Jiaozhi (
standard Chinese,
pinyin: ''Jiāozhǐ''), or Giao Chỉ (Vietnamese), was a historical region ruled by various
Chinese dynasties, corresponding to present-day northern
Vietnam. The kingdom of
Nanyue
Nanyue (), was an ancient kingdom ruled by Chinese monarchs of the Zhao family that covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam. Nanyue was establishe ...
(204–111 BC) set up the Jiaozhi Commandery (;
Vietnamese: Quận Giao Chỉ,
Hán-Nôm: 郡交趾) an administrative division centered in the
Red River Delta that existed through Vietnam's
first and
second periods of Chinese rule. During the
Han dynasty, the
commandery was part of a province of the same name (later renamed to
Jiaozhou) that covered modern-day northern and central Vietnam as well as
Guangdong and
Guangxi in southern China. In 670 AD, Jiaozhi was absorbed into the
Annan Protectorate established by the
Tang dynasty. Afterwards, official use of the name Jiaozhi was superseded by "Annan" (Annam) and other
names of Vietnam
Throughout the history of Vietnam, many names were used in reference to Vietnam.
History
Throughout the history of Vietnam, official and unofficial names have been used in reference to the territory of Vietnam. Vietnam was called Văn Lang dur ...
, except during the brief
fourth period of Chinese rule when the
Ming dynasty administered Vietnam as the
Jiaozhi Province.
Name
Chinese chroniclers assigned various
folk etymologies
Folk etymology (also known as popular etymology, analogical reformation, reanalysis, morphological reanalysis or etymological reinterpretation) is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more famili ...
for the toponym.
*In
Book of Rites's subsection Royal Regulations, 交趾 was used to describe the physical characteristics of
Nanman - southern neighbours of the
Zhou, and 交趾 was translated as either "feet turned in towards each other" (
James Legge) or "toes... crossed" (James M. Hargett).
*
Book of Later Han
The ''Book of the Later Han'', also known as the ''History of the Later Han'' and by its Chinese name ''Hou Hanshu'' (), is one of the Twenty-Four Histories and covers the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE, a period known as the Late ...
also quoted the same passage from Book of Rites yet gave 交趾's etymology as: "
ccording totheir customs, men and women bathe in the same river; hence the appellation ''Jiāozhǐ''".
*
Tang period's encyclopedia
Tongdian
The ''Tongdian'' () is a Chinese institutional history and encyclopedia text. It covers a panoply of topics from high antiquity through the year 756, whereas a quarter of the book focuses on the Tang Dynasty. The book was written by Du You from 766 ...
also stated that: "The southernmost people
ave
''Alta Velocidad Española'' (''AVE'') is a service of high-speed rail in Spain operated by Renfe, the Spanish national railway company, at speeds of up to . As of December 2021, the Spanish high-speed rail network, on part of which the AVE ...
tattooed foreheads (題額) and intersecting toes (交趾);
ccording totheir customs, men and women bathe in the same river.
ytattooed foreheads (題額) it means they engrave their flesh with
blue/green dye;
ycrossed toes (交趾), it means that each foot's big toe is spread widely outwards and crosses one another when
personstands
ith feetside-by-side."
*
Song period's encyclopaedia
Taiping Yulan quoted
Ying Shao
Ying Shao (140–206), courtesy name Zhongyuan, was a Chinese politician, writer and historian who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty. He was an author of the '' Fengsu Tongyi'', an encyclopedic work about the folk customs and legends that exi ...
's "
Han Officials' Etiquettes" that "
Emperor Xiaowu leveled the
Hundred Yue
The Baiyue (, ), Hundred Yue, or simply Yue (; ), were various ethnic groups who inhabited the regions of East China, South China and Northern Vietnam during the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD. They were known for their short hair, b ...
in the South
..established Jiaozhi (交阯);
.. eoplestarted out in the North, then crossed (交 jiāo) at the South, for their descendants
hey laid theirbasis (jī 基) & foundation (zhǐ 阯)
here
Here is an adverb that means "in, on, or at this place". It may also refer to:
Software
* Here Technologies, a mapping company
* Here WeGo (formerly Here Maps), a mobile app and map website by Here
Television
* Here TV (formerly "here!"), a ...
.
According to
Michel Ferlus
Michel Ferlus (born 1935) is a French linguist whose special study is in the historical phonology of languages of Southeast Asia. In addition to phonological systems, he also studies writing systems, in particular the evolution of Indic scripts ...
, the Sino-Vietnamese ''Jiao'' in Jiāozhǐ (交趾), together with the ethnonym and autonym of the
Lao people
The Lao people are a Tai ethnic group native to Southeast Asia, who speak the eponymous language of the Kra–Dai languages. They are the majority ethnic group of Laos, making up 53.2% of the total population. The majority of Lao people adhere ...
(lǎo 獠), and the ethnonym
Gēlǎo (仡佬), a
Kra population scattered from
Guizhou (China) to North Vietnam, would have emerged from *k(ə)ra:w. The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæw ''kɛːw
A1'', a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory. In
Pupeo (
Kra branch), ''kew'' is used to name the
Tay (
Central Tai) of North Vietnam.
Frederic Pain proposes that *k(ə)ra:w means 'human being' and originates from
Austroasiatic
The Austroasiatic languages , , are a large language family in Mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. These languages are scattered throughout parts of Thailand, Laos, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nepal, and southern China and are th ...
: he further links it to a local root *trawʔ, which is associated with
taro, is ancestral to various Austroasiatic lexical items such as "Monic (Spoken Mon ''krao'' or Nyah-kur ''traw''), Palaungic (Tung-wa ''kraɷʔ'' or Sem ''klao''), or Katuic (Ong ''raw'' or Souei ''ʰraw'' < proto-Katuic *''craw'')", and possibly evoked "a particular (most probably tuber-based) cultivation practice used by small Mon-Khmer horticultural communities—as opposed to more complex and advanced cereal-growing (probably rice-based) societies"
Meanwhile, James Chamberlain claims that ''Jiao'' originated from a word also ancestral to
Lao, thus meaning Jiao & Lao are cognates. Chamberlain, like Joachim Schlesinger, claim that the Vietnamese language was not originally based in the area of the
Red River in what is now northern Vietnam. According to them, the Red River Delta region was originally inhabited by
Tai-
speakers. They claim that the area become Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD, or even as late as the tenth century, as a result of immigration from the south, i.e., modern
north-central Vietnam. According to
Han-
Tang records, east of Jiaozhi and the coast of
Guangdong,
Guangxi was populated by
Tai-Kadai speakers (whom Chinese contemporaries called ''Lǐ'' 俚 and ''Lǎo'' 獠). Catherine Churchman proposes that the Chinese character 獠 transliterated a native term and was shortened from older two-character combinations (which were used transcribe the endonym's initial consonantal cluster); noting that the older two-character combinations 鳩獠 ''Qiūlǎo'' , 狐獠 ''Húlǎo'', and 屈獠 ''Qūlǎo'' had been pronounced *''kɔ-lawʔ'', *''ɣɔ-lawʔ'', and *''kʰut-lawʔ'' respectively in
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the ''Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The Sw ...
, she reconstructs the endonym *''klao'', which is either related to the word ''klao'', meaning "person", in the
Kra languages
The Kra languages (also known as the Geyang 仡央 or Kadai languages) are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in southern China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan) and in northern Vietnam (Hà Giang Province).
Names
The name ''Kra'' comes ...
, or is a compound, meaning "our people", of prefix ''k-'' for "people" and
Proto-Tai
Proto-Tai is the reconstructed proto-language (common ancestor) of all the Tai languages, including modern Lao, Shan, Tai Lü, Tai Dam, Ahom, Northern Thai, Standard Thai, Bouyei, and Zhuang. The Proto-Tai language is not directly atteste ...
first person plural pronoun *''rəu'' "we, us". Even so, Michael Churchman acknowledged that "The absence of records of large-scale population shifts indicates that there was a fairly stable group of people in Jiaozhi throughout the Han–Tang period who spoke Austroasiatic languages ancestral to modern Vietnamese."
Jiaozhi, pronounced ' in the
Malay, became the ' of the
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
traders , who so named it to distinguish it from the
city and the
Kingdom of Cochin in India, their first headquarters in the
Malabar Coast. It was subsequently called "
Cochinchina
Cochinchina or Cochin-China (, ; vi, Đàng Trong (17th century - 18th century, Việt Nam (1802-1831), Đại Nam (1831-1862), Nam Kỳ (1862-1945); km, កូសាំងស៊ីន, Kosăngsin; french: Cochinchine; ) is a historical exony ...
".
History
Early Mentions
Numerous Chinese sources, dated to the
Spring & Autumn and
Warring States periods, mentioned a place called ''Jiao(zhi)'' to the south of
Ancient China
The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding. Ancient historical texts such as the ''Book of Documents'' (early chapter ...
. Book of Rites is the earliest extant source to associate the name Jiaozhi with the
Nanman. However, Vietnamese historian
Đào Duy Anh
Đào Duy Anh (25 April 1904 – 1 April 1988) was a Vietnamese historian and lexicographer. He was born in Thanh Oai, Hà Tây, now, Hà Nội. He was one of the writers associated with the Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm movement. He was the gener ...
locates Jiaozhi (which was mentioned in ancient texts) only south of Mount Heng (衡山) (aka 霍山 Mount Huo or 天柱山
Mount Tianzhu), within the lower part of
Yangtze
The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest river in Asia, the third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains (Tibetan Plateau) and flows ...
's drainage basin, and nowhere farther than today
Anhui province
Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze Riv ...
in China (i.e. not in today
northern Vietnam); accordingly, Đào defines ''Jiao(zhi)'' as "lands in the south which bordered
ncient Chinese'sterritories".
Van Lang
The native state of
Văn Lang is not well attested, but much later sources name as one of the realm's districts ('). Its territory purportedly comprised present-day
Hanoi and the land on the right bank of the
Red River. According to tradition, the
Hung kings
Hung may refer to:
People
* Hung (surname), various Chinese surnames
* Hùng king, a king of Vietnam
People with the given name Hung include:
* Hung Huynh, Vietnamese-American chef, winner of the third season of the television show ''Top Chef' ...
directly ruled Mê Linh while other areas were ruled by dependent Lac lords. The Van Lang kingdom fell to the
Âu under prince
Thục Phán around 258 BC.
Âu Lạc
Thục Phán established his capital at
Co Loa in Hanoi's
Dong Anh district
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
. The citadel was taken around 208 BC by the
Qin general
Zhao Tuo.
Nanyue
Zhao Tuo declared his independent kingdom of
Nanyue
Nanyue (), was an ancient kingdom ruled by Chinese monarchs of the Zhao family that covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam. Nanyue was establishe ...
in 204 and organized his Vietnamese territory as the two
commanderies
In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived.Anthony Luttrell and G ...
of Jiaozhi and
Jiuzhen (; present-day
Thanh Hóa,
Nghệ An, and
Hà Tĩnh). Following a native coup that killed the Zhao king and his
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...
mother, the Han launched
two invasions in 112 and 111 BC that razed the Nanyue capital at
Panyu (
Guangzhou). When Han dynasty conquered
Nanyue
Nanyue (), was an ancient kingdom ruled by Chinese monarchs of the Zhao family that covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam. Nanyue was establishe ...
in 111 BC, the Han court divided it into 9 commanderies, one commandery called Jiaozhi was the center of Han administration and government for all 9 areas. Because of this, the entire areas of 9 commanderies was sometime called Jiaozhi. From Han to Tang, the names Jiaozhi and Jiao county at least was used for a part of the Han-era Jiaozhi. In 670, Jiaozhi was absorbed into a larger administrative called Annan (Pacified South). After this, the name Jiaozhi was applied for the
Red River Delta and most or all of northern Vietnam (Tonkin).
Han dynasty
The
Han dynasty received the submission of the Nanyue commanders in Jiaozhi and
Jiuzhen, confirming them in their posts and ushering in the "
First Era of Northern Domination" in
Vietnamese history
The history of Vietnam can be traced back to around 20,000 years ago, as the first modern humans arrived and settled on this land, known as the Hoabinhians, which can be traced to modern-day Negritos. Archaeological findings from 1965, which are ...
. These
commanderies
In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived.Anthony Luttrell and G ...
were headed by
grand administrator
A jùn (郡) was a historical administrative division of China from the Eastern Zhou (c. 7th century BCE) until the early Tang dynasty (c. 7th century CE). It is usually translated as a commandery.
Countries around Chi ...
s (''taishou'') who were later overseen by the inspectors (, ''cishi'') of
Jiaozhou or ('), the first of whom was
Shi Dai.
Under the Han, the political center of the former Nanyue lands was moved from Panyu (
Guangzhou) south to Jiaozhi. The capital of Jiaozhi was first Mê Linh (Miling) (within modern
Hanoi's
Me Linh district
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
) and then
Luy Lâu, within
Bac Ninh's
Thuan Thanh district
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
. According to the ''
Book of Han
The ''Book of Han'' or ''History of the Former Han'' (Qián Hàn Shū,《前汉书》) is a history of China finished in 111AD, covering the Western, or Former Han dynasty from the first emperor in 206 BCE to the fall of Wang Mang in 23 CE. I ...
''’s "Treatise on Geography", Jiaozhi contained 10
counties:
Leilou (羸𨻻), Anding (安定), Goulou (苟屚), Miling (麊泠), Quyang (曲昜), Beidai (北帶), Jixu (稽徐), Xiyu (西于),
Longbian (龍編), and Zhugou (朱覯).
Đào Duy Anh
Đào Duy Anh (25 April 1904 – 1 April 1988) was a Vietnamese historian and lexicographer. He was born in Thanh Oai, Hà Tây, now, Hà Nội. He was one of the writers associated with the Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm movement. He was the gener ...
stated that Jiaozhi's territory contained all of
Tonkin
Tonkin, also spelled ''Tongkin'', ''Tonquin'' or ''Tongking'', is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain '' Đàng Ngoài'' under Trịnh lords' control, includ ...
, excluding the regions upstream of the
Black River and
Ma River.
Southwestern
Guangxi was also part of Jiaozhi.
[''Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời'', Văn hóa Thông tin publisher, 2005] The southwest area of present-day
Ninh Bình
Ninh Bình () is a small city in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. It is the capital of Ninh Bình Province.
Geography
Ninh Bình Province is located in northern Vietnam comprising 48 square kilometres; the 2007 city population was 130,51 ...
was the border of Jiuzhen. Later, the Han dynasty created another commandery named
Rinan
Rinan (; vi, Nhật Nam), also rendered as Jih-nan, was the southernmost commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty. It was located in the central area of modern-day Vietnam between Quảng Bình and Bình Định provinces. It was administered by ...
(') located south of Jiuzhen, stretching from the
Ngang Pass
The Ngang Pass ( vi, Đèo Ngang, , literally "Transverse Mountain Pass") is a mountain pass on the border of the provinces of Quảng Bình and Hà Tĩnh, in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. National Route 1 crosses it as it traverses the H ...
to
Quảng Nam Province.
One of the Grand Administrators of Jiaozhi was
Su Ding. In AD 39, two sisters
Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị who were daughters of the Lac lord of Mê Linh, led an
uprising
Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It refers to the open resistance against the orders of an established authority.
A rebellion originates from a sentiment of indignation and disapproval of a situation and ...
that quickly spread to an area stretching approximate modern-day Vietnam (Jiaozhi,
Jiuzhen,
Hepu
Hepu (), alternately romanized as Hoppo, Hopu or Hop'u, is a county under the administration of Beihai City in southeastern Guangxi, China. It borders Lianjiang (Guangdong) to the southeast, Bobai County to the northeast, the Gulf of Tonkin to t ...
and
Rinan
Rinan (; vi, Nhật Nam), also rendered as Jih-nan, was the southernmost commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty. It was located in the central area of modern-day Vietnam between Quảng Bình and Bình Định provinces. It was administered by ...
), forcing Su Ding and the Han army to flee. All of Lac lords submitted to Trưng Trắc and crowned her Queen. In AD 42 the Han empire struck back by sending an reconquest expedition led by
Ma Yuan.
Copper columns of Ma Yuan
Copper columns of Ma Yuan ( vi, Cột đồng Mã Viện) were a pair of copper columns erected by General Ma Yuan of Han China after his suppression of the Trung sisters' rebellion in 43 AD. The columns stood at southern frontier of Tượng Lâ ...
was supposedly erected by Ma Yuan after he had suppressed the uprising of the
Trưng Sisters in AD 44. Ma Yuan followed his conquest with a brutal course of assimilation, destroying the natives'
bronze drums in order to build the column, on which the inscription "If this bronze column collapses, Jiaozhi will be destroyed" was carved, at the edge of the Chinese empire. Following the defeat of Trưng sisters, thousands of Chinese immigrants (mostly soldiers) arrived and settled in Jiaozhi, adopted surname Ma, and married with local
Lac Viet girls, began the developing of Han-Viet ruling class while local Lac ruling-class families who had submitted to Ma Yuan were used as local functionaries in Han administration and were natural participants in the intermarriage process.
In 100,
Cham people
The Cham ( Cham: ''Čaṃ'') or Champa people ( Cham: , ''Urang Campa''; vi, Người Chăm or ; km, ជនជាតិចាម, ) are an Austronesian ethnic group. From the 2nd century to 1832 the Cham populated Champa, a contiguous territ ...
in Xianglin county (near modern-day
Huế) revolted against the Han rule due to high taxes. The Cham plundered and burned down the Han centers. The Han respond by putting down the rebellion, executed their leaders and granting Xianglin a two year tax respite. In 136 and 144, Cham people again launched another two rebellions which provoked mutinies in the Imperial army from Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen, then rebellion in Jiaozhi. The governor of Jiaozhi, according to Kiernan, "lured them to surrender" with "enticing words."
In 115, the Wuhu Li of
Cangwu
Cangwu County (; Zhuang: ') is a county in eastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, bordering Guangdong province to the east. It is under the administration of Wuzhou
Wuzhou (, postal: Wuchow; za, Ngouzcouh / Ŋouƨcouƅ), formerly N ...
district revolted against the Han. In the following year, thousand of rebels from Yulin and Hepu besieged Cangwu.
Empress Dowager Deng decided to avoid conflict and instead sent attendant censor Ren Chuo with a proclamation to grant them amnesty.
In 157, Lac leader
Chu Đạt
Chu Đạt (朱達, ?–160) was the leader of a rebellion in Cuu Chan, which made attacks against the repression of Eastern Han
The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25 ...
in Jiuzhen attacked and killed the Chinese magistrate, then marched north with an army of four to five thousand. The governor of Jiuzhen, Ni Shi, was killed. The Han general of Jiuzhen, Wei Lang, gathered an army and defeated Chu Đạt, beheading 2,000 rebels.
In 159 and 161, Indian merchants arrived Jiaozhi and paid tributes to the Han government.
In 166, a Roman trade mission arrived Jiaozhi, bringing tributes to the Han, which "were likely bought from local markets" of Rinan and Jiaozhi.
In 178, Wuhu people under
Liang Long sparked a revolt against the Han in
Hepu
Hepu (), alternately romanized as Hoppo, Hopu or Hop'u, is a county under the administration of Beihai City in southeastern Guangxi, China. It borders Lianjiang (Guangdong) to the southeast, Bobai County to the northeast, the Gulf of Tonkin to t ...
and Jiaozhi. Liang Long spread his revolt to all northern Vietnam,
Guangxi and central Vietnam as well, attracting all non-Chinese ethnic groups in Jiaozhi to join. In 181, the Han empire sent general Chu Chuan to deal with the revolt. In June 181 Liang Long was captured and beheaded, and his rebellion was suppressed.
In 192,
Cham people
The Cham ( Cham: ''Čaṃ'') or Champa people ( Cham: , ''Urang Campa''; vi, Người Chăm or ; km, ជនជាតិចាម, ) are an Austronesian ethnic group. From the 2nd century to 1832 the Cham populated Champa, a contiguous territ ...
in Xianglin county led by
Khu Liên successful revolted against the Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the independent kingdom of
Lâm Ấp.
Jiaozhi emerged as the economic center of gravity on the southern coast of the Han empire. In 2 AD, the region reported four times as many households as
Nanhai Nanhai () may refer to:
*''Nanhai'', the Chinese name for the South China Sea, one of the Four Seas
*Nanhai Commandery, the former Chinese administration over Liangguang
*''Nanhai'', the Chinese name for the South China Sea Islands
*The '' Nanhai I ...
(modern Guangdong), while its population density is estimated to be 9.6 times larger than that of Guangdong. Jiaozhi was a key supplier of rice and produced prized handicrafts and natural resources. The region's location was highly favorable to trade. Well connected to central China via the
Ling Canal, it formed the nearest connection between the Han court and the
Maritime Silk Road
The Maritime Silk Road or Maritime Silk Route is the maritime section of the historic Silk Road that connected Southeast Asia, China, the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian peninsula, Somalia, Egypt and Europe. It began by the 2nd century BCE and ...
.
By the end of the second century AD,
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
(brought from India via sea by Indian Buddhists centuries earlier) had become the most common religion of Jiaozhi.
Three Kingdoms
During the
Three Kingdoms period
Period may refer to:
Common uses
* Era, a length or span of time
* Full stop (or period), a punctuation mark
Arts, entertainment, and media
* Period (music), a concept in musical composition
* Periodic sentence (or rhetorical period), a concept ...
, Jiaozhi was administered from
Longbian (') by
Shi Xie
Shi Xie () (137–226), courtesy name Weiyan, also rendered as Sĩ Nhiếp in Vietnamese, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. He served as th ...
on behalf of the
Wu. This family controlled several surrounding commanderies, but upon the headman's death
Guangzhou was formed as a separate province from northeastern
Jiaozhou and Shi Xie's son attempted to usurp his father's appointed replacement. In retaliation,
Sun Quan executed the son and all his brothers and demoted the remainder of the family to common status.
Ming dynasty
During the
Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam, the
Ming dynasty revived the historical name Jiaozhi and created the
Jiaozhi Province in northern Vietnam. After repelling the Ming forces,
Lê Lợi dismissed all former administrative structure and divided the nation into 5 ''dao''. Thus, Giao Chỉ and Giao Châu have never been names of official administrative units ever since.
Sino-Roman contact
In 166 CE An-tun (
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) of the state of
Ta Ch'in sent missinaries from beyond
Rinan
Rinan (; vi, Nhật Nam), also rendered as Jih-nan, was the southernmost commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty. It was located in the central area of modern-day Vietnam between Quảng Bình and Bình Định provinces. It was administered by ...
to offer present of ivory, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise to the Han court. Hou Han shu records:
In the ninth Yanxi year D 166 during the reign of Emperor Huan, the king of Da Qin
Daqin (; alternative transliterations include Tachin, Tai-Ch'in) is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire or, depending on context, the Near East, especially Syria. It literally means "great Qin"; Qin () being the name of the founding dyn ...
he Roman Empire Andun ( Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 161–180), sent envoys from beyond the frontiers through Rinan... During the reign of Emperor He D 89–105 they sent several envoys carrying tribute and offerings. Later, the Western Regions rebelled, and these relations were interrupted. Then, during the second and the fourth Yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan D 159 and 161 and frequently since, heseforeigners have arrived y seaat the frontiers of Rinan ommandery in modern central Vietnamto present offerings.
The ''
Book of Liang
The ''Book of Liang'' (''Liáng Shū''), was compiled under Yao Silian and completed in 635. Yao heavily relied on an original manuscript by his father Yao Cha, which has not independently survived, although Yao Cha's comments are quoted in sev ...
'' states:
The merchants of this country he Roman Empirefrequently visit Funan n_the_Mekong_delta.html"_;"title="Mekong.html"_;"title="n_the_Mekong">n_the_Mekong_delta">Mekong.html"_;"title="n_the_Mekong">n_the_Mekong_delta_Rinan_(Annam_(Chinese_province).html" ;"title="Mekong">n_the_Mekong_delta.html" ;"title="Mekong.html" ;"title="n the Mekong">n the Mekong delta">Mekong.html" ;"title="n the Mekong">n the Mekong delta Rinan (Annam (Chinese province)">Annam) and Jiaozhi [in the Red River Delta near modern Hanoi]; but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Da Qin. During the 5th year of the Huangwu period of the reign of Sun Quan [AD 226] a merchant of Da Qin, whose name was Qin Lun came to Jiaozhi onkin the prefect 'taishou''of Jiaozhi, Wu Miao, sent him to Sun Quan he Wu emperor who asked him for a report on his native country and its people."
The capital of Jiaozhi was proposed by
Ferdinand von Richthofen
Baron Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen (5 May 18336 October 1905), better known in English as was a German traveller, geographer, and scientist. He is noted for coining the terms "Seidenstraße" and "Seidenstraßen" = "Silk Road(s)" or "Silk ...
in 1877 to have been the port known to the geographer
Ptolemy and the Romans as
Kattigara, situated near modern
Hanoi. Richthofen's view was widely accepted until archaeology at
Óc Eo in the
Mekong Delta suggested that site may have been its location. Kattigara seems to have been the main port of call for ships traveling to China from the West in the first few centuries AD, before being replaced by
Guangdong.
[Hill 2004 - see]
and Appendix: F.
In terms of archaeological finds, a
Roman Republic, Republican-era
Roman glass
Roman glass objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts. Glass was used primarily for the production of vessels, although mosaic tiles and window glass were also produced. Roman glass productio ...
ware has been found at a
Western Han
The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a wa ...
tomb in
Guangzhou along the
South China Sea, dated to the early 1st century BC. In addition, from a site near the
Red River in the northern Vietnamese province of
Lao Cai __NOTOC__
Lao may refer to:
Laos
* Something of, from, or related to Laos, a country in Southeast Asia
* Lao people (people from Laos, or of Lao descent)
* The Lao language
* Lao script, the writing system used to write the Lao language
** Lao ...
(borders with
Yunnan), a glass bowl dated from late first century BC to early first century AD was recovered along with 40 ancient artifacts including seven
Heger type I drums. At Óc Eo, then part of the
Kingdom of Funan near Jiaozhi, Roman golden medallions made during the reign of
Antoninus Pius and his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found. This may have been the port city of Kattigara
described by Ptolemy, laying beyond the
Golden Chersonese
The Golden Chersonese or Golden Khersonese ( grc, Χρυσῆ Χερσόνησος, ''Chrysḗ Chersónēsos''; la, Chersonesus Aurea), meaning the Golden Peninsula, was the name used for the Malay Peninsula by Greek and Roman geographers in cl ...
(i.e.
Malay Peninsula).
Notes
See also
*
Kang Senghui, a Buddhist monk of
Sogdian origin who lived in Jiaozhi during the 3rd century
*
Tonkin
Tonkin, also spelled ''Tongkin'', ''Tonquin'' or ''Tongking'', is an exonym referring to the northern region of Vietnam. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this term referred to the domain '' Đàng Ngoài'' under Trịnh lords' control, includ ...
, an exonym for northern Vietnam, approximately identical to the Jiaozhi region
*
Cochinchina
Cochinchina or Cochin-China (, ; vi, Đàng Trong (17th century - 18th century, Việt Nam (1802-1831), Đại Nam (1831-1862), Nam Kỳ (1862-1945); km, កូសាំងស៊ីន, Kosăngsin; french: Cochinchine; ) is a historical exony ...
, an exonym for (southern) Vietnam, yet cognate with the term Jiaozhi
References
Sources
Articles
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Books
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* Zürcher, Erik (2002): "Tidings from the South, Chinese Court Buddhism and Overseas Relations in the Fifth Century AD." Erik Zürcher in: ''A Life Journey to the East. Sinological Studies in Memory of Giuliano Bertuccioli (1923-2001)''. Edited by Antonio Forte and Federico Masini. Italian School of East Asian Studies. Kyoto. Essays: Volume 2, pp. 21–43.
External links
"The Southern Silk Roads" on Silk Roads Programme
{{coord missing, Vietnam
Populated places along the Silk Road
History of Vietnam
Regions of Vietnam
Historical regions of China
Former commanderies of China in Vietnam
Commanderies of the Han dynasty
Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (266–420)
Commanderies of the Southern dynasties
Commanderies of the Sui dynasty