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Lieutenant General Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on th ...
James Guthrie Harbord (March 21, 1866 – August 20, 1947) was a senior
officer An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French ''oficier'' "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French ''officier''), from Medieval Latin ''officiarius'' "an officer," f ...
of the
United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, ...
and president and chairman of the board of
RCA The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded as the Radio Corporation of America in 1919. It was initially a patent trust owned by General Electric (GE), Westinghouse, AT&T Corporation and United Fruit Comp ...
.


Early life

Harbord was born in
Bloomington, Illinois Bloomington is a city and the county seat of McLean County, Illinois, United States. It is adjacent to the town of Normal, and is the more populous of the two principal municipalities of the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area. Bloomingto ...
, the son of George W. and Effie (Gault) Harbord. His family moved when he was four, and Harbord was raised in Pettis County, Missouri and
Lyon County, Kansas Lyon County (standard abbreviation: LY) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 32,179. The county seat and largest city is Emporia. The county was named for General Nathaniel Lyon, ...
. He graduated from Kansas State Agricultural College, later renamed
Kansas State University Kansas State University (KSU, Kansas State, or K-State) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Manhattan, Kansas, United States. It was opened as the state's land-grant college in 1863 and was the first public inst ...
, with a
Bachelor of Science A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years. The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University o ...
degree in 1886. After unsuccessfully applying to the
United States Military Academy The United States Military Academy (USMA), also known Metonymy, metonymically as West Point or simply as Army, is a United States service academies, United States service academy in West Point, New York. It was originally established as a f ...
, Harbord taught school, and afterwards taught at the agricultural college. In January 1889, Harbord enlisted in the United States Army, joining the 4th Infantry Regiment as a
private Private or privates may refer to: Music * " In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation'' * Private (band), a Denmark-based band * "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private'', written and also recorde ...
. He served in the enlisted ranks until July 1891, and advanced to
corporal Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations. The word is derived from the medieval Italian phrase ("head of a body"). The rank is usually the lowest ranking non- ...
, sergeant, and regimental
quartermaster Quartermaster is a military term, the meaning of which depends on the country and service. In land armies, a quartermaster is generally a relatively senior soldier who supervises stores or barracks and distributes supplies and provisions. In ...
sergeant. In August 1891, Harbord was commissioned as a
second lieutenant Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces, comparable to NATO OF-1 rank. Australia The rank of second lieutenant existed in the military forces of the Australian colonies and Australian Army unt ...
in the
5th Cavalry Regiment The 5th Cavalry Regiment ("Black Knights") is a historical unit of the United States Army that began its service on August 3, 1861, when an act of Congress enacted "that the two regiments of dragoons, the regiment of mounted riflemen, and the t ...
. He received a
Master of Science A Master of Science ( la, Magisterii Scientiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree. In contrast t ...
degree from Kansas State Agricultural College in 1895.


Start of military career

Harbord's first overseas experience came as a member of the occupation army in
Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribb ...
after the
Spanish–American War , partof = the Philippine Revolution, the decolonization of the Americas, and the Cuban War of Independence , image = Collage infobox for Spanish-American War.jpg , image_size = 300px , caption = (clock ...
. On January 21, 1899, during an extended leave, he married Emma Yeatman Overshine, daughter of
Brigadier General Brigadier general or Brigade general is a military rank used in many countries. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries. The rank is usually above a colonel, and below a major general or divisional general. When appointe ...
Samuel Ovenshine. In 1901, he was promoted to
captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...
and transferred from Cuba, where he has served initially as
quartermaster Quartermaster is a military term, the meaning of which depends on the country and service. In land armies, a quartermaster is generally a relatively senior soldier who supervises stores or barracks and distributes supplies and provisions. In ...
and
commissary A commissary is a government official charged with oversight or an ecclesiastical official who exercises in special circumstances the jurisdiction of a bishop. In many countries, the term is used as an administrative or police title. It often c ...
for the
10th Cavalry Regiment The 10th Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army. Formed as a segregated African-American unit, the 10th Cavalry was one of the original "Buffalo Soldier" regiments in the post–Civil War Regular Army. It served in combat during t ...
, and later as aide-de-camp and
adjutant-general An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer. France In Revolutionary France, the was a senior staff officer, effectively an assistant to a general officer. It was a special position for lieutenant-colonels and colonels in staf ...
of the department of
Santiago Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whos ...
and Puerto Principe. After serving briefly in the Secretary of War office, he requested and received transfer to duty in the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
with the 11th Cavalry Regiment. He then served as Assistant Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary The Philippine Constabulary (PC; tl, Hukbóng Pamayapà ng Pilipinas, ''HPP''; es, Policía de Filipinas, ''PF'') was a gendarmerie-type police force of the Philippines from 1901 to 1991, and the predecessor to the Philippine National Po ...
from 1903 to 1909 and again from 1910 through 1913. By late April 1914 he was commanding the unit defending the California border at
Calexico Calexico () is a city in southern Imperial County, California. Situated on the Mexican border, it is linked economically with the much larger city of Mexicali, the capital of the Mexican state of Baja California. It is about east of San Diego ...
. In 1916, he was on the
Mexican Mexican may refer to: Mexico and its culture *Being related to, from, or connected to the country of Mexico, in North America ** People *** Mexicans, inhabitants of the country Mexico and their descendants *** Mexica, ancient indigenous people ...
border with Brigadier General John J. Pershing, pursuing
Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa (, Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both for Madero's continuing failure to enact land reform and because he felt insufficiently rewarded for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's c ...
.


World War I

When the United States entered
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
in April 1917, Harbord selected by General Pershing to be his
chief of staff The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the armed forces, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporti ...
in
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
and promoted to brigadier general. Together with Pershing and thirty other generals, he set sail for England on 28 May 1917. Harbord worked closely with Pershing, now the commander of the
American Expeditionary Forces The American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F.) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The A. E. F. was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of General John J. Pershing. It fought along ...
(AEF) on the
Western Front Western Front or West Front may refer to: Military frontiers * Western Front (World War I), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (World War II), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (Russian Empire), a maj ...
, on the buildup of the American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.) in France, including the shipping schedules of American forces being sent to Europe. Following a great German offensive against the Western Front on March 21, 1918, the English and French armies were in retreat, and the need for American troops was urgent. Previously agreed to arrangements to provide 120,000 servicemen a month for three months was cast aside when General Pershing was informed by the English that by using confiscated Dutch shipping, over 300,000 soldiers could be sent a month. However, due to manpower attrition within the British Expeditionary Force (B.E.F.), its combat divisions were reduced in strength by 25%, and with the breakthrough on the front, the English were asking that only infantry and machine gun battalions be sent over, and all other units be held back. The American policy on this matter was quite different: General Pershing was sent to France to organize American Armies under American leadership; the idea that its combat units would be used solely as replacement units, or as reinforcements, for foreign countries was unthinkable. President Wilson would not agree to this. He thought the idea would not go over well with the American public, and it risked preventing an American army from ever being formed. In secret conversations, General Pershing even said he was willing to risk the fall of France, because the United States would still carry on the war against the Kaiser; if his forces were stripped away from him and the allies lost, then Germany would win complete victory. For his part, Prime Minister Clemenceau thought this plan appealed to the romantic side of America's intervention. During a Supreme War Council meeting in Versailles on March 28, President Wilson shifted his position on American ground forces by allowing the temporary duty of A.E.F. combat units in the English and French ranks (Joint Note #18). This was confirmed in, "The London Agreement" of April 27. However, at the next Supreme War Council meeting in Abbeville, held a month later, other troops were allowed, and Pershing held that the latest agreement was in force. This brought rebuke and a letter from Prime Minister Clemenceau to President Wilson. In a follow up conversation between Lord Reading, the English Ambassador to the United States, and General Harbord, the ambassador said the English would be willing to supply the transportation of 120,000 American infantry and machine gun unit personnel to France, if the United States could supply the men. General Harbord says the statement was like, "the sun breaking through the clouds" because, "If Great Britain can give us the ships to carry infantry alone, she could not refuse to carry troops from any other arm of the service. Accordingly, I said to him, 'Give me the ships, and I will furnish 120,000 men a month.'" When the ships arrived, the ship captains were instructed to accept only infantry and machine gun units. When Lord Reading found out that complete divisions were assembling, he was furious. When he was told that he must have misunderstood his conversation with Harbord, it looked like a conspiracy was in the works by the American generals. As a result of this, in May 1918, General Pershing transferred out much of his staff who he said, 'were to complacent about themselves, and how things are run around here'. The first to go was General Harbord, who was sent forward to the trenches to command a Marine Brigade. However, due to General Harbord's decision, the American position prevailed, and full American divisions kept coming, so much so that by the time of the Armistice, the A.E.F. was two million men strong, ''two full American armies were formed, and a third was ready'' and deployed to the Rhineland in January 1919. In all, 40 complete divisions had arrived, 30 were fielded, and 10 were under temporary British control. A complete list of A.E.F. divisions can be found ''here''. In June 1918, Harbord was succeeded by James W. McAndrew as AEF chief of staff, and assigned to command of the 4th Marine Brigade. The brigade, whose
adjutant Adjutant is a military appointment given to an officer who assists the commanding officer with unit administration, mostly the management of human resources in an army unit. The term is used in French-speaking armed forces as a non-commission ...
was Holland Smith, later famous during
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, was serving as part of the 2nd Division. On July 15 Harbord was briefly given command of the division itself. He immediately saw action, commanding the U.S. Marines at the famous battles of Château-Thierry and Belleau Wood. After generals Richard Blatchford and his replacement, Francis Kernan, had failed to organize an adequate delivery of supplies to the US troops in France, John J. Pershing asked Harbord in August 1918 to take the job. Harbord introduced several reforms to the Services of Supply (SOS) and achieved almost instant improvements. The task of anticipating the arrival of divisions in France, and their type, and having in place the correct amount of supplies for them at the rear, toward the front, and at the front, was all worked out. It was at Harbord's insistence that SOS became fully integrated among the American, English, and French armies. Pershing's trust in Harbord went so far that Jim Lacey wrote in his Pershing biography "if a problem were outside Harbord's ability to solve, it was not solvable by mortal man".


Post-World War I

Following the war, he was promoted to
major general Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of ...
and was awarded the
Army Distinguished Service Medal The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. Th ...
and
Navy Distinguished Service Medal The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919 and is presented to sailors and Marines to recognize distinguished and exceptionally meritoriou ...
. Harbord's foreign decorations included:
Legion of Honor The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...
(Commander) (France);
Croix de Guerre The ''Croix de Guerre'' (, ''Cross of War'') is a military decoration of France. It was first created in 1915 and consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins. The decoration was first awa ...
with two palms (France); Order of the Crown (Grand Officer) (Belgium);
Order of St Michael and St George The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV, Prince of Wales, while he was acting as prince regent for his father, King George III. It is named in honour ...
(Knight Commander) (Great Britain);
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( it, Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the ...
(Commander) (Italy);
Order of Prince Danilo I The Order of Prince Danilo I ( cnr, Орден Књаза Данила I, translit=Orden Knjaza Danila I) was an order of the Principality and later Kingdom, of Montenegro. It is currently a dynastic order granted by the head of the House of Pet ...
(Grand Officer) (Montenegro);
Order of Polonia Restituta The Order of Polonia Restituta ( pl, Order Odrodzenia Polski, en, Order of Restored Poland) is a Polish state order established 4 February 1921. It is conferred on both military and civilians as well as on foreigners for outstanding achievemen ...
(Grand Officer) (Poland); and La Medalla de Solidaridad (second class) (Panama).


The Harbord Report

In August 1919,
President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
sent a fact-finding mission to the
Middle East The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabian Peninsula, Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Anatolia, Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Pro ...
, headed by Harbord, to report on Turkish–Armenian relations in the wake of the
Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
. As chairman of the
Harbord Commission The Harbord Commission was a U.S. commission tasked by President Wilson to study the relationship between the United States and Armenia following World War I. Major General James G. Harbord led the group and produced the final report which came to ...
, upon returning to the United States, Harbord wrot
''Conditions in the Near East: Report of the American Military Mission to Armenia''
which was a summary of the expedition that provided various details of the mission. The report includes maps, statistics, and a historical analyses of the country and its population. In addition to such details, Harbord collected evidence and information regarding the massacres of Armenians. Harbord's report stated that "the temptation to reprisals for past wrongs" would make it extremely difficult to maintain peace in the region. The final conclusion of the report was the inclusion of Armenia in the possible American mandate for Asia Minor and Rumelia since a mandate for Armenia alone was not deemed feasible under these conditions. Harbord was also sent to investigate the feasibility of the
Balfour Declaration The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman regio ...
, which supported the creation of a
Jew Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""T ...
ish state in Palestine, taken from the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
during the war.


Radio Corporation of America

In 1922, Harbord retired from the Army to become President of the Radio Corporation of America. In 1928, Harbord took a leave of absence to campaign for
Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Gre ...
for president. He officially retired as RCA president in 1930 and was succeeded by
David Sarnoff David Sarnoff (February 27, 1891 – December 12, 1971) was an American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career, he led the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in various capacities from shortly aft ...
. Harbord then succeeded
Owen D. Young Owen D. Young (October 27, 1874July 11, 1962) was an American industrialist, businessman, lawyer and diplomat at the Second Reparations Conference (SRC) in 1929, as a member of the German Reparations International Commission. He is known for th ...
as RCA's chairman of the board, and he served until July 1947, when he was succeeded by Sarnoff. In 1932, Harbord was a candidate for
vice president A vice president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on ...
at the
Republican National Convention The Republican National Convention (RNC) is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1856 by the United States Republican Party. They are administered by the Republican National Committee. The goal of the Repu ...
. He finished in third place on the first ballot with 161 3/4 votes; 634 1/4 went to incumbent
Charles Curtis Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was an American attorney and Republican politician from Kansas who served as the 31st vice president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 under Herbert Hoover. He had served as the Sena ...
, and 182 3/4 were cast for
Hanford MacNider Lieutenant General Hanford MacNider (October 2, 1889 – February 18, 1968) was a senior officer of the United States Army who fought in both world wars. He also served as a diplomat, the Assistant Secretary of War of the United States from ...
. The delegates then moved to make Curtis' re-nomination unanimous.


Death and legacy

In 1942, the U.S. Congress passed legislation allowing retired Army generals to be advanced one rank on the retired list or posthumously if they had been recommended in writing during
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
for a promotion which they did not receive, and if they had received the
Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of val ...
, the
Distinguished Service Cross The Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) is a military decoration for courage. Different versions exist for different countries. *Distinguished Service Cross (Australia) *Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom) *Distinguished Service Cross (U ...
or the
Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a high award of a nation. Examples include: *Distinguished Service Medal (Australia) (established 1991), awarded to personnel of the Australian Defence Force for distinguished leadership in action * Distinguishe ...
. Under these criteria, Harbord and
William M. Wright William Mason Wright (September 24, 1863 – August 16, 1943) was a career officer in the United States Army. He attained the rank of lieutenant general and was most notable for his service as a division and corps commander during World War I. E ...
were eligible for promotion to
lieutenant general Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on th ...
, and they were advanced on the retired list effective July 9, 1942. Harbord's civilian awards included the
honorary degree An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases ''honoris causa'' ("for the sake of the honour") or '' ad h ...
of LL.D. from Kansas State Agricultural College (1920),
Trinity College Trinity College may refer to: Australia * Trinity Anglican College, an Anglican coeducational primary and secondary school in , New South Wales * Trinity Catholic College, Auburn, a coeducational school in the inner-western suburbs of Sydney, New ...
(Hartford, Connecticut) in 1924 and
Yale University Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the w ...
in 1928. Harbord died in Rye, New York on August 20, 1947. He was buried at
Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery is one of two national cemeteries run by the United States Army. Nearly 400,000 people are buried in its 639 acres (259 ha) in Arlington, Virginia. There are about 30 funerals conducted on weekdays and 7 held on Sa ...
.


Writings

* ''The American Expeditionary Forces, Its Organization and Accomplishments'' (1929
Link
* ''Leaves From a War Diary'' (1925
Link
* ''The American Army in France 1917-1919'' (1936
Link
* ''The 40 Year March of Radio'' (1943)Harbord, James G. ''The 40 Year March of Radio''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943. Link


See also

*
Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide Witnesses and testimony provide an important and valuable insight into the events which occurred both during and after the Armenian genocide. The Armenian genocide was prepared and carried out by the Ottoman government in 1915 as well as in the ...
* "United Kingdom National Archives, CAB 23-6", ''(troops)''
''pgs. 16-17, 164-165, and 172-173 of 457''
* "United Kingdom National Archives, CAB 24-46", ''(dutch shipping)''
''pg. 282 of 343''


Footnotes


Bibliography

* Archive.org
''sign in to view highlighted footnotes and bibliographies''
* Callwell, C.E.
''Field Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, Vol II''
London: Cassell, 1927 * Clemenceau, Georges
''Grandeur and Misery of Victory''
London: George Harrp, 1930 * Greenhalgh, Elizabeth, ''Foch in Command'', New York: Cambridge, 2011 * Harbord, James G.
''Leaves From a War Diary''
New York: Dodd Mead, 1925 * Harbord, James G.
''The American Army in France''
Boston: Little Brown, 1936 * Harbord, James Guthrie. ''The American Expeditionary Forces: Its Organization and Accomplishments'' (Evanston Publishing Company, 1929) * Lloyd George, David
''War Memoirs of David Lloyd George''
Vol V, Boston: Little Brown, 1936 * Marcosson, Issac F
''S.O.S. America's Miracle in France''
New York: Curth, 1919 * Pershing, John J., ''My Experiences in the World War, Vol I'', New York: Frederick Stokes, 1931 * Russell, Thomasa H
''America's War For Humanity''
Detroit: F.E. Ritz, 1919 * Stewart, Richard, ''American Military History, Vol. II'', Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2005
The Times (of London)''archive''
* The United States Army in the First World War, 1917–1919, Volume 3, Washington D.C.: US Army, 198

* UK National Archives

* Smythe, Donald, ''Pershing: General of the Armies'', Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986


Further reading

* Cooke, James J. ''Pershing and His Generals: Command and Staff in the AEF'' (Praeger, 1997). * Dawes, Charles
''A Journal of the Great War, Vol I''
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921 * Dawes, Charles
''A Journal of the Great War, Vol. II''
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921 * Hirrel, Leo P. "Supporting the Doughboys: US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I." Ft. Leavenworth, KS Combat Studies Institute, 2017
online
* Lloyd George, David
''Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 1917-1918''
Boston: Little, Brown, 1936; ''Chapter XI The American Armies in France,'
''pgs 395-453''
* Neumann, Brian Fisher. "Pershing's right hand: General James G. Harbord and the American Expeditionary Forces in the First World War" (PhD. Diss. Texas A&M University, 2006)
online


External links



*The ''Evening Public Ledger'' news story
''Foch May Hold Americans for Use at a Later Date''
* "United Kingdom National Archives, CAB 24-46", ''(manpower issues)''
''pgs. 335-229 of 343''
Arlington National Cemetery profile.
"The Radio Corporation's New President"
by S. R. Winters, ''Wireless Age'', January 1923, pages 47–50. * History.army.mil
''The U.S. Army in World War I, 1917-1918''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harbord, James 1866 births 1947 deaths United States Army Infantry Branch personnel United States Army Cavalry Branch personnel American military personnel of the Spanish–American War American television executives Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Kansas State University alumni People from Bloomington, Illinois People from Lyon County, Kansas People from Manhattan, Kansas United States Army generals of World War I United States Army generals Kansas Republicans New York (state) Republicans Illinois Republicans Witnesses of the Armenian genocide Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta Military personnel from Illinois