Jules-Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly (2 November 1808 – 23 April 1889) was a French novelist and short story writer. He specialised in mystery tales that explored hidden motivation and hinted at evil without being explicitly concerned with anything supernatural. He had a decisive influence on writers such as Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam,

Henry James Henry James ( – ) was an American-British author. He is regarded as a key transitional figure between literary realism and literary modernism, and is considered by many to be among the greatest novelists in the English language. He was the ...

Leon Bloy Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to: Places Europe * León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León * Province of León, Spain * Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again f ...

, and

Marcel Proust Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (; ; 10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, critic, and essayist who wrote the monumental novel ''In Search of Lost Time'' (''À la recherche du temps perdu''; with the previous Eng ...

Biography

Jules-Amédée Barbey — the d'Aurevilly was a later inheritance from a childless uncle — was born at

Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte () is a Communes of France, commune in the Manche Departments of France, department in Normandy (administrative region), Normandy in north-western France. It is situated in the Cotentin Peninsula near Valognes. Its populat ...

, Manche in

Lower Normandy Lower Normandy (french: Basse-Normandie, ; nrf, Basse-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Lower and Upper Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy. Geography The region included three departme ...

. In 1827 he went to the Collège Stanislas de Paris. After getting his

baccalauréat The ''baccalauréat'' (; ), often known in France colloquially as the ''bac'', is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education (at the end of the ''lycée'') by meeting certain ...

in 1829, he went to

Caen University The University of Caen Normandy (French: ''Université de Caen Normandie''), also known as Unicaen, is a public university in Caen, France. History The institution was founded in 1432 by John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, the first rector ...

to study law, taking his degree three years later. As a young man, he was a

liberal Liberal or liberalism may refer to: Politics * a supporter of liberalism ** Liberalism by country * an adherent of a Liberal Party * Liberalism (international relations) * Sexually liberal feminism * Social liberalism Arts, entertainment and m ...

and an

atheist Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...

, and his early writings present religion as something that meddles in human affairs only to complicate and pervert matters. In the early 1840s, however, he began to frequent the Catholic and

legitimist The Legitimists (french: Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution. They re ...

salon Salon may refer to: Common meanings * Beauty salon, a venue for cosmetic treatments * French term for a drawing room, an architectural space in a home * Salon (gathering), a meeting for learning or enjoyment Arts and entertainment * Salon (P ...

of Baroness Amaury de Maistre, niece of

Joseph de Maistre Joseph Marie, comte de Maistre (; 1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821) was a Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, and diplomat who advocated social hierarchy and monarchy in the period immediately following the French Revolution. Despite his clo ...

. In 1846 he converted to

Roman Catholicism The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...

. His greatest successes as a literary writer date from 1852 onwards, when he became an influential literary critic at the

Bonapartist Bonapartism (french: Bonapartisme) is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. The term was used to refer to people who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. In thi ...

paper ''Le Pays'', helping to rehabilitate Balzac and effectually promoting

Stendhal Marie-Henri Beyle (; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal (, ; ), was a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' (''The Red and the Black'', 1830) and ''La Chartreuse de P ...

Flaubert Gustave Flaubert ( , , ; 12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French novelist. Highly influential, he has been considered the leading exponent of literary realism in his country. According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas, "in Flauber ...

, and

Baudelaire Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist and art critic. His poems exhibit mastery in the handling of rhyme and rhythm, contain an exoticism inherited fro ...

Paul Bourget Paul Charles Joseph Bourget (; 2 September 185225 December 1935) was a French poet, novelist and critic. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Life Paul Bourget was born in Amiens in the Somme ''département'' of P ...

describes Barbey as an idealist, who sought and found in his work a refuge from the uncongenial ordinary world.

Jules Lemaître François Élie Jules Lemaître (27 April 1853 – 4 August 1914) was a French critic and dramatist. Biography Lemaître was born in Vennecy, Loiret. He became a professor at the University of Grenoble in 1883, but was already well known for hi ...

, a less sympathetic critic, thought the extraordinary crimes of his heroes and heroines, his reactionary opinions, his dandyism and snobbery were a caricature of Byronism. Beloved of fin-de-siècle decadents, Barbey d'Aurevilly remains an example of the extremes of late

romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...

. Barbey d'Aurevilly held strong

Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

opinions, yet wrote about risqué subjects, a contradiction apparently more disturbing to the English than to the French themselves. Barbey d'Aurevilly was also known for having constructed his own persona as a dandy, adopting an aristocratic style and hinting at a mysterious past, though his parentage was provincial bourgeois nobility, and his youth comparatively uneventful. Inspired by the character and ambience of

Valognes Valognes () is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. Geography Valognes is situated in the Cotentin Peninsula, southeast of Cherbourg. Valognes station has rail connections to Caen, Paris and Cherbourg. History ...

, he set his works in the society of Normand aristocracy. Although he himself did not use the

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...

patois, his example encouraged the revival of

vernacular literature Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular—the speech of the "common people". In the European tradition, this effectively means literature not written in Latin nor Koine Greek. In this context, vernacular literature appeared ...

in his home region. Jules-Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly died in Paris and was buried in the

cimetière du Montparnasse Montparnasse Cemetery (french: link=no, Cimetière du Montparnasse) is a cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, in the city's 14th arrondissement. The cemetery is roughly 47 acres and is the second largest cemetery in Paris. The cemetery ...

. During 1926 his remains were transferred to the churchyard in Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte.

Works

Fiction * ''Le Cachet d’Onyx'' (1831). * ''Léa'' (1832). * ''L'Amour Impossible'' (1841). * ''La Bague d’Annibal'' (1842). * '' Une vieille maîtresse'' (''A Former Mistress'', 1851) * '' L'Ensorcelée'' (''The Bewitched'', 1852; an episode of the royalist rising among the Norman peasants against the first republic). * ''Le Chevalier Des Touches'' (1863) * ''Un Prêtre Marié'' (1864) * '' Les Diaboliques'' (''The She-Devils'', 1874; a collection of

short stories A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the oldest t ...

, each of which relates a tale of a woman who commits an act of violence or revenge, or other crime). * '' Une Histoire sans Nom'' (''The Story Without a Name'', 1882). * '' Ce qui ne Meurt Pas'' (''What Never Dies'', 1884). Essays and criticism * ''Á Rebours'' (1884), in ''Le Constitutionnel'', 28 July 1884. (An English translation can be found in the appendix of ''On Huysmans' Tomb: Critical reviews of J.-K. Huysmans and À Rebours, En Rade, and Là-Bas''. Portland, OR: Sunny Lou Publishing, 2021). * '' Du Dandysme et de Georges Brummel'' (''The Anatomy of Dandyism'', 1845). * ''Les Prophètes du Passé'' (1851). * ''Les Oeuvres et les Hommes'' (1860–1909). * ''Les Quarante Médaillons de l'Académie'' (1864). * ''Les Ridicules du Temps'' (1883). * ''Pensées Détachées'' (1889). * ''Fragments sur les Femmes'' (1889). * ''Polémiques d'hier'' (1889). * ''Dernières Polémiques'' (1891). * ''Goethe et Diderot'' (1913). * ''L'Europe des Écrivains'' (2000). * ''Le Traité de la Princesse ou la Princesse Maltraitée'' (2012). Poetry * ''Ode aux Héros des Thermopyles'' (1825). * ''Poussières'' (1854). * ''Amaïdée'' (1889). * ''Rythmes Oubliés'' (1897). Translated into English * ''The Story without a Name.'' New York: Belford and Co. (1891, translated by

Edgar Saltus Edgar Evertson Saltus (October 8, 1855 – July 31, 1921) was an American writer known for his highly refined prose style. His works paralleled those by European decadent authors such as Joris-Karl Huysmans, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Oscar Wild ...

). ** ''The Story without a Name.'' New York: Brentano's (1919). * ''Of Dandyism and of George Brummell.'' London: J.M. Dent (1897, translated by

Douglas Ainslie Douglas Ainslie (1865 – 27 March 1948), was a Scottish poet, translator, critic and diplomat. He was born in Paris, France, and educated at Eton College and at Balliol and Exeter Colleges, Oxford. A contributor to the Yellow Book, he met and be ...

). ** ''Dandyism.'' New York: PAJ Publications (1988). * ''Weird Women: Being a Literal Translation of "Les Diaboliques".'' London and Paris: Lutetian Bibliophiles' Society (2 vols., 1900). ** ''The Diaboliques.'' New York: A.A. Knopf (1925, translated by Ernest Boyd). ** "Happiness in Crime." In: ''Shocking Tales.'' New York: A.A. Wyn Publisher (1946). ** ''The She-devils''. London: Oxford University Press (1964, translated by Jean Kimber). * ''What Never Dies: A Romance.'' New York: A.R. Keller (1902). ** ''What Never Dies: A Romance''. London: The Fortune Press (1933). * ''Bewitched.'' New York and London: Harper & brothers (1928, translated by Louise Collier Willcox). His complete works are published in two volumes of the ''

Bibliothèque de la Pléiade The ''Bibliothèque de la Pléiade'' (, "Pleiades Library") is a French editorial collection which was created in 1931 by Jacques Schiffrin, an independent young editor. Schiffrin wanted to provide the public with reference editions of the c ...

''.

Quotations

* "Next to the wound, what women make best is the bandage." * "The mortal envelope of the Middle Age has disappeared, but the essential remains. Because the temporal disguise has fallen, the dupes of history and of its dates say that the Middle Age is dead. Does one die for changing his shirt?" * "In France everybody is an aristocrat, for everybody aims to be distinguished from everybody. The red cap of the Jacobins is the red heel of the aristocrats at the other extremity, but it is the same distinctive sign. Only, as they hated each other, Jacobinism placed on its head what aristocracy placed under its foot." * "In the matter of literary form it is the thing poured in the vase which makes the beauty of the vase, otherwise there is nothing more than a vessel." * "Books must be set against books, as poisons against poisons." * "When superior men are mistaken they are superior in that as in all else. They see more falsely than small or mediocre minds." * "The Orient and Greece recall to my mind the saying, so coloured and melancholic, of Richter: 'Blue is the colour of mourning in the Orient. That is why the sky of Greece is so beautiful'." * "Men give their measure by their admiration, and it is by their judgements that one may judge them." * "The most beautiful destiny: to have genius and be obscure."Pène du Bois (1897), p. 62.

Gallery

File:Gill Barbey.jpg, Caricature by

André Gill André Gill (17 October 1840 – 1 May 1885) was a French caricaturist. Born Louis-Alexandre Gosset de Guînes at Paris, the son of the Comte de Guînes and Sylvie-Adeline Gosset, Gill studied at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. H ...

, ca. 1880. File:Barbey Carolus.jpg, Portrait by Emile Auguste Carolus-Duran, 1860. File:Barbey d'Aurevilly Rodin Philly.JPG, Portrait bust of Barbey d'Aurevilly, by

Auguste Rodin François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a uniqu ...

, 1909. File:Félix Nadar 1820-1910 portraits Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly.jpg, Barbey d'Aurevilly, by

Félix Nadar Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (5 April 1820 – 20 March 1910), known by the pseudonym Nadar, was a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist, balloonist, and proponent of heavier-than-air flight. In 1858, he became the first person t ...

. File:Jules Barbey.jpg, Portrait by Georges Noyon.

Notes

References

* Beyham-Edwards, Matilda (1911)
"French Author and Publisher Barbey d’Aurévilly and Trebutien."
In: ''French Men, Women and Books.'' Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co., pp. 95–104. * Bradley, William Aspenwall (1910). "Barbey D'Aurevilly: A French Disciple of Walter Scott," ''The North American Review,'' Vol. 192, No. 659, pp. 473–485. * Buckley, Thomas (1985). "The Priest or the Mob: Religious Violence in Three Novels of Barbey D'Aurevilly," ''Modern Language Studies,'' Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 245–260. * Chartier, Armand B. (1977). ''Barbey d'Aurevilly.'' Boston: Twayne Publishers. * Eisenberg, Davina L. (1996). ''The Figure of the Dandy in Barbey d'Aurevilly's "Le Bonheur dans le Crime".'' New York: Peter Lang. * France, Anatole (1922)
"Barbey d’Aurevilly."
In: ''On Life and Letters.'' London: John Lane, the Bodley Head, pp. 37–44. * Gosse, Edmund (1905)
"Barbey d’Aurevilly."
In: ''French Profiles.'' London: William Heinemann, pp. 92–107. * Griffiths, Richard (1966). ''The Reactionary Revolution: the Catholic Revival in French Literature, 1870–1914.'' London: Constable. * Hansson, Laura Mohr (1899)
"An Author on the Mystery of Woman: Barbey d'Aurevilly."
In: ''We Women and our Authors.'' London: John Lane the Bodley Head, pp. 197–211. * Jackson, Holbrook (1914)."The New Dandyism." In
''The Eighteen Nineties''
London: Grant Richards Ltd., pp. 105–116. * Jamieson, T. John (1985). "Conservatism's Metaphysical Vision: Barbey d'Aurevilly on Joseph de Maistre," ''Modern Age,'' Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 28–37. * Lowrie, Joyce O. (1974). ''The Violent Mystique: Thematics of Retribution and Expiation in Balzac, Barbey d'Aurevilly, Bloy and Huysmans.'' Genève: Droz. * Menczer, Béla (1962)
"The Primacy of Imagination: From Diderot to Barbey d’Aurevilly."
In: ''Catholic Political Thought.'' University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 49–57. * Respaut, Michèle M. (1999). "The Doctor's Discourse: Emblems of Science, Sexual Fantasy, and Myth in Barbey d'Aurevilly's 'Le Bonheur dans le Crime'," ''The French Review,'' Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 71–80. * Rogers, B. G. (1967). ''The Novels and Stories of Barbey d'Aurevilly.'' Genève: Librairie Droz. * Saltus, Edgar (1919)
"Introduction."
In: ''The Story without a Name.'' New York: Brentano's, pp. 5–23. * Scott, Malcolm (1990). ''The Struggle for the Soul of the French Novel: French Catholic and Realist Novelists, 1850–1970.'' Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. * Thiollet, Jean-Pierre (2006) & (2008). ''Barbey d'Aurevilly ou le Triomphe de l'Écriture'', with texts by

Bruno Bontempelli Bruno may refer to: People and fictional characters *Bruno (name), including lists of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname * Bruno, Duke of Saxony (died 880) * Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne, ...

Jean-Louis Christ Jean-Louis Christ (born 24 January 1951 in Ribeauvillé) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented Haut-Rhin's 2nd constituency from 2002 to 2017. as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. Bibliography * "Cél ...

Eugen Drewermann Eugen Drewermann (born 20 June 1940) is a German church critic, theologian, peace activist and former Catholic priest. His work has been translated into more than a dozen languages. Drewermann was born in Bergkamen near Dortmund. He is best kno ...

and Denis Lensel. Paris: H & D Editions ; ''Carré d'Art : Barbey d'Aurevilly, Byron, Dali, Hallier'', with texts by Anne-Élisabeth Blateau and François Roboth, Paris : Anagramme Ed. * Treherne, Philip (1912)
"Barbey d'Aurevilly."
In: ''Louis XVII and Other Papers.'' London: T. Fisher Unwin, pp. 133–146. * Turquet-Milnes, G. (1913). "Barbey d'Aurevilly." In: ''The Influence of Baudelaire.'' London: Constable and Company, Ltd., pp. 135–145. * Whibley, Charles (1897)
"Barbey d’Aurevilly,"
''The New Review,'' Vol. XVI, pp. 204–212 (rpt. i
''The Pageantry of Life.''
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1900, pp. 219–236.) * Whitridge, Arnold (1922)
"Barbey d’Aurevilly,"
''The Cornhill Magazine,'' New Series, Vol. LIII, pp. 49–56.

External links

* * *
Works by Barbey d'Aurevilly
at

Hathi Trust HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally ...

* Jules-Amédée Barbey d’Aurevilly
Encyclopædia Britannica
* Jules-Amédée Barbey d’Aurevilly
Encyclopédie de L'Agora
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Barbey Daurevilly, Jules Amedee 1808 births 1889 deaths People from Manche French Roman Catholics Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism Legitimists French fantasy writers French literary critics Writers from Normandy Roman Catholic writers 19th-century French novelists French male novelists 19th-century French male writers French male non-fiction writers Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni