King Jaja of Opobo (full name: Jubo Jubogha; 1821–1891) was the first king (amanyanabo) of Opobo. He was also the founder of
Opobo city-state in present day
Rivers State
Rivers State, also known as Rivers, is a state in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria (Old Eastern Region). Formed in 1967, when it was split from the former Eastern Region, Rivers State borders include: Imo to the north, Abia and Akwa ...
of
Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
. Born in Umuduruoha
Amaigbo in present-day
Imo State, his actual birth date, as well as his birth parents, is unknown.
Jaja earned his way out of servant hood (apprenticeship) after serving his master for some years. At the death of his master, he took charge of the trades and went on to head the Anna Pepple House merchant faction of
Bonny. Under him, Anna Pepple absorbed other trade houses until a dispute with the Manilla Pepple House led by
Oko Jumbo
Chief Oko Jumbo (died 1891) was an important chief in the Kingdom of Bonny, a state in the Niger Delta, now part of Rivers State, Nigeria. For many years in the 19th century he was the effective ruler of Bonny.
Background
The Kingdom of Bonny, ...
compelled Jaja to break away to form the Opobo city-state (26 miles east of Bonny) in 1869.
Opobo came to be a prominent trading post in the region's
palm oil trade. Jaja barred entry to European and African middlemen, effectively monopolizing
trade
Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market.
An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct excha ...
, and by 1870 was selling eight thousand tons of palm oil directly to the British. Opobo also shipped palm oil directly to
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a populat ...
. Despite his trade rivalry with the Europeans, Jaja sent his children to schools in
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
and enlisted whites to staff the secular school he built in Opobo. He barred any missionaries from entering Opobo.
At the 1884
Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, also known as the Congo Conference (, ) or West Africa Conference (, ), regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergenc ...
the Europeans designated Opobo as British territory. When Jaja refused to cease taxing the British traders,
Henry Hamilton Johnston, a British vice consul, invited Jaja for negotiations in 1887. Jaja was arrested on arrival aboard a British vessel; he was tried in
Accra in the
Gold Coast
Gold Coast may refer to:
Places Africa
* Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana:
** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642)
** Dutch G ...
(now
Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
) then exiled, first to London, and later to
Saint Vincent and
Barbados
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate) ...
in the
British West Indies
The British West Indies (BWI) were colonized British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grena ...
. His presence in the West Indies was alleged to be the cause of civil unrest, as the people of
Barbados
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate) ...
, of
African descent, were upset at the
poor treatment of a King from their homeland.
In 1891, Jaja was granted permission to return to Opobo, but died en route. Following his
exile and death, the power of the Opobo state rapidly declined.
In 1903 the
King Jaja of Opobo Memorial
The King Jaja of Opobo Memorial is a bronze monument in memory of King Jaja of Opobo, erected by public subscription in 1903. It was listed as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance by the National Commission for Mus ...
was erected in his honor in Opobo town centre.
See also
*
Legends of Africa
The Legends of Africa reflect a wide-ranging series of kings, queens, chiefs and other leaders from across the African continent including Mali, Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea and South Africa.
Sekhukhune, King of the Maroteng ...
References
Notes
Sources
*
*
*
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External links
King Jaja of Opoboat Black History Pages
at Igbani-Awo Association
*
**
*, a
Barbadian folk song referencing the king
{{DEFAULTSORT:Opobo, Jaja Of
1821 births
1891 deaths
People from Opobo
19th-century Nigerian businesspeople
Opobo monarchs
People of colonial Nigeria
19th-century monarchs in Africa