Juan de Mariana, , also known as Father Mariana (25 September 1536 – 17 February 1624), was a Spanish
Jesuit
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
priest
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particu ...
,
Scholastic,
historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...
, and member of the
Monarchomachs
The Monarchomachs (french: Monarchomaques) were originally Early Modern France, French Huguenot political theory, theorists who opposed monarchism, monarchy at the end of the 16th century, known in particular for having theoretically justified tyra ...
.
Life
Juan de Mariana was born in
Talavera,
Kingdom of Toledo
The Kingdom of Toledo ( es, Reino de Toledo) was a realm in the central Iberian Peninsula, created after the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León in 1085. It continued in existence until 1833; its region is currently within Spain.
Back ...
. He studied at the
Complutense University
The Complutense University of Madrid ( es, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; UCM, links=no, ''Universidad de Madrid'', ''Universidad Central de Madrid''; la, Universitas Complutensis Matritensis, links=no) is a public research university loca ...
of
Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares () is a Spanish city in the Community of Madrid. Straddling the Henares River, it is located to the northeast of the centre of Madrid. , it has a population of 193,751, making it the region's third-most populated Municipalities ...
and was admitted at the age of 17 into the
Society of Jesus
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
.
In 1561, he went to teach theology in
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, reckoning among his pupils
Robert Bellarmine
Robert Bellarmine, SJ ( it, Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino; 4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) was an Italian Jesuit and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was canonized a saint in 1930 and named Doctor of the Church, one of only 37. ...
, afterwards cardinal; then passed into
Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
; and in 1569 he was sent to
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, where his expositions of the writings of
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wi ...
attracted large audiences. In 1574, owing to ill health, he obtained permission to return to Spain; the rest of his life being passed at the
Jesuits
The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
' house in
Toledo in vigorous literary activity. He died in
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
.
Works
Mariana's great work, ''Historiae de rebus Hispaniae'', first appeared in twenty books at Toledo in 1592; ten books were subsequently added (1605), bringing the work down to the accession of
Charles V Charles V may refer to:
* Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558)
* Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain
* Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise
* Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690)
* Infan ...
in 1519, and in a still later abstract of events the author completed it to the accession of
Philip IV in 1621. It was so well received that Mariana was induced to translate it into Spanish (the first part in 1601; completed, 1609; English translation by J. Stevens, 1699).
Mariana's ''Historiae'', though in many parts uncritical, is regarded for its research, accuracy, sagacity and style. Of his other works the most interesting is the treatise ''
De rege et regis institutione'' (''On the king and the royal institution'', Toledo, 1598). In its sixth chapter the question whether it is lawful
to overthrow a tyrant is freely discussed and answered in the affirmative, a circumstance which brought much odium upon the Jesuits, especially after the assassination of
Henry IV of France
Henry IV (french: Henri IV; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarc ...
, in 1610. A volume entitled ''Tractatus VII. theologici et historici'' (published by Mariana in
Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western States of Germany, state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 m ...
in 1609, containing in particular a tract, ''De morte et immortalitate'', and another, ''
De monetae mutatione'' (''On the Alteration of Money'')) was put upon the
Index Expurgatorius
The ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' ("List of Prohibited Books") was a list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia), and Catholics were forbidde ...
, and led to the confinement of its author by the
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, conducting trials of suspected heretics. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, ...
. It has been suggested that either the ''De rege et regis institutione'' or the ''De monetae mutatione'' influenced Chapter 29 of Part One of Cervantes's ''
Don Quijote
Don, don or DON and variants may refer to:
Places
*County Donegal, Ireland, Chapman code DON
*Don (river), a river in European Russia
*Don River (disambiguation), several other rivers with the name
*Don, Benin, a town in Benin
*Don, Dang, a vill ...
''. During his confinement there was found among his papers a criticism upon the Jesuits, which was printed after his death as ''
Discursus de erroribus qui in forma gubernationis societatis Jesu occurrunt'' (''A discourse on the sickness of the Jesuit order'', Bordeaux, 1625), and was reprinted by order of
Charles III
Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. He was the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales and, at age 73, became the oldest person to ...
when he banished the Jesuits from Spain.
According to
Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson
Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson MBE (26 May 1909 – 12 April 2003) was an English economist.
Early life and education
Marjorie Eileen Henrietta Grice-Hutchinson was born in 1909, in Eastbourne, Sussex, the daughter of George Grice-Hutchinson a ...
, an academic economist specializing in the
School of Salamanca
The School of Salamanca ( es, Escuela de Salamanca) is the Renaissance of thought in diverse intellectual areas by Spanish theologians, rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria. From the beginning of the 16th cen ...
, Juan de Mariana and the Spanish scholastics provided much of the theoretical basis for
Austrian School
The Austrian School is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result exclusively from the motivations and actions of individuals. Austrian school ...
economic thought.
Works in English translation
"A Treatise on the Alteration of Money,"''Journal of Markets and Morality,'' Vol. V, No. 2, Fall 2002.
"On the Coinage,"''Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics,'' Vol. XXI, No. 2, Summer 2018.
See also
*
Gabriel Biel
Gabriel Biel (; 1420 to 1425 – 7 December 1495) was a German scholastic philosopher and member of the Canons Regular of the Congregation of Windesheim, who were the clerical counterpart to the Brethren of the Common Life.
Biel was born in Spey ...
*
Francisco Suárez
Bibliography
* Braun, Harald Ernst. ''Juan De Mariana And Early Modern Spanish Political Thought,'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007.
* Cirot, Georges
''Etudes sur les Historiographes Espagnols; Mariana, Historien'' Bordeaux: Feret & Fils, 1904.
* Fernandez, Angel
"Property and Subjective Rights in Juan de Mariana,"''MPRA Paper,'' No. 25932, October 2010.
* Graf, Eric Clifford
"Sancho Panza's 'por negros que sean, los he de volver blancos o amarillos' (DQ 1.29) and Juan de Mariana's ''De moneta'' of 1605." ''Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America''31.2 (2011): 23–51.
* Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie
''The School of Salamanca: Readings in Spanish Monetary Theory, 1544 1605,''Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952.
* Laures, John
''The Political Economy of Juan de Mariana,''Fordham University Press, 1928.
[Tugwell, R. G. "A Jesuit Scholar," ''The Saturday Review,'' June 16, 1928.]
*
Lewy, Guenter. ''Constitutionalism and Statecraft during the Golden Age of Spain: A Study of the Political Philosophy of Juan de Mariana, S.J.,'' E. Droz, 1960.
* Renaud Malavialle (dir.), De l’éducation du prince à la critique du pouvoir : le jésuite Juan de Mariana (1536–1624) ou l’art de la composition, dossier monographique publié dans e-Spania, revue interdisciplinaire d'études hispaniques médiévales et modernes, n°31, octobre 2018.
* Renaud Malavialle, « Éducation du prince et pensée politique chez le jésuite Juan Mariana (1536–1624). La familiarité au risque de l’intimité d’après le De rege et regis institutione (1599) », e-Spania
n ligne
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''.
History
...
37 , octobre 2020
Éducation du prince et pensée politique chez le jésuite Juan Mariana (1536–1624). La familiarité au risque de l’intimité d’après le De rege et regis institutione (1599);
* Moss, Laurence, and Christopher Ryan, eds. ''Economic Thought in Spain.'' Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1993.
*
Ranke, L. von, ''Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtsschreibung'', Leipzig, 1874.
*
Rothbard, Murray.br>
''Economic Thought before Adam Smith,''Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995.
* Smith, Gerard (ed). ''Jesuit Thinkers of the Renaissance'', Marquette University Press, 1939, pp. 157–192.
* Soons, Alan. ''Juan de Mariana'', Twayne Pub., 1982.
References
*
External links
Instituto Juan de Mariana the website of the
Instituto Juan de Mariana
Obras del Padre Juan de MarianaVol. 2*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mariana, Juan de
17th-century Spanish historians
16th-century Spanish Jesuits
1536 births
1624 deaths
Monarchomachs
17th-century Spanish Jesuits
Austrian School economists
School of Salamanca
Lycée Louis-le-Grand teachers
16th-century Spanish historians