Jacques II de Goyon seigneur de Matignon (1525-1598) was a governor and Marshal of France. Coming from a prominent

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...

family, he assumed the role of Lieutenant-General of lower Normandy. In this position he came into conflict with the Protestant governor of Normandy

Bouillon Bouillon can refer to: Food * Bouillon (broth), a simple broth ** Court-bouillon, a quick broth * Bouillon (soup), a Haitian soup * Bouillon (restaurant), a traditional type of French restaurant **Bouillon Chartier, a bouillon restaurant foun ...

. During the first civil war Matignon would come into conflict with the governor, who occupied a third individual position between the crown and the rebels as he felt his authority eroded. In 1574 the governorship of Normandy which had become vacant was split into three separate offices between Matignon, Meilleraye and

Carrouges Carrouges () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The inhabitants are known as ''Carrougiens'' and ''Carrougiennes''.Henri III's favourite

Anne de Joyeuse Anne de Batarnay de Joyeuse, Baron d'Arques, Vicomte then Duke of Joyeuse (1560 – 20 October 1587) was a royal favourite and active participant in the French Wars of Religion. An intimate friend of Henry III of France, he was keeper of the kin ...

He would continue to serve the crown loyally under Henri III, subduing a rebellion orchestrated by Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery in 1574. Soon after this in 1575 he was elevated as a Marshal to oppose the influence of Retz. In 1579 he again had to subdue a Protestant rebellion, this time led by Condé Having lost out on his governorship, he was granted office in Guyenne as compensation, a role in which he enriched himself in the coming years. As the ''ligue'' triumphed in the late 1580s, Matignon half heartedly enforced their policy before joining up with

Navarre Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...

whene Henri III broke with the ''ligue'' in 1588. He assisted Navarre in his difficulties with the

Croquant rebellions The croquant rebellions ("Jacquerie des croquants" in French) were several peasant revolts that erupted in Limousin, Quercy, and Perigord (France) and that extended through the southeast of the country in the latter part of the 16th and beginning ...

before dying in 1598.

Early life and family

The Matignon family had traditionally held the lieutenant-generalship of lower Normandy.

Reign of Charles IX

Religious dispute

Opposition to the Protestant governor

coalesced around two axes after his return to his governorship in 1561. The first was

Villebon Villebon () is a commune in the department of Eure-et-Loir in northern France The inhabitants are called ''Villebonnais''. Population Personalities * Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully See also *Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department ...

lieutenant general of upper Normandy, the latter was Matignon who held command in lower Normandy. Both acquired a sordid reputation with the Calvinist population of the province, this was despite Matignon's own sister having converted to Protestantism.

First civil war

As towns fell to the rebels in early 1562, Claude, Duke of Aumale was granted a special commission as lieutenant-general of Normandy to restore royal authority. To support him Matignon acted as his lieutenant for lower Normandy. While locally important, he was a ''fidèle'' of Catherine, and it was hoped he would counterbalance the Guise influence Aumale was bringing to Normandy. Bouillon, who's authority was usurped by these commissions was furious, and besieged Matignon in

Cherbourg Cherbourg (; , , ), nrf, Chèrbourg, ) is a former commune and subprefecture located at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French department of Manche. It was merged into the commune of Cherbourg-Octeville on 28 Feb ...

. Money was in short supply, and Matignon as much as his Protestant adversaries in

Rouen Rouen (, ; or ) is a city on the River Seine in northern France. It is the prefecture of the Regions of France, region of Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the Departments of France, department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one of ...

relied on melted down church plate to fund his troops. For the moment he remained on the defensive in Cherbourg, awaiting reinforcements. For his service to the crown Matignon would feature in the départments list of gendarme captains in 1563, alongside many of the other powerful nobles of the realm.

Division of Normandy

Matignon had a rivalry in Normandy with Jean de Moy, who was the lieutenant-general of upper Normandy. Another prominent Norman captain

Carrouges Carrouges () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The inhabitants are known as ''Carrougiens'' and ''Carrougiennes''.Normandy while it was divided into three, between 1574-1583.

Reign of Henri III

Montgomery

On the death of Charles IX in 1574, Montgomery took the opportunity to attempt to seize

Alençon Alençon (, , ; nrf, Alençoun) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people). History The name of Alençon is firs ...

, departing Carentan with 650 horse hoping to surprise the city. Matignon was ready, and attacked him as he moved from Alençon to raise the siege of

St Lô ST, St, or St. may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Stanza, in poetry * Suicidal Tendencies, an American heavy metal/hardcore punk band * Star Trek, a science-fiction media franchise * Summa Theologica, a compendium of Catholic philosophy an ...

pinning him down in Domfront. Defending the town vigorously, while his opponent received reinforcements from Paris, he was eventually subdued, with Matignon promising that his life would be spared. However, Montgomery was the man who had accidentally killed Henri II and Catherine de'Medici had not forgiven him. Brought to Paris, she would see him executed on 26 June before a large crowd. Matignons army, now numbering around 7500 marched on Saint-Lô, bringing the siege of the town to a successful conclusion. His operations were almost derailed by a threatened strike from his artillery officers due to lack of pay, however Catherine arranged for the sum to be forwarded to them from Paris. This accomplished Carentan opened its gates to him, and Normandy was subdued.

Return of Henri

Henri III who had been in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as their king, returned to France in early 1575 and was crowned king. To inaugurate his reign he elevated Matignon and Biron to Marshals with the aim of diluting Retz's influence. He promptly resigned his Marshalate. Displeasure about royal taxation was increasing throughout late 1578, with anger at local estates threatening to spill over into armed revolt. Matignon in his role as governor of lower Normandy wrote to the king informing him of areas where there might be trouble, and further stepped in to stop a disturbance in Coutances. In December Henri wrote back, indicating his fears that greater trouble was on the horizon in Caen, and to be on the lookout.

Seventh war of religion

In 1579, Condé, frustrated about his failure to re-acquire the governorship of Picardie, seized the town of La Fère, initiating the seventh war of religion. Matignon settled in to siege the city for the crown, succeeding in reducing it after ten months. He was joined by a considerable ''ligue'' force under Aumale as he conducted his siege, and perhaps as a result offered generous terms to the besieged, hoping to avoid giving the ''ligue'' political advantage. Aumale fumed when he was made aware of the terms, and stormed out of the royal camp without taking leave of Matignon. In 1581 he accompanied Catherine as she tried to appeal to

who was determined to take up a role as king of the Netherlands. At a meeting he warned the duke that his plans were likely to end in disaster. Alençon responded that if not for the presence of his mother he would have Matignon beaten and thrown from a window.

Guyenne

In 1583 the governorship of Normandy was re-consolidated into one office, and provided to Henri's favourite,

, in compensation, Matignon was re-assigned to Guyenne where he and Épernon were granted the office of lieutenant-generals. In further compensation it was agreed that Matignons son would receive the singular lieutenant-general role of the reunified governorship after François d'O had a period in the role.

Triumph of the ''ligue''

In 1585, the Catholic ligue led by

Henry I, Duke of Guise Henry I, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Count of Eu (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called ('Scarface'), was the eldest son of Francis, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este. His maternal grandparents were Ercole II d'Este, Du ...

successfully forced the capitulation of the crown, in the Treaty of Nemours into revoking all edicts of pacification, and to accept the ''ligue'' as a mechanism by which Calvinism might be destroyed. As a result, the royal army was now tasked with crushing the forces of

and Condé. While the forces of the ''ligue'' set to work with zeal, Marshals Matignon and Biron in Guyenne half heartedly pressed against Navarre. With the assassination of the duke of Guise by the king in 1588, the king indicated to Navarre he was ready to ally with the ''politiques'' against the ligue, and they met in April 1589, signing an agreement. Matignon at this time held Bordeaux for the king, but Henri had little territory left aside from that.

Reign of Henri IV

Fighting the ''ligue''

Now loyal to Navarre, Matignon continued to hold Guyenne for his new king, now established as a governor. Matignon conducted punitive expeditions for Navarre in 1594, his forces descending into the Dordogne, however much of the ''liguer'' nobility retreated to their château's, waited for the threat to pass, and then re-emerged.

Croquant rebellions

The continued ravages of the civil wars had left many peasants destitute by this point, and many turned to join the growing

in the south west of France. In response to this, the nobility formed leagues of their own independent of higher authority, to crush the peasants. These leagues claimed loyalty to Matignon, but he lacked much in the way of control over them. Bourdeille wrote to Matignon, asking for funds so that he might attack the Croquants. In May the king gave the greenlight to a potential campaign by Bourdeille, if his existing policy of appeasement of the peasantry failed. On Matignon's orders Bourdeille assembled a large force. The presence of this force pushed the Croquant general La Saigne, to the negotiating table. While a formal peace would not be established, the Croquant force would melt away with some of their demands met.

Death

Upon Matignon's death, it was reputed that he had entered Guyenne with 10,000 ''livres'' in rent, and in his 12 years in the region increase his wealth to 100,000 ''livres''. During the latter civil wars the ''Parlement'' of Bordeaux had provided many 'gifts' to Matignon. When the ''jurats'' whom he had appointed acquired the barony of Montferrand for 117,000 ''livres'' to stop it falling into the hands of the rebels. Matignon had persuaded them to give the rights to the barony to him as one such ''gift''.

Sources

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References

{{reflist 1525 births 1598 deaths Marshals of France French people of the French Wars of Religion