The Jungle Nation, also known as the Jungle Republic, was an unrecognised state, that existed between 1899 and 1900, in the modern territory of

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

, within the departaments of Loreto,

San Martín San Martín or San Martin may refer to: People Saints * Saint Martin (disambiguation)#People, name of various saints in Spanish Political leaders *Vicente San Martin (1839 -1901), Military, National hero of Mexico. *Basilio San Martin (1849 ...

, and

Ucayali The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city o ...

. It was proclaimed on 22 May 1899, by colonel Emilio Vizcarra, who then acquired the title of the Supreme Leader. The state was formed from the territory of

Department of Loreto Loreto () is Peru's northernmost department and region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest department; it is also one of the most sparsely populated regions due to its remote location in the Amaz ...

. It was reincorporated into

in 1900, shortly after the death of Vizcarra on 27 February 1900.

History

In 1896, colonels Eduardo Jessup and Emilio Vizcarra led the land campaign from

Cajamarca Cajamarca (), also known by the Quechua name, ''Kashamarka'', is the capital and largest city of the Cajamarca Region as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes. It is located in the northern highlands of Peru ...

to intervene in the Loretan Insurrection, fighting against the forces of self-proclaimed Federal State of Loreto.Frederica Barclay Rey de Castro, ''El Estado Federal de Loreto, 1896'' The rebellion was defeated on 10 July 1896, with Federal State being reincorporated into Peru. Following that, Vizcarra was appointed by the Peruvian government, as the

prefect Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area. A prefect's ...

of the re-established

. The regional Loretan identity and social chaos were still present among the public, and Vizcarra eventually, started sharing the pro-regional views. On 22 May 1899, Vizcarra had announced the independence of the Department of Loreto as a sovereign state, called Jungle Nation. He also titled himself the Supreme Leader of said country. The businessman Juan Jiménez Pimentel had financed his political campaign across the state.

Eduardo López de Romaña Eduardo López de Romaña y Alvizuri (19 March 1847 – 26 May 1912) served as the 32nd President of Peru from September 1899 to September 1903. A member of the landowning elite, he was the first engineer to become President of the Republic ...

, the president of Peru, in the reaction to the declaration, had ordered colonel Teobaldo Gutiérrez to siege the southern territory of the self-proclaimed state, now located within the

Department of San Martín San Martín () is a department and region in northern Peru. Most of the department is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Its capital is Moyobamba and the largest city in the department is Tarapoto. Geography Boundar ...

. The reaction of the neighbouring countries of

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...

, and

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...

, was indifferent.Pilar García Jordán, Núria Sala i Vila, ''La nacionalización de la Amazonía'', p. 119.
/ref> On 27 February 1900, while on a tour across Loretan cities to appoint new authorities, Vizcarra got involved in a civil revolt at the

Plaza de Armas The ''Plaza de Armas'' (literally Weapons Square, but better translated as Parade Square or parade ground) is the name for Latin American main squares. In the central region of Mexico this space is known as El Zócalo and in Central America as ...

square in

Moyobamba Moyobamba () or Muyupampa ( Quechua ''muyu'' circle, ''pampa'' large plain, "circle plain") is the capital city of the San Martín Region in northern Peru. Called "Santiago of eight valleys of Moyobamba" or "Maynas capital". There are 50,073 inha ...

. The revolt was the response to the abuse carried out by Vizcarra's militias against the local population. During the fighting, the supreme leader was lethally hit with a rock in the head, by a woman with the surname Tapullima. Following his death, the state had fallen a few days later and has been reincorporated into Peru.

Notes

References

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Bibliography

* Frederica Barclay Rey de Castro, ''El Estado Federal de Loreto, 1896. Centralismo, descentralización y federalismo en el Perú, a fines del siglo XIX''. ISBN 978-9972-623-61-5. * Pilar García Jordán, Núria Sala i Vila, ''La nacionalización de la Amazonía'' Former unrecognized countries Former countries in South America History of Peru Loreto Region Ucayali Region San Martín Region States and territories established in 1899 States and territories disestablished in 1900 1899 establishments in South America 1899 establishments in Peru

History

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography