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Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais (12 March 175313 January 1827), was a French
politician
A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking, ...
,
lawyer
A lawyer is a person who practices law. The role of a lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions. A lawyer can be classified as an advocate, attorney, barrister, canon lawyer, civil law notary, counsel, counselor, solicit ...
, jurist,
journalist
A journalist is an individual that collects/gathers information in form of text, audio, or pictures, processes them into a news-worthy form, and disseminates it to the public. The act or process mainly done by the journalist is called journalis ...
, and
historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the st ...
.
Biography
Early career
Born in
Rennes
Rennes (; br, Roazhon ; Gallo: ''Resnn''; ) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the prefecture of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine departme ...
(
Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine (; br, Il-ha-Gwilen) is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country. It is named after the two rivers of the Ille and the Vilaine. It had a population of 1,079,498 in 2019. ), Lanjuinais, after a brilliant college career, which made him
doctor
Doctor or The Doctor may refer to:
Personal titles
* Doctor (title), the holder of an accredited academic degree
* A medical practitioner, including:
** Physician
** Surgeon
** Dentist
** Veterinary physician
** Optometrist
*Other roles
** ...
of laws and a qualified
barrister
A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching law and givin ...
at nineteen, was appointed counsel to the
Breton Estates
Estate or The Estate may refer to:
Law
* Estate (law), a term in common law for a person's property, entitlements and obligations
* Estates of the realm, a broad social category in the histories of certain countries.
** The Estates, representati ...
and, in 1775, professor of
ecclesiastical law
Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is t ...
in Rennes. At this period he wrote two important works which, owing to the distracted state of public affairs, remained unpublished, ''Institutiones juris ecciesiastici'' and ''Praelectiones juris ecclesiastici''.
He had begun his career at the bar by pleading against the ''droit du colombier'' (feudal monopoly on
dovecote
A dovecote or dovecot , doocot ( Scots) or columbarium is a structure intended to house pigeons or doves. Dovecotes may be free-standing structures in a variety of shapes, or built into the end of a house or barn. They generally contain pige ...
s), and when he was sent by his fellow-citizens to the
Estates-General of 1789
The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom o ...
he demanded the
abolition of nobility and the substitution of the
Royal title
Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke ...
''king of the
French and the Navarrese'' for ''king of France and
Navarre
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
'', and helped to establish the ''
Civil Constitution of the Clergy''.
On 7 November 1789, he requested that the ministers not be members of Parliament at the same time. Since the regulation found a majority, he was able to prevent an increase in
Mirabeau's power that sought to take over a ministerial post.
[ Otto Flake, '' The French Revolution '', 1932]
Convention and clandestinity
Elected to the
National Convention
The National Convention (french: link=no, Convention nationale) was the parliament of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for the rest of its existence during the French Revolution, following the two-year Nation ...
in September 1792, he developed moderate, even
reactionary
In political science, a reactionary or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the '' status quo ante'', the previous political state of society, which that person believes possessed positive characteristics abs ...
views, becoming one of the fiercest opponents of
Montagnards
Montagnard (''of the mountain'' or ''mountain dweller'') may refer to:
*Montagnard (French Revolution), members of The Mountain (''La Montagne''), a political group during the French Revolution (1790s)
** Montagnard (1848 revolution), members of th ...
- although he never wavered in his support for the
French Republic
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. He refused to vote for the death of
Louis XVI
Louis XVI (''Louis-Auguste''; ; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as ''Citizen Louis Capet'' during the four months just before he was ...
, alleging that the nation had no right to despatch a vanquished prisoner.
His daily attacks on The Mountain resulted, on 15 April 1793, in a demand by the
Paris Commune
The Paris Commune (french: Commune de Paris, ) was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, the capital of France, from 18 March to 28 May 1871.
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard had defende ...
for his exclusion from the assembly, but Lanjuinais remained implacable - when the
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...
ian populace under
François Hanriot invaded the convention on 2 June, he renewed his defiance of the victorious party. Placed under arrest with the
Girondists, he escaped to Rennes where he drew up a
pamphlet
A pamphlet is an unbound book (that is, without a hard cover or binding). Pamphlets may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called a ''leaflet'' or it may consist of a ...
denouncing the
Montagnard Constitution under the curious title ''Le Dernier Crime de Lanjuinais'' ("The Latest Crime of Lanjuinais", Rennes, 1793). Pursued by
Jean-Baptiste Carrier, who was sent to stamp out resistance in the west, he lay hidden until some time after the outbreak of the
Thermidorian Reaction
The Thermidorian Reaction (french: Réaction thermidorienne or ''Convention thermidorienne'', "Thermidorian Convention") is the common term, in the historiography of the French Revolution, for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespie ...
(July 1794), but he was readmitted to the convention on 8 March 1795.
Later career
He maintained his
liberal and independent attitude in the
Council of Ancients of the
French Directory
The Directory (also called Directorate, ) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced b ...
, the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
of the
Consulate
A consulate is the office of a consul. A type of diplomatic mission, it is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country (host state), usually an embassy (or, only between two Commonwealth co ...
and
First Empire First Empire may refer to:
*First British Empire, sometimes used to describe the British Empire between 1583 and 1783
*First Bulgarian Empire (680–1018)
*First French Empire (1804–1814/1815)
* First German Empire or "First Reich", sometimes use ...
, and the
Chamber of Peers, being president of the upper house during the
Hundred Days
The Hundred Days (french: les Cent-Jours ), also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoratio ...
. Together with
Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target,
Joseph-Marie Portalis and others he founded under the Empire an academy of legislation in Paris, and lectured on
Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the '' Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor J ...
.
Closely associated with
oriental scholars, and a keen student of oriental religions, he entered the
Académie des Inscriptions
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...
in 1808. After the
Bourbon Restoration Bourbon Restoration may refer to:
France under the House of Bourbon:
* Bourbon Restoration in France (1814, after the French revolution and Napoleonic era, until 1830; interrupted by the Hundred Days in 1815)
Spain under the Spanish Bourbons:
* Ab ...
, Lanjuinais consistently defended the principles of
constitutional monarchy
A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies dif ...
, but most of his time was given to religious and political subjects. He was President of the
Chamber of Representatives from 4 June to 13 July 1815. Comte Lanjuinans died in Paris.
Works
Besides many contributions to periodical literature he wrote, among other works:
*''Constitutions de la Nation française'' (1819)
*''Appréciation du projet de loi relatif aux trois concordats'' (1806, 6th ed. 1827) - a defence of
Gallicanism
Gallicanism is the belief that popular civil authority—often represented by the monarch's or the state's authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the Pope. Gallicanism is a rejection of ultramontanism; it has so ...
*''Études biographiques et littéraires sur
Antoine Arnauld
Antoine Arnauld (6 February 16128 August 1694) was a French Catholic theologian, philosopher and mathematician. He was one of the leading intellectuals of the Jansenist group of Port-Royal and had a very thorough knowledge of patristics. C ...
,
P. Nicole et
Jacques Necker'' (1823).
Family
His son,
Victor Ambroise, vicomte de Lanjuinais (1802–1869), was also a politician, becoming a deputy in 1838. His interests lay chiefly in financial questions and in 1849 he became minister of commerce and agriculture in the cabinet of
Odilon Barrot
Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (; 19 July 1791 – 6 August 1873) was a French politician who was briefly head of the council of ministers under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1848–49.
Early life
Barrot was born at Villefort, Lozè ...
. He wrote a ''Notice historique sur la vie et les ouvrages du comte de Lanjuinais'', which was prefixed to an edition of his fathers ''Œuvres'' (4 vols., 1832).
Notes
References
* In turn, it cites as references:
**
François Victor Alphonse Aulard
François Victor Alphonse Aulard (19 July 1849 – 23 October 1928) was the first professional French historian of the French Revolution and of Napoleon. His major achievement was to institutionalise and professionalise the practice of history i ...
, ''Les Orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention'' (Paris, 1885–1886)
**J. M. Quérard, ''La France littéraire'', vol. iii. (1829).
**A. Robert and G. Cougny, ''Dictionnaire des parlementaires'', vol. ii. (1890)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, Comte De
1827 deaths
1753 births
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Deputies to the French National Convention
Counts Lanjuinais
19th-century French historians
French journalists
French jurists
19th-century French lawyers
French orientalists
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Members of the Chamber of Representatives (France)
Peace commissioners of the French Provisional Government of 1815
Peers of France
Writers from Rennes
University of Rennes alumni
18th-century jurists