Juliusz Kleiner (April 24, 1886,

Lwów Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...

– March 23, 1957,

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...

) was a Polish historian and literary theorist.

Education and early life

Kleiner graduated from high school in Lwów and then studied Polish and

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

literature as well as

philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...

at the

University of Lwów The University of Lviv ( uk, Львівський університет, Lvivskyi universytet; pl, Uniwersytet Lwowski; german: Universität Lemberg, briefly known as the ''Theresianum'' in the early 19th century), presently the Ivan Franko Na ...

. In 1908, Kleiner was awarded a doctorate in philosophy. In 1910 and 1911 he studied abroad in

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

and

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

Working life

In 1912 he was

habilitated Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in many European countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching and further education, usually including a ...

at the University of Lwów. Between 1916 and 1920 he was a professor at

University of Warsaw The University of Warsaw ( pl, Uniwersytet Warszawski, la, Universitas Varsoviensis) is a public university in Warsaw, Poland. Established in 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country offering 37 different fields of ...

and after that at University of Lwów. Beginning in 1919 he was a member the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAU), from 1933 of the

Polish Academy of Literature The Polish Academy of Literature ( pl, Polska Akademia Literatury, PAL) was one of the most important state institutions of literary life in the Second Polish Republic, operating between 1933 and 1939 with the headquarters in Warsaw. It was foun ...

and from 1951 of

Polish Academy of Sciences The Polish Academy of Sciences ( pl, Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of ...

(PAN).

Second World War

During the

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

occupation of Lwów he retained his position at the University, teaching one of the few remaining courses in Polish. In 1940 he succeeded in advocating his best scientific pupil

Stefania Skwarczyńska Stefania Skwarczyńska ''de domo'' (17 November 1902 in Kamionka Strumiłowa – 28 April 1988 in Łódź) was a Polish theorist and historian of literature, theatrologist, full professor, doctor ''honoris causa'' of the University of Łódź, ...

to be released from labour camp in

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

. Then during the

Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...

occupation, Skwarczyńska hid him as "Jan Zalutyński" in the Teleżyński family ( Wilkołaz in

Lublin Lublin is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of t ...

area) and later in the Żółtowski family ( Milejów). In 1940 and 1941, Juliusz Kleiner advocated for the release of a Polish woman who had been deported to a forced labour camp in

. After the war he settled in Lublin. Between 1944 and 1947 at the

Catholic University of Lublin John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin ( pl, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, la, Universitas Catholica Lublinensis Ioannis Pauli II, abbreviation KUL), established in 1918. It is the only private college in Poland with the s ...

(now "John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin"). In 1947 he moved to

and took a position at the

Jagiellonian University The Jagiellonian University (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagielloński'', UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in ...

Published works

*"On Konrad Wallenrod", '' Twórczosc'', No. 4, 1945Czeslaw Zgorzelski
'Adam Mickiewicz in the Light of Postwar Polish Criticism: A Bibliographical Survey'
''American Slavic and East European Review'', Vol. 7, No. 4, December 1948, pp. 369–373 at 371 *''Zarys Dziejów Literatury Polskiej'' 1963 *''Zarys Dziejow Literatury Polskiej Jezyka Polskiego Tom Drugi Wydanie II'' co-author Aleksander Bruckner, 1947 *''Sentymentalizm I Preromantyzm'' *

References

Members of the Polish Academy of Literature Members of the Lwów Scientific Society 19th-century Polish historians Polish male non-fiction writers 1957 deaths George Berkeley scholars 1886 births University of Lviv alumni Writers from Lviv {{Poland-historian-stub