Events
Pre-1600
*
657
__NOTOC__
Year 657 (Roman numerals, DCLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 657 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domi ...
–
First Fitna
The First Fitna ( ar, فتنة مقتل عثمان, fitnat maqtal ʻUthmān, strife/sedition of the killing of Uthman) was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of ...
: In the
Battle of Siffin
The Battle of Siffin was fought in 657 CE (37 AH) between Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam, and Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the rebellious governor of Syria. The battle is named after its location S ...
, troops led by
Ali ibn Abu Talib
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 CE) was the last of four Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam. ...
clash with those led by
Muawiyah I
Mu'awiya I ( ar, معاوية بن أبي سفيان, Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than thirty years after the deat ...
.
*
811
__NOTOC__
Year 811 ( DCCCXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new ca ...
–
Battle of Pliska:
Byzantine Emperor
This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as le ...
Nikephoros I is killed and his heir
Staurakios is seriously wounded.
*
920
__NOTOC__
Year 920 ( CMXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* December 17 – Romanos I has himself crowned co-emperor of the Byza ...
– Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from
Navarre
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
and
Léon
Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to:
Places
Europe
* León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León
* Province of León, Spain
* Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again fro ...
against the Muslims at the
Battle of Valdejunquera
The Battle of Valdejunquera took place in a valley called Iuncaria () on 26 July 920 between the Islamic emirate of Córdoba and the Christian armies of the kingdoms of León and Navarre. The battle, a victory for the Córdobans, was part of the ...
.
*
1309
Year 1309 (Roman numerals, MCCCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* March 14 – Sultan Muhammad III of Granada, Muhammad III is depos ...
–
Henry VII is recognized
King of the Romans
King of the Romans ( la, Rex Romanorum; german: König der Römer) was the title used by the king of Germany following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward.
The title originally referred to any German k ...
by
Pope Clement V
Pope Clement V ( la, Clemens Quintus; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled ''de Guoth'' and ''de Goth''), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his de ...
.
*
1509 – The Emperor
Krishnadevaraya
Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 – 17 October 1529) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnata Empire, reigning from 1509 to 1529. He was the third monarch of the Tuluva dynasty, and is considered to be one of the g ...
ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire, also called the Karnata Kingdom, was a Hinduism, Hindu empire based in the region of South India, which consisted the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana an ...
.
*
1529 –
Francisco Pizarro González
Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess of the Atabillos (; ; – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru.
Born in Trujillo, Spain to a poor family, Pizarro chose ...
, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru.
*
1579 –
Francis Drake
Sir Francis Drake ( – 28 January 1596) was an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. Drake is best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580 (t ...
, the English explorer, discovers a major bay on the coast of California (
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...
).
*
1581 –
Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern
Low Countries
The term Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands ( nl, de Lage Landen, french: les Pays-Bas, lb, déi Niddereg Lännereien) and historically called the Netherlands ( nl, de Nederlanden), Flanders, or Belgica, is a coastal lowland region in N ...
declare their independence from the Spanish king,
Philip II Philip II may refer to:
* Philip II of Macedon (382–336 BC)
* Philip II (emperor) (238–249), Roman emperor
* Philip II, Prince of Taranto (1329–1374)
* Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (1342–1404)
* Philip II, Duke of Savoy (1438-1497)
* Philip ...
.
1601–1900
*
1703 – During the ''
Bavarian Rummel
The Bavarian Rummel (german: Bayrischer Rummel; ) was the term used to downplay (''Rummel'' means 'hustle and bustle') the warlike events in which Bavarian troops of Elector Maximilian II Emanuel invaded the County of Tyrol in 1703 during the W ...
'' the rural population of
Tyrol
Tyrol (; historically the Tyrole; de-AT, Tirol ; it, Tirolo) is a historical region in the Alps - in Northern Italy and western Austria. The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol, part of the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Emp ...
drove the
Bavarian Prince-Elector
Maximilian II Emanuel
Maximilian, Maximillian or Maximiliaan (Maximilien in French) is a male given name.
The name " Max" is considered a shortening of "Maximilian" as well as of several other names.
List of people
Monarchs
*Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459 ...
out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the
Bavarian Army
The Bavarian Army was the army of the Electorate (1682–1806) and then Kingdom (1806–1919) of Bavaria. It existed from 1682 as the standing army of Bavaria until the merger of the military sovereignty (''Wehrhoheit'') of Bavaria into that of ...
, which was allied with
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
, from marching as planned on
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
during the
War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
.
*
1745
Events
January–March
* January 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Austrian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavaria ...
– The first recorded
women's cricket
Women's cricket is the form of the team sport of cricket when played by women only. It is played at the professional level in multiple countries around the world and 108 national teams participate internationally. 11 of them have WTest and WODI ...
match takes place near
Guildford
Guildford ()
is a town in west Surrey, around southwest of central London. As of the 2011 census, the town has a population of about 77,000 and is the seat of the wider Borough of Guildford, which had around inhabitants in . The name "Guildf ...
, England.
*
1758 –
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the ...
: The
Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
, image = Baie de la Tour.jpg
, alt =
, caption = Gulf of St. Lawrence from Anticosti National Park, Quebec
, image_bathymetry = Golfe Saint-Laurent Depths fr.svg
, alt_bathymetry = Bathymetry ...
.
*
1775
Events
Summary
The American Revolutionary War began this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress t ...
– The office that would later become the
United States Post Office Department
The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department, officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the postmas ...
is established by the
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolutionary War. The Congress was creating a new country it first named "United Colonies" and in 1 ...
.
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath who was active as a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher. Encyclopædia Britannica, Wood, 2021 Among the leading inte ...
of Pennsylvania takes office as Postmaster General.
*
1788 – New York ratifies the
United States Constitution
The Constitution of the United States is the Supremacy Clause, supreme law of the United States, United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven ar ...
and becomes the 11th state of the United States.
*
1803 – The
Surrey Iron Railway
The Surrey Iron Railway (SIR) was a horse-drawn plateway that linked Wandsworth and Croydon via Mitcham, all then in Surrey but now suburbs of south London, in England. It was established by Act of Parliament in 1801, and opened partly in 1802 a ...
, arguably the world's first public
railway
Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...
, opens in south London, United Kingdom.
*
1814 – The
Swedish–Norwegian War begins.
*
1822 –
José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín () or '' the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru'', was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and cent ...
arrives in
Guayaquil
, motto = Por Guayaquil Independiente en, For Independent Guayaquil
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Ecuador#South America
, pushpin_re ...
,
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
, to
meet
Meet may refer to:
People with the name
* Janek Meet (born 1974), Estonian footballer
* Meet Mukhi (born 2005), Indian child actor
Arts, entertainment, and media
* ''Meet'' (TV series), an early Australian television series which aired on ABC du ...
with
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and B ...
.
* 1822 – First day of the three-day
Battle of Dervenakia, between the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
force led by
Mahmud Dramali Pasha
Dramalı Mahmud Pasha, ( Turkish: ''Dramalı Mahmut Paşa''; c. 1770 in Istanbul – 26 October 1822, in Corinth) was an Ottoman
Albanian statesman and military leader, and a pasha, and served as governor (''wali'') of Larissa, Drama, and the M ...
and the
Greek Revolutionary force led by
Theodoros Kolokotronis
Theodoros Kolokotronis ( el, Θεόδωρος Κολοκοτρώνης; 3 April 1770 – 4 February 1843) was a Greek general and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against the Ottoman Empire. Kolokotronis's g ...
.
*
1847 –
Liberia
Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...
declares its independence.
*
1861
Statistically, this year is considered the end of the whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the petroleum oil industry.
Events
January–March
* January 1
** Benito Juárez captures Mexico City.
** The first steam-p ...
–
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states th ...
:
George B. McClellan
George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was an American soldier, Civil War Union general, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician who served as the 24th governor of New Jersey. A graduate of West Point, McCl ...
assumes command of the
Army of the Potomac
The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confedera ...
following a disastrous
Union
Union commonly refers to:
* Trade union, an organization of workers
* Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets
Union may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Music
* Union (band), an American rock group
** ''Un ...
defeat at the
First Battle of Bull Run
The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the Battle of First Manassas .
*
1863 – American Civil War:
Morgan's Raid
Morgan's Raid was a diversionary incursion by Confederate cavalry into the Union states of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia during the American Civil War. The raid took place from June 11 to July 26, 1863, and is named for the commander ...
ends; At
Salineville, Ohio
Salineville(
) is a village in southwestern Columbiana County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,206 at the 2020 census. Salineville is located in the Salem micropolitan area and the greater Youngstown–Warren area.
History
Saline ...
,
Confederate
Confederacy or confederate may refer to:
States or communities
* Confederate state or confederation, a union of sovereign groups or communities
* Confederate States of America, a confederation of secessionist American states that existed between 1 ...
cavalry leader
John Hunt Morgan
John Hunt Morgan (June 1, 1825 – September 4, 1864) was an American soldier who served as a Confederate general in the American Civil War of 1861–1865.
In April 1862, Morgan raised the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (CSA) and fought in ...
and 360 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.
*
1882 – Premiere of
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most op ...
's opera ''
Parsifal
''Parsifal'' ( WWV 111) is an opera or a music drama in three acts by the German composer Richard Wagner and his last composition. Wagner's own libretto for the work is loosely based on the 13th-century Middle High German epic poem ''Parzival'' ...
'' at
Bayreuth
Bayreuth (, ; bar, Bareid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtelgebirge Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital of U ...
.
* 1882 – The Republic of
Stellaland is founded in Southern Africa.
*
1887 – Publication of the ''
Unua Libro
''Dr. Esperanto's International Language'' (russian: wikt:международный#Russian, Международный wikt:язык#Russian, язык), commonly referred to as ' (''First Book''), is an 1887 book by Polish ophthalmologist L. L ...
'', founding the Esperanto movement.
*
1890
Events
January–March
* January 1
** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa.
** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River.
* January 2
** The steamship ...
– In
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...
the
Revolución del Parque
The Revolution of the Park (''Revolución del Parque''), also known as the Revolution of '90, was an uprising against the national government of Argentina that took place on July 26, 1890, and started with the takeover of the Buenos Aires Artille ...
takes place, forcing President
Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman's resignation.
*
1891 – France annexes
Tahiti
Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austr ...
.
*
1892
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.
* February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado.
* February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
–
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and "Unofficial Ambassador of India", was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar and writer who served as 2nd, 9th, and 22nd President of t ...
is elected as the first Indian
Member of Parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
in Britain.
*
1897 –
Anglo-Afghan War: The
Pashtun
Pashtuns (, , ; ps, پښتانه, ), also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan in the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were historically re ...
fakir Saidullah leads an army of more than 10,000 to begin a
siege of the British garrison in the
Malakand Agency
The Malakand Agency ( ps, ملاکنډ ایجنسيۍ) was one of the agencies in the North West Frontier Province of British India and later of Pakistan until 2010. It included the princely states of Chitral, Dir and Swat, and an area around ...
of the
North West Frontier Province
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; ps, شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ولایت, ) was a Chief Commissioner's Province of British India, established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province. Followin ...
of India.
*
1899 –
Ulises Heureaux
Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Leibert (; October 21, 1845 – July 26, 1899) nicknamed Lilís, was president of the Dominican Republic from September 1, 1882 to September 1, 1884, from January 6, 1887 to February 27, 1889 and again from April 30, 18 ...
, the 27th
President of the Dominican Republic
The president of the Dominican Republic ( es, Presidente de la República Dominicana) is both the head of state and head of government of the Dominican Republic. The presidential system was established in 1844, following the proclamation of th ...
, is assassinated.
1901–present
*
1908 –
United States Attorney General
The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States. The attorney general serves as the principal advisor to the p ...
Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, ...
).
*
1918 –
Emmy Noether
Amalie Emmy NoetherEmmy is the ''Rufname'', the second of two official given names, intended for daily use. Cf. for example the résumé submitted by Noether to Erlangen University in 1907 (Erlangen University archive, ''Promotionsakt Emmy Noethe ...
's paper, which became known as
Noether's theorem
Noether's theorem or Noether's first theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law. The theorem was proven by mathematician Emmy Noether in ...
was presented at
Göttingen
Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, t ...
, Germany, from which
conservation law
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time. Exact conservation laws include conservation of energy, conservation of linear momentum, c ...
s are deduced for symmetries of
angular momentum
In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a conserved quantity—the total angular momentum of a closed syst ...
,
linear momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. If is an object's mass a ...
, and
energy
In physics, energy (from Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια, ''enérgeia'', “activity”) is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat a ...
.
*
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
–
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...
:
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
and
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
decide to intervene in the war in support for
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War ...
and the
Nationalist faction.
* 1936 – King
Edward VIII
Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 20 January 19 ...
, in one of his few official duties before he
abdicates the throne, officially unveils the
Canadian National Vimy Memorial
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is a war memorial site in France dedicated to the memory of Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War. It also serves as the place of commemoration for Canadian soldiers of the Fir ...
.
*
1937 – Spanish Civil War: End of the
Battle of Brunete
The Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), fought west of Madrid, was a Republican attempt to alleviate the pressure exerted by the Nationalists on the capital and on the north during the Spanish Civil War. Although initially successful, the Rep ...
with the Nationalist victory.
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
–
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
:
Battle of Grand Harbour, British forces on
Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
destroy an attack by the Italian
Decima Flottiglia MAS
The ''Decima Flottiglia MAS'' (''Decima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti'', also known as ''La Decima'' or Xª MAS) (Italian for "10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla") was an Italian flotilla, with commando frogman unit, of the ''Regia Marina'' ...
. Fort
St Elmo Bridge covering the harbour is demolished in the process.
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
– World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of
French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
, the United States, Britain and the Netherlands freeze all Japanese assets and cut off oil shipments.
*
1944
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 2 – WWII:
** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in Nor ...
– World War II: The
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
enters
Lviv
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
, a major city in western
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
, capturing it from the
Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
. Only 300
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
survive out of 160,000 living in Lviv prior to occupation.
*
1945
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
Januar ...
– The
Labour Party wins the
United Kingdom general election of July 5 by a landslide, removing
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
from power.
* 1945 – World War II: The
Potsdam Declaration
The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, Uni ...
is signed in
Potsdam
Potsdam () is the capital and, with around 183,000 inhabitants, largest city of the German state of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of B ...
, Germany.
* 1945 – World War II: is the last British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
ship to be sunk in the war.
* 1945 – World War II: The arrives at
Tinian
Tinian ( or ; old Japanese name: 天仁安島, ''Tenian-shima'') is one of the three principal islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Together with uninhabited neighboring Aguiguan, it forms Tinian Municipality, one of th ...
with components and
enriched uranium
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 (written 235U) has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Naturally occurring uranium is composed of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (238U ...
for the
Little Boy
"Little Boy" was the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II, making it the first nuclear weapon used in warfare. The bomb was dropped by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress ''Enola Gay'' p ...
nuclear bomb.
*
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
–
Aloha Airlines
Aloha Airlines was an American airline headquartered in Honolulu, Hawaii, operating from a hub at Honolulu International Airport (now Daniel K. Inouye International Airport). Operations began on July 26, 1946, and ceased operations on March 31 ...
begins service from
Honolulu International Airport
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport , also known as Honolulu International Airport, is the main airport of Oahu, Hawaii.[1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...](_blank)
–
Cold War
The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
: U.S. President
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...
signs the
National Security Act of 1947
The National Security Act of 1947 ( Pub.L.br>80-253 61 Stat.br>495 enacted July 26, 1947) was a law enacting major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II. The majority of the pro ...
into
United States law
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the nation's Constitution, which prescribes the foundation of the federal government of the United States, as well as v ...
creating the
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
,
United States Department of Defense
The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national secu ...
,
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Signal ...
,
Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, that advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and the ...
, and the
United States National Security Council
The United States National Security Council (NSC) is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security, military, and foreign policy matters. Based in the White House, it is part of the Execu ...
.
*
1948 – U.S. President
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...
signs
Executive Order 9981
Executive Order 9981 was issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. This executive order abolished discrimination "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces, and led to the re-integra ...
, desegregating the military of the United States.
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the United ...
– Walt Disney's 13th Animation, animated film, ''Alice in Wonderland (1951 film), Alice in Wonderland'', premieres in London, England, United Kingdom.
*1952 – King Farouk of Egypt abdicates in favor of his son Fuad II of Egypt, Fuad.
*1953 – Cold War: Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus beginning the Cuban Revolution. The movement took the name of the date: 26th of July Movement
* 1953 – Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle orders an anti-polygamy law enforcement crackdown on residents of Colorado City, Arizona, Short Creek, Arizona, which becomes known as the Short Creek raid.
* 1953 – Soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment repel a number of Chinese assaults against a key position known as The Hook during the Battle of the Samichon River, just hours before the Armistice Agreement is signed, ending the Korean War.
*1956 – Following the World Bank's refusal to fund building the Aswan Dam, Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, Suez crisis, sparking international condemnation.
*1957 – Carlos Castillo Armas, dictator of Guatemala, is assassinated.
*1958 – Explorer program: ''Explorer 4'' is launched.
*1963 – Syncom#Syncom 2, Syncom 2, the world's first geosynchronous satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster.
* 1963 – An 1963 Skopje earthquake, earthquake in Skopje, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia (present-day North Macedonia) leaves 1,100 dead.
* 1963 – The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development votes to admit Japan.
*1968 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Trương Đình Dzu is sentenced to five years Penal labour#Prison labour, hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.
*1971 – Apollo program: Launch of Apollo 15 on the first Apollo "List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types, J-Mission", and first use of a Lunar Roving Vehicle.
*1974 – Prime Minister of Greece, Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis forms the country's first civil government after Greek military junta of 1967–74, seven years of military rule.
*1977 – The National Assembly of Quebec imposes the use of French as the official language of the provincial government.
*1989 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert Tappan Morris, Robert T. Morris, Jr. for releasing the Morris worm, thus becoming the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
*1990 – The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is signed into law by President George H. W. Bush.
*1993 – Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashes into a ridge on Mt. Ungeo on its third attempt to land at Mokpo Airport, South Korea. Sixty-eight of the 116 people onboard are killed.
*1999 – Kargil War, Kargil conflict officially comes to an end. The Indian Army announces the complete eviction of Pakistani intruders.
*2005 – Space Shuttle program: STS-114 Mission: Launch of Space Shuttle Discovery, ''Discovery'', NASA's first scheduled flight mission after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, ''Columbia'' Disaster in 2003.
* 2005 – Mumbai, India receives Maharashtra floods of 2005, 99.5cm of rain (39.17 inches) within 24 hours, resulting in floods killing over 5,000 people.
*2008 – Fifty-six people are killed and over 200 people are injured, in the 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, Ahmedabad bombings in India.
*2009 – The militant Nigerian Islamism, Islamist group Boko Haram attacks a police station in Bauchi, leading to reprisals by the Nigeria Police Force and 2009 Boko Haram Uprising, four days of violence across multiple cities.
*2011 – A Royal Moroccan Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules 2011 Royal Moroccan Air Force C-130 crash, crashes near Guelmim Airport in Guelmim, Morocco. All 80 people on board are killed.
*2016 – The Sagamihara stabbings occur in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan. Nineteen people are killed.
* 2016 – Hillary Clinton becomes the first female nominee for President of the United States by a major political party at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia.
* 2016 – Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the Earth.
Births
Pre-1600
*1030 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Polish bishop and saint (d. 1079)
*1400 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439)
*1502 – Christian Egenolff, German printer (d. 1555)
1601–1900
*1678 – Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1711)
*1711 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician, and historian (d. 1778)
*1739 – George Clinton (vice president), George Clinton, American general and politician, 4th Vice President of the United States (d. 1812)
*1782 – John Field (composer), John Field, Irish pianist and composer (d. 1837)
*1791 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1844)
*1796 – George Catlin, American painter, author, and traveler (d. 1872)
*1802 – Mariano Arista, Mexican general and politician, 42nd President of Mexico (d. 1855)
*1819 – Justin Holland, American guitarist and educator (d. 1887)
*1829 – Auguste Beernaert, Belgian politician, 14th Prime Minister of Belgium, Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1912)
*1841 – Carl Robert Jakobson, Estonian journalist and politician (d. 1882)
*1842 – Alfred Marshall, English economist and academic (d. 1924)
*1844 – Stefan Drzewiecki, Ukrainian-Polish engineer and journalist (d. 1938)
*1854 – Philippe Gaucher, French dermatologist and academic (d. 1918)
*1855 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and philosopher (d. 1936)
*1856 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish playwright and critic, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)
*1858 – Tom Garrett, Australian cricketer and lawyer (d. 1943)
*
1863 – Jāzeps Vītols, Latvian composer (d. 1948)
*1865 – Philipp Scheidemann, German journalist and politician, 10th Chancellor of Germany (d. 1939)
* 1865 – Rajanikanta Sen, Indian poet and composer (d. 1910)
*1874 – Serge Koussevitzky, Russian-American bassist, composer, and conductor (d. 1951)
*1875 – Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (d. 1961)
* 1875 – Ernesta Di Capua, Italian botanist and explorer (d. 1943)
* 1875 – Antonio Machado, Spanish poet and academic (d. 1939)
* 1877 – Jesse Lauriston Livermore, American investor and security analyst, "Great Bear of Wall Street" (d. 1940)
*1878 – Ernst Hoppenberg, German swimmer and water polo player (d. 1937)
*1879 – Shunroku Hata, Japanese field marshal and politician, 48th Ministry of War of Japan, Japanese Minister of War (d. 1962)
*1880 – Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian playwright and politician, 1st List of Prime Ministers of Ukraine, Prime Minister of Ukrainian People's Republic (d. 1951)
*
1882 – Albert Dunstan, Australian politician, 33rd Premier of Victoria (d. 1950)
*1885 – Roy Castleton, American baseball player (d. 1967)
* 1885 – André Maurois, French soldier and author (d. 1967)
*1886 – Lars Hanson, Swedish actor (d. 1965)
*1888 – Reginald Hands, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1918)
*
1890
Events
January–March
* January 1
** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa.
** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River.
* January 2
** The steamship ...
– Daniel J. Callaghan, American admiral, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1942)
*
1892
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.
* February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado.
* February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
– Sad Sam Jones, American baseball player and manager (d. 1966)
*1893 – George Grosz, German painter and illustrator (d. 1959)
*1894 – Aldous Huxley, English novelist and philosopher (d. 1963)
*1895 – Gracie Allen, American actress and comedian (d. 1964)
*1896 – Tim Birkin, English soldier and race car driver (d. 1933)
*
1897 – Harold D. Cooley, American lawyer and politician (d. 1974)
* 1897 – Paul Gallico, American journalist and author (d. 1976)
*1900 – Sarah Kafrit, Israeli politician and teacher (d. 1983)
1901–present
*1903 – Estes Kefauver, American lawyer and politician (d. 1963)
*1904 – Frank Scott Hogg, Canadian astronomer and academic (d. 1951)
* 1904 – Edwin Albert Link, American industrialist and entrepreneur, invented the flight simulator (d. 1981)
*1906 – Irena Iłłakowicz, German-Polish lieutenant (d. 1943)
*
1908 – Lucien Wercollier, Luxembourger sculptor (d. 2002)
*1909 – Peter Thorneycroft, Baron Thorneycroft, English lawyer and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1994)
* 1909 – Vivian Vance, American actress and singer (d. 1979)
*1913 – Kan Yuet-keung, Hong Kong banker, lawyer, and politician (d. 2012)
*1914 – C. Farris Bryant, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, List of Governors of Florida, 34th Governor of Florida (d. 2002)
* 1914 – Erskine Hawkins, American trumpet player and bandleader (d. 1993)
* 1914 – Ellis Kinder, American baseball player (d. 1968)
*1916 – Dean Brooks, American physician and actor (d. 2013)
* 1916 – Jaime Luiz Coelho, Brazilian archbishop (d. 2013)
*
1918 – Marjorie Lord, American actress (d. 2015)
*1919 – Virginia Gilmore, American actress (d. 1986)
* 1919 – James Lovelock, English biologist and chemist (d. 2022)
*1920 – Bob Waterfield, American football player and coach (d. 1983)
*1921 – Tom Saffell, American baseball player and manager (d. 2012)
* 1921 – Jean Shepherd, American radio host, actor, and screenwriter (d. 1999)
*1922 – Blake Edwards, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010)
* 1922 – Jim Foglesong, American record producer (d. 2013)
* 1922 – Jason Robards, American actor (d. 2000)
*1923 – Jan Berenstain, American author and illustrator (d. 2012)
* 1923 – Bernice Rubens, Welsh author (d. 2004)
* 1923 – Hoyt Wilhelm, American baseball player and coach (d. 2002)
*1925 – Jerzy Einhorn, Polish-Swedish physician and politician (d. 2000)
* 1925 – Joseph Engelberger, American physicist and engineer (d. 2015)
* 1925 – Gene Gutowski, Polish-American film producer (d. 2016)
* 1925 – Ana María Matute, Spanish author and academic (d. 2014)
*1926 – James Best, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2015)
* 1926 – Dorothy E. Smith, Canadian sociologist (d. 2022)
*1927 – Gulabrai Ramchand, Indian cricketer (d. 2003)
*1928 – Don Beauman, English race car driver (d. 1955)
* 1928 – Francesco Cossiga, Italian academic and politician, 8th President of Italy (d. 2010)
* 1928 – Elliott Erwitt, French-American photographer and director
* 1928 – Ibn-e-Safi, Indian-Pakistani author and poet (d. 1980)
* 1928 – Joe Jackson (manager), Joe Jackson, American talent manager, father of Michael Jackson (d. 2018)
* 1928 – Stanley Kubrick, American director, producer, screenwriter, and cinematographer (d. 1999)
* 1928 – Peter Lougheed, Canadian lawyer and politician, 10th Premier of Alberta (d. 2012)
* 1928 – Sally Oppenheim-Barnes, Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes, Irish-born English politician
*1929 – Marc Lalonde, Canadian lawyer and politician, 34th Minister of Justice (Canada), Canadian Minister of Justice
* 1929 – Alexis Weissenberg, Bulgarian-French pianist and educator (d. 2012)
*1930 – Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, Brazilian lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
* 1930 – Barbara Jefford, English actress (d. 2020)
*1931 – Telê Santana, Brazilian footballer and manager (d. 2006)
*1934 – Tommy McDonald (American football), Tommy McDonald, American football player (d. 2018)
*
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
– Tsutomu Koyama, Japanese volleyball player and coach (d. 2012)
* 1936 – Lawrie McMenemy, English footballer and manager
*1938 – Bobby Hebb, American singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
* 1938 – Keith Peters (physician), Keith Peters, Welsh physician and academic
*1939 – Jun Henmi, Japanese author and poet (d. 2011)
* 1939 – John Howard, Australian lawyer and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Australia
* 1939 – Bob Lilly, American football player and photographer
* 1939 – Richard Marlow, English organist and conductor (d. 2013)
*1940 – Dobie Gray, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2011)
* 1940 – Brian Mawhinney, Baron Mawhinney, Northern Irish-British academic and politician, Secretary of State for Transport (d. 2019)
* 1940 – Bobby Rousseau, Canadian ice hockey player
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
– Jean Baubérot, French historian and sociologist
* 1941 – Darlene Love, American singer and actress
* 1941 – Brenton Wood, American R&B singer-songwriter and keyboard player
*1942 – Vladimír Mečiar, Slovak politician, 1st Prime Minister of Slovakia
* 1942 – Teddy Pilette, Belgian race car driver
*1943 – Peter Hyams, American director, screenwriter, and cinematographer
* 1943 – Mick Jagger, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
*
1945
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
Januar ...
– Betty Davis, American singer-songwriter (d. 2022)
* 1945 – Helen Mirren, English actress
*
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
– Emilio de Villota, Spanish race car driver
*
1948 – Luboš Andršt, Czech guitarist and songwriter
* 1948 – Herbert Wiesinger, German figure skater
*1949 – Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai businessman and politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Thailand
* 1949 – Roger Taylor (Queen drummer), Roger Taylor, English singer-songwriter, drummer, and producer
*1950 – Nelinho, Brazilian footballer and manager
* 1950 – Nicholas Evans, English journalist, screenwriter, and producer
* 1950 – Susan George (actress), Susan George, English actress and producer
* 1950 – Anne Rafferty, English lawyer and judge
* 1950 – Rich Vogler, American race car driver (d. 1990)
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the United ...
– Rick Martin, Canadian-American ice hockey player (d. 2011)
*1952 – Glynis Breakwell, English psychologist and academic
*1953 – Felix Magath, German footballer and manager
* 1953 – Robert Phillips (guitarist), Robert Phillips, American guitarist
* 1953 – Henk Bleker, Dutch politician
* 1953 – Earl Tatum, American professional basketball player
*1954 – Vitas Gerulaitis, American tennis player and coach (d. 1994)
*1955 – Aleksandrs Starkovs, Latvian footballer and coach
* 1955 – Asif Ali Zardari, Pakistani businessman and politician, 11th President of Pakistan
*1956 – Peter Fincham, English screenwriter and producer
* 1956 – Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater
* 1956 – Tommy Rich, American wrestler
* 1956 – Tim Tremlett, English cricketer and coach
*1957 – Norman Baker, Scottish politician
* 1957 – Nana Visitor, American actress
*1958 – Monti Davis, American basketball player (d. 2013)
* 1958 – Angela Hewitt, Canadian-English pianist
*1959 – Rick Bragg, American author and journalist
* 1959 – Kevin Spacey, American actor and director
*1961 – Gary Cherone, American singer-songwriter
* 1961 – Andy Connell, English keyboard player and songwriter
* 1961 – Felix Dexter, Caribbean-English comedian and actor (d. 2013)
*1963 – Jeff Stoughton, Canadian curler
*1964 – Sandra Bullock, American actress and producer
* 1964 – Ralf Metzenmacher, German painter and designer (d. 2020)
* 1964 – Anne Provoost, Belgian author
*1965 – Jeremy Piven, American actor and producer
* 1965 – Jim Lindberg, American singer and guitarist
*1966 – Angelo di Livio, Italian footballer
*1967 – Martin Baker (organist), Martin Baker, English organist and conductor
* 1967 – Tim Schafer, American video game designer, founded Double Fine Productions
* 1967 – Jason Statham, English actor
*1968 – Frédéric Diefenthal, French actor and director
* 1968 – James Naismith (chemist), Jim Naismith, Scottish biologist and academic
* 1968 – Olivia Williams, English actress
*1969 – Greg Colbrunn, American baseball player and coach
* 1969 – Tanni Grey-Thompson, Welsh baroness and wheelchair racer
*1971 – Khaled Mahmud, Bangladeshi cricketer and coach
* 1971 – Chris Harrison, American television personality
*1972 – Nathan Buckley, Australian footballer and coach
*1973 – Kate Beckinsale, English actress
* 1973 – Mariano Raffo, Argentinian director and producer
*1974 – Iron & Wine, American singer-songwriter
* 1974 – Kees Meeuws, New Zealand rugby player and coach
* 1974 – Dean Sturridge, English footballer and sportscaster
*1975 – Ingo Schultz, German sprinter
* 1975 – Joe Smith (basketball), Joe Smith, American basketball player
* 1975 – Liz Truss, English accountant and politician
*1976 – Elena Kustarova, Russian ice dancer and coach
*1977 – Joaquín Benoit, Dominican baseball player
* 1977 – Martin Laursen, Danish footballer and manager
* 1977 – Tanja Szewczenko, German figure skater
*1979 – Friedrich Michau, German rugby player
* 1979 – Derek Paravicini, English pianist
* 1979 – Peter Sarno, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1979 – Erik Westrum, American ice hockey player
* 1979 – Juliet Rylance, English actress
*1980 – Jacinda Ardern, 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand
* 1980 – Dave Baksh, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
* 1980 – Robert Gallery, American football player
*1981 – Abe Forsythe, Australian actor, director, and screenwriter
* 1981 – Maicon Sisenando, Brazilian footballer
*1982 – Gilad Hochman, Israeli composer
* 1982 – Christopher Kane, Scottish fashion designer
*1983 – Kelly Clark, American snowboarder
* 1983 – Stephen Makinwa, Nigerian footballer
* 1983 – Roderick Strong, American wrestler
* 1983 – Naomi van As, Dutch field hockey player
* 1983 – Ken Wallace (canoeist), Ken Wallace, Australian kayaker
* 1983 – Delonte West, American basketball player
*1984 – Kyriakos Ioannou, Cypriot high jumper
* 1984 – Benjamin Kayser, French rugby player
* 1984 – Sabri Sarıoğlu, Turkish footballer
*1985 – Marcus Benard, American football player
* 1985 – Gaël Clichy, French footballer
* 1985 – Audrey De Montigny, Canadian singer-songwriter
* 1985 – Mat Gamel, American baseball player
*1986 – Leonardo Ulloa, Argentinian footballer
* 1986 – John White (footballer, born 1986), John White, English footballer
*1987 – Panagiotis Kone, Greek footballer
* 1987 – Jordie Benn, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1987 – Fredy Montero, Colombian footballer
*1988 – Yurie Omi, Japanese announcer and news anchor
* 1988 – Sayaka Akimoto, Filipino–Japanese actress and singer
*1991 – Tyson Barrie, Canadian ice hockey player
*1992 – Marika Koroibete, Fijian rugby player
*1993 – Raymond Faitala-Mariner, New Zealand rugby league player
*1994 – Ella Leivo, Finnish tennis player
*1996 – Olivia Breen, British Paralympic athlete
*2000 – Thomasin McKenzie, New Zealand actress
Deaths
Pre-1600
* 342 – Emperor Cheng of Jin, Cheng of Jin, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 321)
*
811
__NOTOC__
Year 811 ( DCCCXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new ca ...
–
Nikephoros I, Byzantine emperor
* 899 – Li Hanzhi, Chinese warlord (b. 842)
* 943 – Prince Motoyoshi, Motoyoshi, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 890)
* 990 – Fujiwara no Kaneie, Japanese statesman (b. 929)
*1380 – Emperor Kōmyō, Kōmyō, emperor of Japan (b. 1322)
*1450 – Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick, Cecily Neville, duchess of Warwick (b. 1424)
*1471 – Pope Paul II, Paul II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1417)
*1533 – Atahualpa, Inca emperor abducted and murdered by Francisco Pizarro (b. ca. 1500)
*1592 – Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, Armand de Gontant, French marshal (b. 1524)
1601–1900
*1605 – Miguel de Benavides, Spanish archbishop and sinologist (b. 1552)
*1611 – Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1542)
*1630 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, duke of Savoy (b. 1562)
*1659 – Mary Frith, English criminal (b. 1584)
*1680 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet and courtier (b. 1647)
*1684 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1646)
*1693 – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, queen of Sweden (b. 1656)
*1712 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English politician, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1631)
*1723 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1660)
*1801 – Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, Maximilian Francis, archduke of Austria (b. 1756)
*
1863 – Sam Houston, American general and politician, 7th Governor of Texas (b. 1793)
*1867 – Otto, King of Greece, Otto, king of Greece (b. 1815)
*
1899 –
Ulises Heureaux
Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Leibert (; October 21, 1845 – July 26, 1899) nicknamed Lilís, was president of the Dominican Republic from September 1, 1882 to September 1, 1884, from January 6, 1887 to February 27, 1889 and again from April 30, 18 ...
, 22nd, 26th, and 27th
President of the Dominican Republic
The president of the Dominican Republic ( es, Presidente de la República Dominicana) is both the head of state and head of government of the Dominican Republic. The presidential system was established in 1844, following the proclamation of th ...
(b. 1845)
1901–present
*1915 – James Murray (lexicographer), James Murray, Scottish lexicographer and philologist (b. 1837)
*1919 – Edward Poynter, English painter and illustrator (b. 1836)
*1921 – Howard Vernon (Australian actor), Howard Vernon, Australian actor (b. 1848)
*1925 – Antonio Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1888)
* 1925 – Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1848)
* 1925 – William Jennings Bryan, American lawyer and politician, 41st United States Secretary of State (b. 1860)
*1926 – Robert Todd Lincoln, American lawyer and politician, 35th United States Secretary of War, son of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1843)
*1930 – Pavlos Karolidis, Greek historian and academic (b. 1849)
*1932 – Fred Duesenberg, German-American businessman, co-founded the Duesenberg, Duesenberg Company (b. 1876)
*1934 – Winsor McCay, American cartoonist, animator, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1871)
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
– Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician and academic (b. 1875)
*1942 – Roberto Arlt, Argentinian author and playwright (b. 1900)
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the United ...
– James Mitchell (Australian politician), James Mitchell, Australian politician, 13th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1866)
*1952 – Eva Perón, Argentinian politician, 25th First Lady of Argentina (b. 1919)
*1953 – Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician, 135th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1883)
*1957 – Carlos Castillo Armas, Authoritarian ruler of Guatemala (1954-1957)
*1960 – Cedric Gibbons, British art director and production designer (b. 1893)
*1964 – Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe, English race car driver and politician (b. 1884)
*1968 – Cemal Tollu, Turkish lieutenant and painter (b. 1899)
*1970 – Robert Taschereau, Canadian lawyer and jurist, 11th Chief Justice of Canada (b. 1896)
*1971 – Diane Arbus, American photographer and academic (b. 1923)
*1984 – George Gallup, American mathematician and statistician, founded the Gallup (company), Gallup Company (b. 1901)
* 1984 – Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906)
*1986 – W. Averell Harriman, American politician and diplomat, 11th United States Secretary of Commerce (b. 1891)
*1988 – Fazlur Rahman Malik, Pakistani philosopher, scholar, and academic (b. 1919)
*1992 – Mary Wells, American singer-songwriter (b. 1943)
*1993 – Matthew Ridgway, American general (b. 1895)
*1994 – James Luther Adams, American theologian and academic (b. 1901)
*1995 – Laurindo Almeida, Brazilian-American guitarist and composer (b. 1917)
* 1995 – Raymond Mailloux, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1918)
* 1995 – George W. Romney, American businessman and politician, 43rd Governor of Michigan (b. 1907)
*1996 – Max Winter, American businessman and sports executive (b. 1903)
*1999 – Walter Jackson Bate, American author and critic (b. 1918)
* 1999 – Phaedon Gizikis, Greek general and politician, List of heads of state of Greece, President of Greece (b. 1917)
*2000 – John Tukey, American mathematician and academic (b. 1915)
*2001 – Rex T. Barber, American colonel and pilot (b. 1917)
* 2001 – Peter von Zahn, German journalist and author (b. 1913)
*2004 – William A. Mitchell, American chemist, created Pop Rocks and Cool Whip (b. 1911)
*2005 – Alexander Golitzen, Russian-born American production designer and art director (b. 1908)
* 2005 – Jack Hirshleifer, American economist and academic (b. 1925)
* 2005 – Gilles Marotte, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1945)
*2007 – Lars Forssell, Swedish author, poet, and playwright (b. 1928)
* 2007 – Skip Prosser, American basketball player and coach (b. 1950)
*2009 – Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1919)
*2010 – Sivakant Tiwari, Indian-Singaporean politician (b. 1945)
*2011 – Joe Arroyo, Colombian singer-songwriter and composer (b. 1955)
* 2011 – Richard Harris (American football), Richard Harris, American-Canadian football player and coach (b. 1948)
* 2011 – Sakyo Komatsu, Japanese author and screenwriter (b. 1931)
* 2011 – Margaret Olley, Australian painter and philanthropist (b. 1923)
*2012 – Don Bagley, American bassist and composer (b. 1927)
* 2012 – Karl Benjamin, American painter and educator (b. 1925)
* 2012 – Miriam Ben-Porat, Russian-Israeli lawyer and jurist (b. 1918)
* 2012 – Lupe Ontiveros, American actress (b. 1942)
* 2012 – James D. Watkins, American admiral and politician, 6th United States Secretary of Energy (b. 1927)
*2013 – Luther F. Cole, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925)
* 2013 – Harley Flanders, American mathematician and academic (b. 1925)
* 2013 – Sung Jae-gi, South Korean philosopher and activist (b. 1967)
* 2013 – George P. Mitchell, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1919)
*2014 – Oleh Babayev, Ukrainian businessman and politician (b. 1965)
* 2014 – Charles R. Larson, American admiral (b. 1936)
* 2014 – Richard MacCormac, English architect, founded MJP Architects (b. 1938)
* 2014 – Sergei O. Prokofieff, Russian anthropologist and author (b. 1954)
* 2014 – Roland Verhavert, Belgian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1927)
*2015 – Bijoy Krishna Handique, Indian lawyer and politician, Ministry of Mines (India), Indian Minister of Mines (b. 1934)
* 2015 – Flora MacDonald (politician), Flora MacDonald, Canadian banker and politician, 10th Minister of Communications (Canada), Canadian Minister of Communications (b. 1926)
* 2015 – Leo Reise, Jr., Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1922)
* 2015 – Ann Rule, American police officer and author (b. 1931)
*2017 – June Foray, American voice actress (b. 1917)
* 2017 – Patti Deutsch, American voice artist and comedic actress (b. 1943)
* 2017 – Ronald Phillips (murderer), Ronald Phillips, American criminal (b. 1973)
*2018 – Adem Demaçi, Kosovo Albanian politician and writer (b. 1936)
* 2018 – John Kline (basketball), John Kline, American basketball player (b. 1931)
*2019 – Russi Taylor, American voice actress (b. 1944)
* 2019 – Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cuban Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1936)
*2020 – Olivia de Havilland, American actress (b. 1916)
*2021 – Joey Jordison, American musician (b. 1975)
Holidays and observances
*Christian Calendar of saints, feast day:
**Andrew of Phú Yên
**Saint Anne, Anne (Western Christianity)
**Bartolomea Capitanio
**Beatification, Blessed Maria Pierina
**Joachim (Western Christianity)
**Paraskevi of Rome (Eastern Orthodox Church)
**Saint Venera, Venera
**July 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
*Emancipation Day#Caribbean, Day of National Significance (Barbados)
*Day of the National Rebellion (Cuba)
*Esperanto Day
*Independence Day (Liberia), celebrates the independence of
Liberia
Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...
from the American Colonization Society in 1847.
*Independence Day (Maldives), celebrates the independence of Maldives from the United Kingdom in 1965.
*Kargil Vijay Diwas, Kargil Victory Day or ''Kargil Vijay Diwas'' (India)
References
External links
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*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:July 26
Days of the year
July