsylvania.
In 1856, he is listed as a member of the Vermont chapter of the American Colonization Society
The American Colonization Society (ACS), initially the Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America until 1837, was an American organization founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to encourage and support the migration of freebor ...
, an organization dedicated to the emigration of free black Americans the nation of Liberia
Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...
.
Family
On May 8, 1816, John Henry Hopkins married Melusina Mueller, daughter of Casper Otto Mueller, of Harmony, Pennsylvania They had 13 children. Eleven survived to adulthood. The names of their children in order of birth were as follows:1. Charlotte Emily (Mrs. Rev. Dr. Charles Fay).
Charlotte Emily Hopkins was a woman of unusual abilities and accomplishments. Besides being a skilled performer on the piano, organ, guitar, violin, flute, and harp, she was an accomplished needlewoman and a natural artist with pencil, pen and ink, and brush. She married at sixteen and became the mother of nine children. She died in 1856 at age thirty-nine." 2. Matilda Theresa (Mrs. Rev. Dr. Norman W. Camp)
Matilda Theresa was born on May 16, 1817, in Derby, Vermont. She died on November 10, 1898, in Maryland. Her husband Norman attended the University of Vermont, Class of 1837 where he earned a Doctor of Divinity degree and was ordained as an Episcopal minister in 1839. He served five churches. He served in the Civil War as a military Chaplain. 3. John Henry, Jr.
John Henry Hopkins, Jr.
John Henry Hopkins Jr. (October 28, 1820 – August 14, 1891) was an American clergyman and hymnodist, most famous for composing the song " We Three Kings of Orient Are" in 1857 (even though it does not appear in print until his ''Carols, Hymn ...
, D.D. was born on October 28, 1820, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Allegheny County. It is the most populous city in both Allegheny County and Wester ...
. He graduated from the University of Vermont
The University of Vermont (UVM), officially the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Burlington, Vermont. It was founded in 1791 and is amon ...
in 1839 and from the General Theological Seminary
The General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church (GTS) is an Episcopal seminary in New York City. Founded in 1817, GTS is the oldest seminary of the Episcopal Church and the longest continuously operating Seminary in the Anglican Communi ...
in New York city, in 1850. In 1872, he was ordained an Episcopal priest. In February 1853, he founded the ''Church Journal'' and was its editor and proprietor until May 1868. He was noted as a hymn writer. In 1867, he accompanied his father Bishop John Henry Hopkins to the Lambeth Conference
The Lambeth Conference is a decennial assembly of bishops of the Anglican Communion convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The first such conference took place at Lambeth in 1867.
As the Anglican Communion is an international association ...
. He was ordained priest in 1872. In that year, he became rector of Trinity Church, Plattsburg, New York. In 1873, he published ''The Life of his Father''. In 1876, he became rector of Christ Church, Williamsport, Pennsylvania. In 1885, he delivered the eulogy
A eulogy (from , ''eulogia'', Classical Greek, ''eu'' for "well" or "true", ''logia'' for "words" or "text", together for "praise") is a speech or writing in praise of a person or persons, especially one who recently died or retired, or as a ...
at the Funeral of President Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Ar ...
in 1885. John Henry Hopkins, Jr. died on August 14, 1891, in Hudson, New York
Hudson is a city and the county seat of Columbia County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,894. Located on the east side of the Hudson River and 120 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, it was named for the rive ...
, and is buried with his father at Bishop's House, Rock Point.
4. Edward AugustusEdward Augustus was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on November 29, 1822. After studying for one year in the University of Vermont, then for a few months in
Kenyon College
Kenyon College is a private liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio. It was founded in 1824 by Philander Chase. Kenyon College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.
Kenyon has 1,708 undergraduates enrolled. Its 1,000-acre campus is se ...
, Ohio, he entered the navy as a midshipman. After five years he resigned, and was appointed special commissioner to report whether the republic of Paraguay was entitled to the recognition of her independence by the United States. On his favorable report, that independence was recognized, and he was sent as the first United States consul at Asunción
Asunción (, , , Guarani: Paraguay) is the capital and the largest city of Paraguay.
The city stands on the eastern bank of the Paraguay River, almost at the confluence of this river with the Pilcomayo River. The Paraguay River and the Bay of ...
, Paraguay, in 1853. He was at the same time general agent of an American company for manufacturing and mercantile purposes.
5. Melusina ElizabethOn December 1, 1834, Hopkins started on a visitation, leaving his whole family in their usual good health. Eight days later, he returned home to find that
typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by '' Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several ...
had invaded his household. The only one who died during that grievous season was his third daughter, Melusina, in her eleventh year.
6. Casper ThomasCaspar Thomas Hopkins was born on May 18, 1826, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was not inclined to the ministry, He tried many occupations. Shortly after his graduation from the University of Vermont in 1847, he started a periodical called ''The Vermont State Agriculturalist''. In 1849, he moved to California to mine for gold. In 1853, he married Almira Burtnett (1828-1875), and they had four children. Caspar finally settled on a career in marine and fire insurance. In 1861, he established the first insurance company on the Pacific coast and served as its president for 35 years until 1884, when he retired on account of impaired health. In addition to numerous magazine articles and pamphlets, he published a civics textbook entitled ''A Manual of American Ideas''. Caspar Thomas Hopkins died on October 4, 1893, of an overdose of morphine which he was taking for pain. 7. Theodore Austin
Theodore attended a private school for boys his father had established in Burlington, Vermont. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1850. He began working in the Episcopal Church, serving at St. Luke's church in St. Louis, then as principal of the Yeates Institute for boys in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Yeates Institute was established on August 18, 1857. It was liberally endowed by Miss Catharine Yeates in memory of her father Judge Yeates. In the summer of 1860, Theodore and his wife, Alice Leavenworth Doolittle Hopkins, moved back to Burlington where he held the position of principal of the Vermont Episcopal Institute. He held that position for 21 years before retiring in 1881. 8. Alfred Dreneas 9. Clement Eusebius
Clement Eusebius was born on January 18, 1832, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. For a time, he served as City Editor of the ''
New York Evening Express
''The New York Evening Express'' (1836–1881) was a 19th-century American newspaper published in New York City.
Publication history
The ''Express'' began publication on June 20, 1836, as the ''New York Express'', a Whig publication under the ...
''. From 1853-54, Hopkins served as the United States consular officials in Paraguay He married Frances Louisa Adams. He died of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...
on June 14, 1862.
10. William CyprianWilliam Cyprian was born in Burlington, Vermont, on April 28, 1834. He was an Episcopal Clergyman. He married Julia Gibson Hopkins (1832 - 1912). He died on January 7, 1910, in Toledo, Ohio. 11. Charles Jerome
Charles Jerome Hopkins
Charles Jerome Hopkins (April 4, 1836 November 4, 1898) was a 19th-century musician, Composer and Champion of the Arts. He is often confused, in historical texts, with his nephew, Edward Hopkins, who was also a musician and composer.
Early life ...
was known intimately as "Charlie" and professionally as "Jerome." He was born April 4, 1836, in Burlington, Vermont. He soon developed a talent for music. Except for one year at the University of Vermont, he was educated at home. Hopkins became a well-known organist, composer, and musical educator and essayist. He married Sarah Lucinda Lee in 1869, who died October 23, 1876. They had no children."Hopkins and Canfield Families Papers."/ref> Jerome lived and worked most of his life in New York, City. For five years, he was a professor at
Cooper Union
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art (Cooper Union) is a private college at Cooper Square in New York City. Peter Cooper founded the institution in 1859 after learning about the government-supported École Polytechnique in ...
in New York City. He was, also, organist at St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn. Jerome served as editor of several music publications.''Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians: Easter-Mystères'' (C. Scribner's Sons, 1899), 288./ref> Jerome traveled throughout the United States. He gave concerts and lecture-concerts in one hundred and twelve cities. In 1866, he founded and maintained his New York Free Orpheon Choral School for Children. In 1867, he originated piano lecture-concerts for lyceums. He was the first musician in America who trained children to sing Handel's "
Hallelujah Chorus
''Messiah'' ( HWV 56), the English-language oratorio composed by George Frideric Handel in 1741, is structured in three parts. This listing covers Part II in a table and comments on individual movements, reflecting the relation of the musical se ...
."
In 1874, Jerome's orchestral music was played at The Crystal Palace
The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition took place from 1 May to 15 October 1851, and more than 14,000 exhibit ...
in London. This was a first for an American musician. In 1885, his chamber music was played at Liszt's house in Weimar, Germany. In addition to songs, secular and sacred, two symphonies, and three operas, he has published ''First Book of Church Music'' (1860); a class-book of notation study (1865); and ''Second Book of Church Music'' (1867).
Hopkins' compositions include:
*1. ''Samuel'', an opera for children in 1877.
*2. ''Dumb Love'', an operetta in 1878.
*3. ''Taffy and Old Munch'', a children's comic operetta.
*4. ''Festival Vespers'', an Orchestral Vespers Service for boy's choir.
*5. In 1876-77, two chorus choirs, one echo choir, soli, two organs, and harp obligato.
*6. ''Andante grazioso in G, Adagio cantabile in D, Allegro moderato in A Siciliano in G'', and other pianoforte music.
Jerome Hopkins died on November 4, 1898.
12. Caroline Amelia (Mrs. Thomas H. Canfield)Caroline Amelia Hopkins Canfield, 1838-1907, married Thomas H. Canfield in 1860. Shortly after her father, John Henry Hopkins, Sr. died, Caroline ("Carrie") became the mistress of the family home at Rock Point, where she raised her family and entertained relatives and church figures. She was very involved in St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Burlington, as well as in diocesan activities, and served as the organist at St. Paul's for some time. She moved to Burlington in 1892. Caroline and Thomas had five children: Emily Canfield, born May 13, 1863; John Henry Hopkins Canfield, born January 21, 1868; Marion Canfield (Hadlock), born September 8, 1870; Flora Canfield (Camp), born January 11, 1873; and Thomas Hawley Canfield, Jr., born November 17, 1874. 13. Frederick Vincent
Frederick Vincent was a physician. He was born in Burlington, Vermont, on May 23, 1839. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1859. He studied medicine. He was surgeon and professor of geology in
Louisiana State University
Louisiana State University (officially Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, commonly referred to as LSU) is a public land-grant research university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The university was founded in 1860 nea ...
. He was put in charge of the geological survey of Louisiana from 1868 until 1874. He was surgeon to the New Almaden and Sulphur Bank quicksilver mine in 1876-82. He practised medicine in San Francisco. He has originated a method of killing the bacilli of tuberculosis and leprosy by half-inch sparks from a Kuhmkorff coil. In addition to articles published in newspapers, Hopkins wrote four reports on the "Geology of Louisiana" in the ''Reports of the Louisiana State University'' (Baton Rouge, 1870), and a report, in conjunction with Prof. Eugene W. Hilgard
Eugene Woldemar Hilgard (January 5, 1833, Zweibrücken, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany – January 8, 1916, Berkeley, California, United States) was a German-American expert on pedology (the study of soil resources). An authority on climate as a pe ...
, on borings made by the engineer department of the U. S. army between the Mississippi River and Lake Borgne
Lake Borgne (french: Lac Borgne, es, Lago Borgne) is a lagoon of the Gulf of Mexico in southeastern Louisiana. Although early maps show it as a lake surrounded by land, coastal erosion has made it an arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Its name comes fro ...
.
John and Melusina's golden wedding anniversaryIn 1866, most of their family gathered at the family home at Rock Point to celebrate their golden
wedding anniversary
A wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place. Couples may take the occasion to celebrate their relationship, either privately or with a larger party. Special celebrations and gifts are often given for particular an ...
, and their daughter-in-law, Alice Leavenworth Doolittle, published a book to commemorate the event.
Legacy
As a bishop, Hopkins is remembered as giving himself fully to his work. He "labored earnestly and successfully in the formation of new parishes and in supplying them with clergy." A 1932 ''The Burlington Free Press'' newspaper remembered Hopkins as a man of "tremendous energy and great versatility." Hopkins was one of the great pioneer bishops of the American Church, a man of unusual endowments and tireless energy: *He was an artist with brush and pencil. *He was a composer of melodious music. *He was a cellist and violinist and organist. *He was an architect. He was one of the first to introduceGothic Revival architecture
Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. The movement gained momentum and expanded in the first half of the 19th century, as increasingly ...
into the United States.
*He was the author of fifty books and pamphlets.
*He was a scholar and historian.
*He was a poet.
*He was an authority on patristics
Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church Fathers. The names derive from the combined forms of Latin ''pater'' and Greek ''patḗr'' (father). The period is generally considered to run from ...
. He was concerned that the Protestant view be upheld against the Church of Rome, using the writings of early Fathers of the Church to support this view.
*He was an eloquent preacher.
*He was a statesmanlike presiding bishop.
*He was a brilliant and successful lawyer.
The University of Vermont and Harvard University hold many of the Hopkins' family papers. Hopkins introduced Gothic architecture to the Episcopal Church. Much of his architectural legacy has been lost, including his Gothic Saint Paul's Cathedral in Burlington. It was destroyed by fire in February 1972.History of St. Paul's Cathedral./ref> However, Saint Paul's Lutheran Church in Zelienople, Pennsylvania, which was built in 1826, still survives.
Works by and about Hopkins
During Hopkins' thirty-six years as Bishop of theDiocese of Vermont
The Episcopal Diocese of Vermont is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in the state of Vermont. It was the first diocese in the Episcopal Church to elect a woman, Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod, as diocesan bishop.
...
, he became "one of the nation's most noted (and controversial) clergy persons. He published more than fifty books and pamphlets. He composed tunes to 336 psalms and hymns and overtures for piano and orchestra. He also wrote poetry.
Books
''Christianity Vindicated in Seven Discourses on the External Evidences of the New Testament'' (Edward Smith, 1833)
*''The Primitive Creed, Examined and Explained; In two Parts. The First Part Containing Sixteen Discourses on the Apostles' Creed ; designed for popular use. The Second Part containing a Dissertation on the testimony of the Early Councils, and the Fathers, from the Apostolic Age to the end of the fourth Century, with Observations on certain Theological Errors of the present day''. (Burlington: Edward Smith. 1834). *''The Primitive Church, compared with the Protestant Episcopal Church of the present day: Being an examination of the ordinary objections against the Church in Doctrine, Worship and Government, designed for Popular use; with a Dissertation on Sundry Points of Theology and Practice, connected with the subject of Episcopacy.'' (Burlington: Smith & Harrington. 1835). ::The three above books were "widely circulated, and commanded such respect that Harper Brothers offered to publish any succeeding work from Hopkins' pen, without question.
''The Church of Rome in her Primitive Purity, Compared with the Church of Rome, at the Present Day; Being a Candid Examination of her Claims to Universal Dominion. Addressed in the Spirit of Christian Kindness, to the Roman Hierarchy. (Vernon Harrington. 1837).
Reprinted in London in 1839. There it "received unstinted praise from the Anglican ministry." *''The Vermont Drawing Books in Six Lithograph Numbers'', ''The Vermont Drawing Book of Flowers'', and ''The Vermont Drawing Book of Figures'' (1838).
''Sixteen Lectures on the Causes, Principles, and Results of the British Reformation''. (James M. Campbell & Co., 1844).
In two volumes
Volume One.
an
Volume Two.
The book "went through several editions." Also, the book was Hopkins' "final blast in defense of his beliefs." In it, "each chapter was specifically addressed to The Right Rev. Alonzo Potter. Hopkins "vented his full invective" on Potter, and he said that he will withdraw from Potter's company. The book "elicited several replies" because of Hopkins'supposed "misuse of the Sacred Scriptures" exposed by a Clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church. *''A Letter to the Bishops and Delegates of the Protestant Episcopal Church now assembled at Montgomery'' (1861).
''This is a Letter to G. M. Wharton, etc., in reply to a requested Hopkin's Views on the Aspect of Slavery. Hopkins' Letter on Slavery elicited several replies. One claimed that Hopkins "ripped up" and "misused" the Sacred Scriptures exposed by a Clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church.''
"Review of a Letter from Hopkins on Bible View of Slavery by a Vermonter. (Free Press Print, 1861). The Bibliography of Vermont: or A List of Books and Pamphlets Relating in Any Way to the State. With Biographical and Other Notes.
The book "was noted for its entire fairness and great dignity".
''Poems by the Wayside: Written during more than Forty Years (James Pott, 1883).''
12mo, pp. vii, 324.
''Twelve Canzonets: Sacred Songs; Words and Music; for the use of Christian Families'' (London: and New York: 1889.
Letters
A Letter to the Bishop and Delegates of The Church, now assembled at Montgomery. June, 1861. James M. Donald, Bishop Hopkins and the Reunification of the Church (Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church Vol. 47, No. 1 (March,1978), pp. 73-91.
*''A Letter to the Right Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, Roman Bishop of Arath, and Coadjutor of the Roman Bishop of Philadelphia, in answer to His Letter on Christian Union, Addressed to the Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church.'' (Chauncey Goodrich. 1842).
''A Second Letter to the Right Rev. Francis P Kenrick, Roman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia'',(1843.
*''Letter to the Rev. Samuel Seabury, D. D., Editor of the Churchman''. (1846).
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/jhhopkins/episcopal1854.html ''The True Principles of Restoration to the Episcopal Office: A Letter Addressed to the Clergy and the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States,(1854).'']
A Pastoral Letter, on the Support of the Clergy Addressed to the Wardens, Vestrymen and Parishioners in the Diocese of Vermont. (Stacy & Jameson, 1854).
Writing about Hopkins
*[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044088976816 ''Letters to John H. Hopkins, D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church for the Diocese of Vermont, Occasioned by his Lecture in Opposition to the Temperance Society by an Episcopalian'' (Chronicle Press, 1836).]''Bible View of Slavery by John H. Hopkins, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont: Examined by Henry Drisler'' (1863).
*"Review of a Letter from the Rt. Rev. John H. Hopkins, Bishop of Vermont, on the ''Bible View of Slavery'' by a Vermonter (Free Press, 1861).
Unpublished writings
The above listing of Hopkin's published does not include "Communications to the Daily or Weekly Press" of works left in Manuscript form, or of "incomplete or of unprinted Sermons of which the number left is very great."/ref>
Further reading
Hiram Carleton, ''Genealogical and Family History of the State of Vermont: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation, Volume 1'' (Lewis Publishing Company, 1903), 98-101.
John Henry Hopkins, Jr. (One of His Sons), ''The Life of the Late Right Reverend John Henry Hopkins, First Bishop of Vermont, and Seventh Presiding Bishop.'' (F. J. Huntington and Co., 1873)
See also
*List of presiding bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America
This is a list of the Presiding bishop#Episcopal Church in the United States, Presiding Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Initially the position of Presiding Bishop rotated geographically. After 1795 the Presiding Bishop was th ...
* List of Episcopal bishops of the United States
The following is a list of bishops who currently lead dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States and its territories. Also included in the list are suffragan bishops, provisional bishops, coadjutor bishops, and assistant bishops. Th ...
* Historical list of the Episcopal bishops of the United States
Notes
References
External links
Documents by and about Hopkins
from
Project Canterbury Project Canterbury (sometimes abbreviated as PC) is an online archive of material related to the history of Anglicanism. It was founded by Richard Mammana, Jr. in 1999 with a grant from Episcopal Church Presiding Bishop Frank T. Griswold, and is ho ...
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