''Jacaranda'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of 49 species of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

s in the family

Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpetvines.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Book ...

, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The generic name is also used as the common name. The species ''

Jacaranda mimosifolia ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' is a sub-tropical tree native to south-central South America that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its attractive and long-lasting violet-colored flowers. It is also known as the jacaranda, blue jacaranda, ...

'' has achieved a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The extr ...

due to introductions, to the extent that it has entered

popular culture Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as, popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a ...

. It can be found growing wild in Central America, the Caribbean, Spain, southern Africa, China, and Australia.

Etymology

The name is of

South American South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

(more specifically Tupi-Guarani) origin, meaning fragrant. The word ''jacaranda'' was described in ''A supplement to Mr. Chambers's Cyclopædia'', 1st ed., (1753) as "a name given by some authors to the tree the wood of which is the log-wood, used in dyeing and medicine" and as being of Tupi-Guarani origin, by way of Portuguese. Although not consistent with the Guarani source, one common pronunciation of the name in English is given by .

Description

The species are

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from tree ...

s to large

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s ranging in size from tall. The

leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...

are

bipinnate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular ...

in most species, pinnate or simple in a few species. The

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanis ...

s are produced in conspicuous large

panicle A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are of ...

s, each flower with a five-lobed blue to purple-blue

corolla Corolla may refer to: *Corolla (botany), the petals of a flower, considered as a unit *Toyota Corolla, an automobile model name *Corolla (headgear) A ''corolla'' is an ancient headdress in the form of a small circlet or crown.fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in partic ...

is an oblong to oval flattened capsule containing numerous slender

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosper ...

s. The genus differs from other genera in the Bignoniaceae in having a

staminode In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen.Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent''; Published by Gerald Duckworth & C ...

that is longer than the

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the fila ...

s, tricolpate

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...

, and a

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins ar ...

number of 18.

Taxonomy

The genus is divided into two sections, sect. ''Monolobos'' and sect. ''Dilobos'' DC., based on the number of

theca In biology, a theca (plural thecae) is a sheath or a covering. Botany In botany, the theca is related to plant's flower anatomy. The theca of an angiosperm consists of a pair of microsporangia that are adjacent to each other and share a comm ...

e on the

anther The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...

s. Sect. ''Monolobos'' has 18 species and is found primarily in western

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

Mexico Mexico (Spanish language, Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a List of sovereign states, country in the southern portion of North America. It is borders of Mexico, bordered to the north by the United States; to the so ...

, and the

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean ...

. Sect. ''Dilobos'', which is believed to be the primitive form, has 31 species and is found primarily in southeastern

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

including the

Paraná River The Paraná River ( es, Río Paraná, links=no , pt, Rio Paraná, gn, Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some ."Parana River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Br ...

valley. The anatomy of the

wood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin ...

in the two sections also differs. Although usually treated in sect. ''Monolobos'', ''J. copaia'' differs somewhat from all other members of the genus and may be intermediate between the two sections (Dos Santos & Miller 1997).

Species

Sect. ''Monolobos'' * '' Jacaranda acutifolia'' Bonpl. * '' Jacaranda arborea'' Urb. * ''

Jacaranda brasiliana ''Jacaranda brasiliana'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Bignoniaceae. It is native to Brazil, including in the Cerrado The ''Cerrado'' (, ) is a vast ecoregion of tropical savanna in eastern Brazil, particularly in the states ...

'' (Lam.) Pers. * '' Jacaranda caerulea'' (L.) J.St.-Hil. * '' Jacaranda caucana'' Pittier * '' Jacaranda copaia'' (Aubl.) D.Don * '' Jacaranda cowellii'' Britton & P.Wilson * '' Jacaranda cuspidifolia'' Mart. ex DC. * '' Jacaranda decurrens'' Cham. * '' Jacaranda ekmanii'' Alain * '' Jacaranda hesperia'' Dugand. * ''

'' D.Don * '' Jacaranda obtusifolia'' Humboldt & Bonpl. * '' Jacaranda orinocensis'' Sandw. * '' Jacaranda poitaei'' Urb. * '' Jacaranda praetermissa'' Sandw. * '' Jacaranda selleana'' Urb. * '' Jacaranda sparrei'' A.H.Gentry Sect. ''Dilobos'' * '' Jacaranda bracteata'' Bur. & K.Schum. * '' Jacaranda bullata'' A.H.Gentry * '' Jacaranda campinae'' A.Gentry & Morawetz * '' Jacaranda carajasensis'' A.Gentry * '' Jacaranda caroba'' (Vell.) DC. * '' Jacaranda crassifolia'' Morawetz * '' Jacaranda duckei'' Vattimo * '' Jacaranda egleri'' Sandwith * '' Jacaranda glabra'' (DC.) Bur. & K.Schum. * '' Jacaranda grandifoliolata'' A.H.Gentry * '' Jacaranda heterophylla'' M.M.Silva-Castro * '' Jacaranda intricata'' A.Gentry & Morawetz * '' Jacaranda irwinii'' A.Gentry * '' Jacaranda jasminoides'' (Thunb.) Sandw. * '' Jacaranda macrantha'' Cham. * '' Jacaranda macrocarpa'' Bur. & K.Schum. * '' Jacaranda micrantha'' Cham. * '' Jacaranda montana'' Morawetz * '' Jacaranda morii'' A.Gentry * '' Jacaranda mutabilis'' Hassl. * '' Jacaranda obovata'' Cham. * '' Jacaranda oxyphylla'' Cham. * '' Jacaranda paucifoliata'' Mart. ex DC. * '' Jacaranda puberula'' Cham. * '' Jacaranda racemosa'' Cham. * '' Jacaranda rufa'' Manso * '' Jacaranda rugosa'' A.H.Gentry * '' Jacaranda simplicifolia'' K.Schum. * '' Jacaranda subalpina'' Morawetz * '' Jacaranda ulei'' Bur. & K.Schum.

Cultivation

Jacaranda can be propagated from grafting, cuttings, and seeds, though plants grown from seeds take a long time to bloom. Jacaranda grows in well-drained soil and tolerates drought and brief spells of frost and freeze. This genus thrives in full sun and sandy soils, which explains their abundance in warmer climates. Mature plants can survive in colder climates down to ; however, they may not bloom as profusely. Younger plants are more fragile and may not survive in colder climates when temperatures drop below freezing.

Uses

Several species are widely grown as

ornamental plant Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...

s throughout the subtropical regions of the world, valued for their intense flower displays. The most often seen is the

blue jacaranda ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' is a sub-tropical tree native to south-central South America that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its attractive and long-lasting violet-colored flowers. It is also known as the jacaranda, blue jacaranda, ...

(''Jacaranda mimosifolia''; syn. ''J. acutifolia'' hort. non Bonpl.). Other members of the genus are also commercially important; for example the Copaia (''Jacaranda copaia'') is important for its

timber Lumber is wood that has been processed into dimensional lumber, including beams and planks or boards, a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, w ...

because of its exceptionally long bole.

Gallery

File:Jacaranda ulei flower.jpg, Flowers of ''Jacaranda ulei'' File:Jacaranda seeds.jpg, Jacaranda seeds File:Jacaranda255.jpg, ''

'' trees in full bloom in

Islamabad Islamabad (; ur, , ) is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country's ninth-most populous city, with a population of over 1.2 million people, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital ...

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

File:JacarandaTreeIndia.jpg, Jacaranda tree blooming in India

References

External links

* Dos Santos, G., & Miller, R. B. (1997). Wood anatomy of ''Jacaranda'' (Bignoniaceae): Systematic relationships in sections ''Monolobos'' and ''Dilobos'' as suggested by twig and stem rays. ''IAWA Journal'' 18: 369–383. Availabl
online
(pdf file).
Goodna Jacaranda Festival at Evan Marginson Park, Goodna

Agroforestry Tree Database

Jacaranda Festival, Grafton
{{Taxonbar, from=Q311105 Bignoniaceae genera Trees of Argentina Trees of Brazil Trees of Mexico Flora of Brazil Flora of Mexico Medicinal plants Trees of Australia