João Carlos Gregório Domingos Vicente Francisco de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha, (17 November 1790 – 20 November 1876; ) was a Portuguese
marshal
Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated o ...
and statesman.
Early life and schooling
Saldanha was born on 17 November 1790, in Azinhaga. He was a grandson of
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras (13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis of Pombal (''Marquês de Pombal''; ), was a Portuguese statesman and diplomat who effectively ruled the Port ...
, the
Secretary of the State of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves to King
Joseph I of Portugal
Dom Joseph I ( pt, José Francisco António Inácio Norberto Agostinho, ; 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), known as the Reformer (Portuguese: ''o Reformador''), was King of Portugal from 31 July 1750 until his death in 1777. Among other activ ...
.
Saldanha studied at
Coimbra
Coimbra (, also , , or ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The population of the municipality at the 2011 census was 143,397, in an area of .
The fourth-largest urban area in Portugal after Lisbon, Porto Metropolitan Area, Porto, and Bra ...
, served against the
French, and was made a prisoner in 1810. On his release he went to Brazil, where he was employed in the military and diplomatic services. He returned to Portugal after the
declaration of the independence of Brazil.
Liberal Wars
The
Duke of Saldanha
Duke of Saldanha (in Portuguese ''Duque de Saldanha'') is a Portuguese title granted by royal decree of Queen Maria II of Portugal, dated from November 4, 1846, to João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha, João Carlos Saldanha ...
, as he is commonly known, was one of the most dominating personalities of war and politics in Portugal, from the revolution of 1820 to his death in 1876. During that period he led no less than seven
coups d'état. He played an important part in the struggle between brothers
Pedro IV of Portugal
Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I; 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also became ...
(I of Brazil) and
Miguel of Portugal during the
Liberal Wars
The Liberal Wars (), also known as the Portuguese Civil War (), the War of the Two Brothers () or Miguelite War (), was a war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 18 ...
.
Saldanha became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1825 and was governor of
Porto
Porto or Oporto () is the second-largest city in Portugal, the capital of the Porto District, and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the entire municipality of Porto, is small compared to its metropol ...
in 1826–27. He joined Dom Pedro against the usurper Dom Miguel. He fought in the
Belfastada Belfastada is the name given to the military uprising against the Miguelist regime in Portugal as part of the Liberal Wars, that was triggered off in June and July 1828 in Porto, with the landing of a group of liberal exiles coming in from England a ...
, the
Siege of Porto
The siege of Porto is considered the period between July 1832 and August 1833 in which the troops of Dom Pedro remained besieged by the forces of Dom Miguel I of Portugal.
The resistance of the city of Porto and the troops of Dom Pedro made t ...
and
Battle of Almoster
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
. In 1833, he was rewarded with the title of Marshal of Portugal and one year later, he concluded the
Concession of Evoramonte
The Concession of Evoramonte, also known as the Convention of Evoramonte,Smith, p. 398 was a document signed on 26 May 1834, in Evoramonte, in Alentejo, between the Constitutionalists and the Miguelites, that ended the period of civil war (1828â ...
with the defeated usurper Dom Miguel.
In 1835 he was made Minister of War and President of the Council but resigned the same year. After the revolution of 1836, which he had instigated he went into exile until recalled in 1846.
Later life
After his return from exile in 1846 Saldanha was made
Duke of Saldanha
Duke of Saldanha (in Portuguese ''Duque de Saldanha'') is a Portuguese title granted by royal decree of Queen Maria II of Portugal, dated from November 4, 1846, to João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha, João Carlos Saldanha ...
, and formed a Ministry which fell in 1849. In 1851 he organized a new revolt and became chief Minister as the leader of a coalition party formed of Septembrists and dissatisfied Chartists. He remained in power until the accession of Pedro V. in 1856. and was subsequently Minister to Rome (1862–64 and 1866–69). He became
Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
once more for a few months in 1870 (May–August), and was sent in 1871 to London as Ambassador, where he died.
Assessment
Terence Hughes wrote a character sketch of Saldanha in 1846:
Works
Saldanha was an accomplished linguist (he spoke English, French, and German with perfect fluency) and a general scholar. He wrote ''On the Connexion between true Sciences and Revealed Religion'' which was published in Berlin.
Family
Saldanha had a son who died in Berlin in 1845.
See also
*
Devorismo
*
Revolt of the Marshals
The Revolt of the Marshals ( pt, Revolta dos Marechais) was an unsuccessful Chartist military coup in Portugal against the Setembrist government of António Dias de Oliveira in 1837. It was led by marshals Saldanha and Terceira. Ultimately th ...
Notes
References
;Attribution
*
Further reading
*
*
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Saldanha De Oliveira Daun, Joao Carlos
1790 births
1876 deaths
People from Lisbon
101
Counts of Saldanha
Margraves of Saldanha
Prime Ministers of Portugal
Finance ministers of Portugal
Government ministers of Portugal
Field marshals of Portugal
Ambassadors of Portugal to the United Kingdom
Naval ministers of Portugal
Portuguese military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Military personnel of the Liberal Wars
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Knights of Malta
Portuguese nobility