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The term spiritually Japanese people (; Japanese reading ''Sēshin Nihonjin''), abbreviated as ''jingri'' (), is a
pejorative A pejorative or slur is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or a disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a ...
term used in
political Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that stud ...
and social discourse in
mainland China "Mainland China" is a geopolitical term defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (including islands like Hainan or Chongming), excluding dependent territories of the PRC, and other territories within Greater China. ...
referring to people of non-Japanese descent who are perceived to hold extremist views in support of
Japanese militarism refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan which advocates the belief that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation. Histo ...
while harbouring hatred towards their own ethnicity and seeing themselves "spiritually" as Japanese militarists. A neologism that developed out of online communities, ''jingri''s meaning and connotations are related to those of
Japanophile Japanophilia is the philia of Japanese culture, people and history. In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is , with "" equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-' and "", meaning "Japan" (as in the word for Japan ). The term was first used as earl ...
.


Background

The increased prevalence of international
cultural exchange Cultural diplomacy is a type of public diplomacy and soft power that includes the "exchange of ideas, information, art, language and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding". The purpose ...
in the modern world has increased the influence of foreign cultures, including Japanese culture, on certain segments of Chinese society. According to Chinese Communist theorists Yang Jinhua and Huang Chenchen, this has led to the rise of ''jingri'' who accord with the values and politics of Japanese society far more than they do China's, seemingly viewing China as merely an "accidental place of birth" while according Japan with the title of their "spiritual motherland". They seek to maintain a "Japanese-style" manner of living. Some
internet celebrities An Internet celebrity (also known as a social media influencer, social media personality, internet personality, or simply influencer) is a celebrity who has acquired or developed their fame and notability through the Internet. The rise of social m ...
seen as ''jingri'' have made statements or engaged in actions that express support for or present a romanticized image of Japan. These have included many forms of expression, including expression in the form of text, images, language choice, music, video media, and
body language Body language is a type of communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. Th ...
, up to dressing up as World War Two-era Japanese military officers. Among them have been those who hold unusual interpretations of the
Nanjing massacre The Nanjing Massacre (, ja, 南京大虐殺, Nankin Daigyakusatsu) or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as ''Nanking'') was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the ...
, with some even stating that "the apanese militarykilled too few people n Nanjing" This has incited anti-Japanese
xenophobia Xenophobia () is the fear or dislike of anything which is perceived as being foreign or strange. It is an expression of perceived conflict between an in-group and out-group and may manifest in suspicion by the one of the other's activities, a ...
in China. Some individuals who have praised Japan, labelled as supporters of the Japanese far right, have been violently attacked in public. According to a Chinese-language
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
article, ''jingri'' generally refers not to those who merely appreciate Japan's technological advancements, support friendly China-Japan relations, or consume Japanese goods, but rather to those who "spiritually equate themselves with Japanese people (that are on the far right)."


Incidents


2014

On September 6, 2014, during the 28th Taishan International Mountaineering Festival, a man was seen wearing clothing bearing the words "
Imperial Japanese Navy The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrend ...
". He was subsequently surrounded and reproached by onlookers, upon which he explained that he had grown up in Japan and that the clothing was part of his normal dress. A member of the crowd came forward to rip his clothing off, leading to a confrontation between the man and other tourists. In the end, the man put on a jacket provided by staff members at the festival before being escorted away by police.


2017

The
Sihang warehouse The Defense of Sihang Warehouse () took place from October 26 to November 1, 1937, and marked the beginning of the end of the three-month Battle of Shanghai in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Defenders of the warehouse he ...
Japanese military costume photograph incident occurred on the afternoon of August 7, 2017. In response to the incident, Sina Weibo user (God's eagle) made a post stating "While wearing WWII-era Japanese military uniforms, 4 ''jingri'' came by night to the Sihang Warehouse, a well-known historical site from the Sino-Japanese war and a patriotic education centre, and viciously disgraced the heroic souls of the martyrs; this is a sight that makes your blood boil; please spread this widely!" A screenshot indicated that the QQ user (Ribbons Wissen) had made a post stating that "Thanks to everybody's help, our trip of seven days around '' Songhu'' has been completed successfully, including the night ambush with four people." In the post, the user mentions several details relating to the execution of their plan, indicating that many people were present on that night who did it in a matter of seconds." He also called the experience "thrilling". He indicated that "if I had to make up a plot for this, it would be that in the final part of the war, military officers who had participated in the
Battle of Shanghai The Battle of Shanghai () was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) of the Empire of Japan The also ...
returned to pay the place another visit." While taking the photographs, onlookers stared at the participants but did not try to stop them. On August 13, 2017, individuals wearing Japanese military uniforms appeared in
Binyang County Binyang County (; Standard Zhuang: ) is a county of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Nanning, the capital of Guangxi, with a permanent population of 782,255 and a hukou pop ...
and openly supported the Japanese invasion of China during the
Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Th ...
.


2018

On February 20, 2018, two men appeared at the Xishan pillbox cluster on Purple Mountain in
Nanjing Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the second largest city in the East China region. T ...
wearing Japanese military uniforms. That night, the two received strong criticism on social media. Following the incident, a man made threats towards the individual who reported on the incident and was placed under administrative detention for 7 days by police. In August of the same year, the Sina Weibo user ( Shiba Tatsuya- taijin) posted various comments, including " Prime Minister Abe is my real father" and "I am not a servant of the West; I'm a ''jingri''", in the commentary section of the
Mianyang Mianyang (; formerly known as Mienchow) is the second largest prefecture-level city of Sichuan province in Southwest China. Located in north-central Sichuan covering an area of consisting of Jiangyou, a county-level city, five counties, and thr ...
internet police Internet police is a generic term for police and government agencies, departments and other organizations in charge of policing Internet in a number of countries. The major purposes of Internet police, depending on the state, are fighting cyber ...
's Weibo account page. On August 16, he was placed under administrative detention without trial by the police department of
Ma'anshan Ma'anshan (), also colloquially written as Maanshan, is a prefecture-level city in the eastern part of Anhui province in Eastern China. An industrial city stretching across the Yangtze River, Ma'anshan borders Hefei to the west, Wuhu to the sout ...
in
Anhui Province Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River ...
, which found that his online commentary had broken China's laws on
picking quarrels and provoking trouble Picking quarrels and provoking trouble () (also translated as picking quarrels and stirring up trouble or picking quarrels and making trouble) is a crime under the law of the People's Republic of China. The official translation of this crime is ...
.


2019

On April 8, 2019, phrases such as "long live Japan", "those who support China are stupid cunts" and "defeat Chinese imperialism" suddenly appeared on an LED screen above the door to the emergency department of
Gaoyang County Gaoyang County () is a county in the central part of Hebei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Baoding and has an area of . The county seat is in Gaoyang Town (). Administrative divi ...
's hospital. A netizen who discovered that the signage had been digitally vandalized took a short video clip of it, with hospital security attempting to stop him. After the video was uploaded, it immediately incited public attention. Following this, the hospital cut power to the screen and coordinated with Gaoyang County's health department to report the incident to the police. At around 3 p.m., police arrested a 31-year-old suspect surnamed Li in connection with the incident. On July 11, 2019, it was revealed that
Wuhan University Wuhan University (WHU; ) is a public research university in Wuhan, Hubei. The university is sponsored by the Ministry of Education. Wuhan university was founded as one of the four elite universities in the early republican period of China and i ...
had accepted a Taiwanese
exchange student A student exchange program is a program in which students from a secondary school (high school) or university study abroad at one of their institution's partner institutions. A student exchange program may involve international travel, but d ...
named Ke Quanyao who had posted "''jingri''" commentary on Facebook, including expressing anticipation for the "motherland" Japan to retake Taiwan and claiming that Taiwan and Japan are "two islands that both belong to the same Japan". Following this, Ke abandoned his plans to attend Wuhan University. On July 28 and 29, 2019, the provinces of Liaoning, Anhui, Hubei and Jiangsu jointly published a communiqué on police actions taken to combat allegedly ''jingri'' elements in society. According to the communiqué, police in
Shahekou Shahekou District () is one of the seven districts of Dalian, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, forming part of the urban core. It is located in the western portion of the city. Its area is and its permanent population is 693,140, ma ...
, Liaoning Province have accused a Liaoning resident surnamed Lu of posting ''jingri'' commentary and cartoons that were anti-China or that humiliated the Chinese people on foreign websites, and of disseminating anti-China, pro-''jingri'' ideas towards Chinese youth in order to draw them into an illegal organization that he established online. Lu was arrested by police while returning from Japan. Police in
Huainan Huainan () is a prefecture-level city with 3,033,528 inhabitants as of the 2020 census in north-central Anhui province, China. It is named for the Han-era Principality of Huainan. It borders the provincial capital of Hefei to the south, Lu'a ...
, Anhui Province claimed that a 22-year-old local female resident, Zhang Dongning, had made a series of cartoons consisting of more than 300 panels that mocked the Chinese people, depicting them with pig heads. According to police, Zhang Dongning had an interest in Japanese manga and very much adored Japanese culture, displaying clear ''jingri'' and anti-China tendencies. Zhang had made contact online with Lu and began making the cartoons for Lu to publish online. Zhang Dongning was arrested in May 2019. Police in
Susong County Susong County () is a county in the southwest of Anhui Province, situated on the northwest (left) bank of the Yangtze, bordering the provinces of Hubei to the west and Jiangxi to the south. It is located in the southwest of the jurisdiction of the ...
, Anhui indicated that individuals holding
Laizhou Laizhou, alternately romanized as Laichow, is a county-level city in the Prefecture-level city of Yantai, Shandong Province, China. As of 2008, Laizhou had a population of 902,000, out of which 188,000 are urban residents. Laizhou traditionally ...
, Jiangxi residency surnamed Ye, Xu, Liu, and Liao had sold illegally-obtained personal information to ''jingri''s. The four were arrested in October 2018 and sentenced in March 2019. Police in
Wuhan Wuhan (, ; ; ) is the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China. It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China, with a population of over eleven million, the ninth-most populous Chinese city an ...
and
Yichang Yichang (), alternatively romanized as Ichang, is a prefecture-level city located in western Hubei province, China. It is the third largest city in the province after the capital, Wuhan and the prefecture-level city Xiangyang, by urban populati ...
, Hubei indicated that an arrest has been approved for a 24-year-old man surnamed Zhang because he had posted reactionary rumours and personal information; used the internet to violently intimidate others; and stirred up ethnic hatred and besmirched the national image. A 17-year-old surnamed Li only received a reprimand due to admitting his mistakes with a good attitude and offering up information about crimes committed by other ''jingri'' individuals. Police in
Fancheng District Fancheng is a District (PRC), district of the city of Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China. History Fancheng, or Fan City, was an ancient city in Hubei, situated on the northern side of the Han River (Hanshui), Han River, opposite Xia ...
, Hubei indicated that a netizen surnamed Zhang had colluded with anti-China ''jingri'' elements over social media; he was reported and received 7 days of administrative detention without trial. Police in
Jianli Jianli () is a county-level city of southern Hubei Province, China, located on the northern (left) bank of the Yangtze River and bordering Hunan Province to the south. It is under the administration of Jingzhou City. The character ''jian'' (/) ...
, Hubei indicated that a ''jingri'' surnamed Zhu had been formulating and spreading discourse online that "shames China" or "opposes China". Jianli Police state that after being reported and while under police investigation, Zhu, at his own volition, offered up information about other ''jingri'' individuals, deleted the harmful information that he had posted, and logged out of the relevant social networking accounts; he received a reprimand from police. Police in
Nanjing Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the second largest city in the East China region. T ...
, Jiangsu indicated that a 20-year-old Changshu resident surnamed Dai had stolen several hundred Weibo accounts and impersonated Mianyang Internet Police, was spreading commentary that was anti-China or disgraceful towards China, and had disseminated Japanese militarist ideas towards youth. Dai received administrative detention without trial.。 On September 29, 2019, a
Langzhong Langzhong (formerly known as Paoning) is a county-level city in northeastern Sichuan province, China, located on the middle reaches of the Jialing River. It is administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Nanchong. Langzhong has a total ...
, Sichuan man surnamed Qi whose
WeChat WeChat () is a Chinese instant messaging, social media, and mobile payment app developed by Tencent. First released in 2011, it became the world's largest standalone mobile app in 2018, with over 1 billion monthly active users. WeChat has b ...
username was "24K Chunshuai" (, 24K pure handsome) posted in a WeChat conversation about the movie
My People, My Country ''My People, My Country'' () is a 2019 Chinese anthology drama film, consisting of seven segments directed by seven directors, Chen Kaige, Zhang Yibai, Guan Hu, Xue Xiaolu, Xu Zheng, Ning Hao, and Wen Muye. It stars many of China's top actors, ...
() the words "My Great Japanese Empire and I". He also, on numerous occasions, expressed controversial commentary about the military parades held for the 70th anniversary of the foundation of the
People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
and was criticized and reported by other WeChat users. At dawn on September 30, Langzhong Police placed Qi under administrative detention lasting 7 days in accordance with section 26 of the ''Public Security Administration Punishments Law of the People's Republic of China''.


Reactions


Official

The Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party, as well as media outlets affiliated with them, have made statements defining the ''jingri'' phenomenon, delineating ''jingri'' from what they perceive to be a healthy appreciation for foreign cultures, and condemning those they see as ''jingri''. The government and Party have also implemented and proposed legal measures in the name of combatting the ''jingri'' phenomenon. The Communist Youth League of China has indicated that "appreciating the excellent cultures outside of the country does not stop us from passionately loving our own country!" and that merely enjoying Japanese manga and animation, eating
Japanese cuisine Japanese cuisine encompasses the regional and traditional foods of Japan, which have developed through centuries of political, economic, and social changes. The traditional cuisine of Japan (Japanese: ) is based on rice with miso soup and oth ...
and loving Japanese culture does not make a person ''jingri''. Instead, ''Jingri'' are those who display a clear passion for
Japanese militarism refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan which advocates the belief that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation. Histo ...
, elevating it above their love for their own culture, and thereby disrespect or humiliate their own country. According to a commentator for the ''Frontline'' magazine, the magazine of the Communist Party Committee of Beijing, ''jingri'' differ in their actions and motives, expressing their tendencies in different ways. The crux of the ''jingri'' phenomenon, according to the commentator, is a distorted view of history rooted in
historical nihilism Historical nihilism ( zh, s=历史虚无主义, p=Lìshǐ xūwú zhǔyì) is a term used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and some scholars in China to describe research, discussions, or viewpoints that contradict its official version of histor ...
. The commentator further indicates that ''jingri'' elements in society blindly worship Japan, defend the criminal acts Japan has committed in invading other countries, express commentary that damages "national feelings", and fabricate history in favour of their ideological goals. According to the Communist Party newspaper ''
Global Times The ''Global Times'' () is a daily tabloid newspaper under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party's flagship newspaper, the '' People's Daily'', commenting on international issues from a Chinese ultra-nationalistic perspective. The pub ...
'', ''jingri'' are "hiding among us", with ''jingri'' groups being found on QQ and
Baidu Tieba Baidu Tieba () is a Chinese online forum hosted by the Chinese web services company Baidu. Baidu Tieba was established on December 3, 2003 as an online community that heavily integrates Baidu's search engine. Users may search for a topic of i ...
. Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China Wang Yi indicated on March 8, 2018, that ''jingri'' are "failures of Chinese people". At the same time, 38 artists who were members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, including Zhang Kaili and
Jackie Chan Fang Shilong (born 7 April 1954), known professionally in English as Jackie Chan and in Chinese as Cheng Long ( zh, c=成龍, j=Sing4 Lung4; "becoming the dragon"), is a Hong Kong actor, filmmaker, martial artist, and stuntman known for ...
, jointly submitted a proposal relating to "the drafting of the Law on the Protection of National Prestige and National Dignity" that would make ''jingri'' activities punishable under criminal law. At the second meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress on April 27, 2018, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs was passed unanimously. The law implements legal protections for those designated as heroes or martyrs, and has provisions relating to combatting "''jingri'' elements". It prohibits distortion, vilification, and denial of the legacy and spirit of those designated heroes and martyrs, as well as disrespect and slander thereof. On August 28, at the fifth meeting of the 16th National People's Congress's Standing Committee, the ''Provisions on Protecting State-led Public Veneration in the City of Nanjing (Draft)'' were submitted for review. The ''Provisions'' forbid any organization or individual from distorting or denying the historical truths of the Nanjing Massacre; from disgracing or slandering the victims and survivors of the massacre and the soldiers who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War; and from formulating or disseminating speech or information that damages national and ethnic dignity or damages the feelings of the people. It is also forbidden to use World War II-era Japanese military uniforms, symbols, or related props to pose for photographs or videos on sites such as public places of commemoration or to use the internet to publicly disseminate such images to extol or whitewash the war and invasion. No organization or individual may violate the rights that Nanking Massacre victims and survivors have relating to their names, likeness, reputation, honour, or other legal rights. Under the ''Provisions'', those in violation would incur legal responsibility.


Critical

Both those who have judged the Japanese invasion of China in World War Two approvingly and those who have merely expressed admiration for modern Japanese culture have been labelled ''jingri'' and have received online harassment, public condemnations,
doxxing Doxing or doxxing is the act of publicly providing personally identifiable information about an individual or organization, usually via the internet. Historically, the term has been used interchangeably to refer to both the aggregation of this in ...
, and even physical assault. Among them, some important figures have had the
Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil ...
revoke their party membership and have been named in strongly-worded condemnations disseminated on state media. The Tian Guiliang incident involved Party members and other individuals. At first, the concept of ''jingri'' was poorly delineated. Some in the Chinese public called for full-scale opposition towards Japan, in which those who went to Japan as tourists or who looked up to Japanese celebrities would be targeted by nationalists in attacks reminiscent of
Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. Its stated goa ...
-style struggle sessions. The occurrence of such incidents attracted the attention of foreign media and the Chinese Communist Party.睇日本動漫是否「精日」分子?共青團這樣解釋......
星島日報. 2018年03月12日.
Hong Kong dissident newspaper ''
Apple Daily ''Apple Daily'' ( zh, link=no, 蘋果日報) was a popular tabloid published in Hong Kong from 1995 to 2021. Founded by Jimmy Lai, it was one of the best-selling Chinese language newspapers in Hong Kong.
'' indicated that the Anti-Japanese demonstrations of 2010 were harming China without affecting Japan. Japanese media personality Shizuhito Musashino indicated that in turning the phrase ''spiritually Japanese'' into a smear, the government of Mainland China is intentionally matching up "Japanese" to the Imperial Japan of the Second World War, rather than post-war Japan. According to Musashino, this indicates an inability on the part of the Chinese mainland to come to a fair understanding of a post-war Japan that has achieved freedom and democratization. To Musashino, the condemnation of ''jingri'' on the Chinese mainland in fact betrays a lack of national self-esteem. Musashino believes that a more accurate definition for ''jingri'' would be "people whose sentimental attachment or sense of belonging towards Japan exceeds that which they hold towards their motherland of China"; in other words, they are "Chinese people who love Japan very much." They have either visited Japan in real life or been exposed to authentic expressions of Japanese culture, including animation, video games, and soap operas, and therefore feel distaste towards the "anti-Japan education" promulgated on the Chinese mainland. Musashino noted that in his interviews with Chinese people self-identifying as ''jingri'', said people also expressed opposition to the act of wearing Japanese military costumes to Chinese World War Two memorials. Musashino holds that it is not wrong to choose Japan as a spiritual motherland, as everyone has the right to choose their favourite country. At the same time, he indicated that liking Japan and liking China are not mutually exclusive, and that the propagandization and smearing of ''jingri'' in Mainland China has affected good faith admirers of Japan, causing them to be afraid to express their views. According to Musashino, China should instead face the outside world with bravery and self esteem and choose the path of civilization and progress.


See also

*
Weeaboo Japanophilia is the philia of Japanese culture, people and history. In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is , with "" equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-' and "", meaning "Japan" (as in the word for Japan ). The term was first used as earl ...
*
Chinilpa ''Chinilpa'' ( ko, 친일파, lit. "pro-Japan faction") is a derogatory Korean language term that denotes ethnic Koreans who collaborated with Imperial Japan during the protectorate period of the Korean Empire from 1905 and its colonial rule in ...
* Hanjian * China-Japan relations * Japanese war crimes *
Race traitor Race traitor is a pejorative reference to a person who is perceived as supporting attitudes or positions thought to be against the supposed interests or well-being of that person's own race. The term is the source of the name of a quarterly magaz ...
*
Quisling ''Quisling'' (, ) is a term used in Scandinavian languages and in English meaning a citizen or politician of an occupied country who collaborates with an enemy occupying force – or more generally as a synonym for ''traitor''. The word ori ...
- Scandinavian and English equivalent *
Makapili The Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino (''Patriotic Association of Filipinos''), better known as the Makapili, was a militant group formed in the Philippines in December 8 1944 during World War II to give military aid to the Imperial Japanese Ar ...
– Filipino equivalent *
Uncle Tom Uncle Tom is the title character of Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel, '' Uncle Tom's Cabin''. The character was seen by many readers as a ground-breaking humanistic portrayal of a slave, one who uses nonresistance and gives his life to prot ...


References

{{China–Japan relations Political slurs for people Chinese words and phrases Anti-Japanese sentiment in China China–Japan relations