Joven Daniel

''Joven Daniel'' was a brigantine of the Chilean Navy that entered service in 1838 serving as transport in Manuel Bulnes' expedition to Peru during the War of the Confederation. The ship became later known for its wreck off the coast of Araucanía in 1849. As it wrecked in territory outside Chilean government control, Chilean authorities struggled to elucidate the fate of possible survivors amidst inter-indigenous accusations of looting, murder and other atrocitities among local Mapuche. The events spinning off the wreckage fueled strong anti-Mapuche sentiments in Chilean society, contributing years later to the Chilean resolution to invade their hithereto independent territories.

Wreckage and aftermath

First reports

In 1849 the ship was travelling between Valdivia and Valparaíso when it wrecked at the coast between the mouths of Imperial and Toltén River.Ferrando 1986, pp. 395–396 More specifically it ran aground and wrecked at the rocky shore near Puancho, near Budi Lake.Muñoz 2010, p. 136. Chilean authorities learned about the events the first week of August when a Mapuche known as Santiago Millaguir reported the events.

Reportedly Millaguir had visited the site of the wreck six days after the events and said to the Chileans that the survivors had been murdered and the cargo stolen. Further, surviving children and women were kidnapped and then raped and murdered.Muñoz 2010, p. 137. He pointed out the people of local Mapuche cacique Curin as responsible for these misdeeds. The Chilean state sent Joaquín Sayago to investigate the issue and while he failed to find Curin and his people he was able to contact the tribes of Toltén south of the place of the wreck. The Mapuche of Toltén were in possession of various items from the wreck and were willing to hand back items such as paper, cloth and gold. Attempts to find the graves of the supposed survivors near the beach proved unsuccessful. In further enquiries Sayago and the capitanes de amigos who assisted him learned that the "general voice" among the Mapuche was that there had been no survivors of the wreck. This appeared to be at odds with the Chilean investigation that described the place of the wreck as a beach where the wrecked could have reached land.

New witnesses and parliament

The intendant of Valdivia sent Miguel José Cambiazo in charge of a military detachment north to arrest Curin and his people and bring them to justice. Cambiazo returned to Valdivia with various Mapuche witnesses who described how survivors, including children and women, had been raped and murdered.Muñoz 2010, p. 138. President Manuel Bulnes' opposition called for a punitive expedition and Mapuches prepared for a confrontation with the Chilean Army. General José María de la Cruz who was commander of southern forces of the Chilean Army, and the likely leader of a punitive expedition, called Mapuche caciques from the area near the wreck to a parliament. The Mapuche leaders that gathered showed considerable goodwill towards the Chilean interests cursing those accused of murder and theft.

Trials

Mapuches handed over some of the accused of looting to be tried in Concepción and Valdivia. At the trials some defendants said they had not participated in looting and while others admitted looting, all of them however denied the charges of murder because there would have been no survivors. Mapuches further claimed all the loot had been given to Sayago's assistant, but the amounts said by the Mapuche did not match to what Sayago handed over back in Valdivia. Thus, there was a possibility that Sayago or someone in his group were involved in embezzlement.

In a letter attached to the trial documents José Antonio Zúñiga, a soldier active in the expedition of Sayago, described the coast of Puancho as rocky, thus showing earlier descriptions of the site of the wreck as a beach wrong. He further put forward the thesis that murder accusations among the Mapuche originated from quarrels about the loot since many groups had rapidly gathered at the wreck site. This hypothesis meant Chilean authorities would have been drawn into an inter-Mapuche conflict.

Catalina Ayinman who Miguel José Cambiazo had previously brought to Valdivia to witness was called to witness again in Concepción.Muñoz 2010, p. 140. This time she claimed that her previous "declarations" had been fabrications as she would have been in Mehuín, far to the south at the time of the wreckage. She would have been in exile there because of accusations of Kalku Witchcraft from her husband and Curin who was her uncle. In subsequent arguments Catalina Ayinman openly accused Miguel José Cambiazo to have fabricated with pressure and distortion her first "declarations".Muñoz 2010, p. 141.

Bulnes ended up dismissing calls for a punitive expedition in view of its irrelevance to the eventual conquest of Araucanía.

Cultural impact

The wreckage had a significant cultural impact in Chile. As the details became known in Santiago they fueled a strong anti-Mapuche sentiment and reaffirmed prejudiced views that the Mapuches were brutal barbarians.Bengoa 2000, pp. 163–165. For the first time in history the destruction of the Mapuche "race" and culture entered the public debate in Chile.Muñoz 2010, p. 139. The strong anti-Mapuche sentiments that rose in Chilean society contributed years later to the decision to by Chile to invade their hithereto independent territories.

A passenger of the ship, Elisa Bravo was particularly portrayed as a heroine in two poems by Rafael Santos in 1856. Her purported fate was soon after subject of paintings made by Raymond Monvoisin.Muñoz 2010, p. 142.

Historian's assessment

Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna was the first historian to analyse the events concluding that Sayago was innocent of theft and Cambiazo culpable. Historian Diego Barros Arana concluded no murder had occurred and that Valdivian soldiers had kept part of the loot hiding this with a series of lies and misleading statements. Barros Arana praised the reaction of the central authorities and his views on the subject were later adopted by other notable historians such as Francisco Antonio Encina and Ricardo Ferrando. Using an indigenous source José Bengoa concludes that the murders were true, but the reliability of this source have been put into dubt as it include some fantastic elements.Muñoz 2010, p. 143. Valdivian historian Gabriel Guarda changed mind from initially denying murders and kidnapping to admit then at least the kidnapping.Muñoz 2010, p. 144. Guarda amended his view after reading an 1863 testimony of Guillermo Cox, a traveller who said to have seen Elisa Bravo.

Notes

References

Bibliography

*
*
*{{Cite journal, title=El naufragio del bergantín Joven Daniel, 1849. El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile, journal=Tiempo Histórico, last=Muñoz Sougarret, first=Jorge, pages=133–148, issue=1, year=2010, language=es

1849 in Chile
Brigantines of the Chilean Navy
Maritime incidents in Chile
Maritime incidents in July 1849
Maritime incidents in August 1849
Shipwrecks in the Chilean Sea
Mapuche history
History of Araucanía Region
19th-century crimes in Chile
1849 crimes in South America