, fields = , workplaces =

University of Göttingen The University of Göttingen, officially the Georg August University of Göttingen, (german: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, known informally as Georgia Augusta) is a public research university in the city of Göttingen, Germany. Founded ...

University of Tübingen The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (german: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; la, Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-W� ...

, alma_mater =

, doctoral_advisor =

Philipp Friedrich Gmelin Philipp Friedrich Gmelin (19 August 1721 – 9 May 1768) was a professor of botany and chemistry. He studied the chemistry of antimony and wrote texts on the pancreatic ducts, mineral waters, and botany. He was a brother of the famous traveler ...

Ferdinand Christoph Oetinger Ferdinand Christoph Oetinger (18 February 1719 – 15 April 1772) was a German physician. He studied philosophy at the University of Tübingen and medicine at the Universities of Leipzig and Halle, obtaining his doctorate at the latter institut ...

, academic_advisors = , doctoral_students = Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt

Friedrich Stromeyer Prof Friedrich Stromeyer FRS(For) FRSE (2 August 1776 – 18 August 1835) was a German chemist. He was the discoverer of cadmium. From 1982 a Friedrich Stromeyer Prize has been awarded for chemical achievement in Germany. Life He was born in ...

Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer (22 October 1765 – 14 August 1844) was a German biologist and naturalist born in Bebenhausen, today part of the city of Tübingen. He was a pioneer of '' Naturphilosophie'', helped to establish organic chemistry (''Pfl ...

Wilhelm August Lampadius Wilhelm August Lampadius was born in Hehlen, Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, on 8 August 1772 and died on 13 April 1842 in Freiberg, Kingdom of Saxony. He was a German pharmacist in Göttingen from 1785 until 1791. Also he was an "extraordinary profess ...

Vasily Severgin Vasily Mikhailovich Severgin (russian: Василий Михайлович Севергин) (19 September 1765 – 29 November 1826) was a Russian academician, chemist, mineralogist, and geologist. For three decades, he was the only academician el ...

, notable_students = , known_for = Textbooks on chemistry, pharmaceutical science, mineralogy, and botany , author_abbrev_bot = J.F.Gmel. , author_abbrev_zoo = Gmelin , influences =

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

, influenced = , relatives =

Leopold Gmelin Leopold Gmelin (2 August 1788 – 13 April 1853) was a German chemist. Gmelin was a professor at the University of Heidelberg He worked on the red prussiate and created Gmelin's test, and wrote his ''Handbook of Chemistry'', which over successi ...

(son) , awards = Johann Friedrich Gmelin (8 August 1748 – 1 November 1804) was a German naturalist,

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

, entomologist,

herpetologist Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians ( gymnophiona)) and rep ...

, and

malacologist Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, ...

Education

Johann Friedrich Gmelin was born as the eldest son of

in 1748 in

Tübingen Tübingen (, , Swabian: ''Dibenga'') is a traditional university city in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated south of the state capital, Stuttgart, and developed on both sides of the Neckar and Ammer rivers. about one in three ...

. He studied medicine under his father at

and graduated with a

Master's degree A master's degree (from Latin ) is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.

in 1768, with a thesis entitled: ', defended under the presidency of

, whom he thanks with the words '.

Career

In 1769, Gmelin became an adjunct professor of medicine at University of Tübingen. In 1773, he became professor of philosophy and adjunct professor of medicine at

. He was promoted to full professor of medicine and professor of

chemistry Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...

botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...

, and mineralogy in 1778. He died in 1804 in

Göttingen Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the capital of the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, the population was 118,911. General information The ori ...

. Johann Friedrich Gmelin when young became an "apostle" of

, probably when Linnaeus was working in the Netherlands, and undertook a plant-collecting expedition to "Persia" on his behalf. Later in life he published several textbooks in the fields of chemistry, pharmaceutical science, mineralogy, and botany. He also edited and published the posthumous 13th edition of '' Systema Naturae'' by

from 1788 to 1793. This contained descriptions and

scientific name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

s of many new species, including birds that had earlier been catalogued without a

by John Latham in his ''A General Synopsis of Birds''. Gmelin's publication is cited as the authority for over 290 bird species and also a number of butterfly species.

Legacy

Among his students were Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt,

, and Wilhelm August Lampadius. He was the father of

. He described the

redfin pickerel The redfin pickerel (''Esox americanus americanus'') is a subspecies of freshwater fish belonging to the pike family (Esocidae) of the order Esociformes. Not to be confused with its close relatives, the grass pickerel and the chain pickerel, th ...

in 1789. In the scientific field of herpetology, he described many new

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

of amphibians and reptiles.The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. In the field of malacology, he described and named many species of gastropods. The plant genus ''

Gmelina ''Gmelina'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae. It consists of about 35 species in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Southeast Asia, India and a few in Africa. Some species such as ''G. arborea'' have been planted and/or become nat ...

'' was named after Gmelin by

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

. The abbreviation "Gmel." is also found.See for instance: Audubon, John James (1831) – ''Ornithological Biography : Volume 1'', p. 232. Online available at wikisource.

Publications

* * ', 2 Vol., 1776/7
Digital edition
of the University and State Library Düsseldorf. * ', 1777 * '. Nürnberg: Raspe, 1777
Digital edition
of the University and State Library Düsseldorf. * '. Nürnberg: Raspe, 1780
Digital edition
of the University and State Library Düsseldorf. * '. Nürnberg: Raspe, 1781
Digital edition
of the University and State Library Düsseldorf. * ', 1783 * ', 1784 * ', 1786 * ', Lipsiae eipzig Georg Emanuel Beer, 1788–1793 * ', 1792 * ', Ps. 2, T. 1 – Ps. 2, T. 2., 1795–1796
Digital edition
of the University and State Library Düsseldorf. * ', 1799 * ', 1806

References

* Vane-Wright, R. I., 1975. The butterflies named by J. F. Gmelin (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera).''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History),Entomology'', 32: 17–6
pdf

External links

Gmelin's chemical genealogy
* *

*
books by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
at

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...

Zoologica

Göttingen State and University Library The Göttingen State and University Library (german: Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen or SUB Göttingen) is the library for Göttingen University as well as for the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and is the state li ...

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich 18th-century German botanists German taxonomists 1748 births 1804 deaths German entomologists German mycologists German naturalists German ornithologists Bryologists Conchologists Phycologists Pteridologists Teuthologists Botanists with author abbreviations 18th-century German zoologists 19th-century German zoologists Scientists from Tübingen