Hans Josef Kieffer (4 December 1900 – 26 June 1947) was a
Sturmbannführer
__NOTOC__
''Sturmbannführer'' (; ) was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank equivalent to major that was used in several Nazi organizations, such as the SA, SS, and the NSFK. The rank originated from German shock troop units of the First World War ...
(Major) and the head in Paris of the
Sicherheitsdienst
' (, ''Security Service''), full title ' (Security Service of the ''Reichsführer-SS''), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization ...
(SD), the intelligence agency of the
SS during the
German occupation of France
The Military Administration in France (german: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; french: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zo ...
during the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
. Kieffer's headquarters were at
84 Avenue Foch
84 Avenue Foch (german: Avenue Foch vierundachtzig) was the Parisian headquarters of the ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (SD), the counter-intelligence branch of the SS during the German occupation of Paris in World War II.
Avenue Foch is a wide reside ...
, an address that became well-known because many captured agents of the United Kingdom's clandestine
Special Operations Executive
The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British World War II organisation. It was officially formed on 22 July 1940 under Minister of Economic Warfare Hugh Dalton, from the amalgamation of three existing secret organisations. Its pu ...
(SOE) were interrogated there after their capture. After their interrogation, captured agents were sent to
concentration camps
Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects". Thus, while it can simply ...
in Germany and most were executed. Kieffer was successful in penetrating and destroying SOE networks, which had as their objective fostering and supporting the
French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
to the German occupation. Kieffer deceived SOE headquarters in London for many months in 1943 and 1944 by sending false wireless messages, a tactic known as
Funkspiel
''Funkspiel'' (german: radio game) was a German term describing a technique of transmission of controlled information over a captured agent's radio so that the agent's parent service had no knowledge that the agent had turned and decided to work f ...
(the radio game).
In August 1944, Kieffer ordered the execution of five captured
Special Air Service
The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army. It was founded as a regiment in 1941 by David Stirling and in 1950, it was reconstituted as a corps. The unit specialises in a number of roles including counter-terro ...
(SAS) soldiers under the authority of the
Commando Order
The Commando Order () was issued by the OKW, the high command of the German armed forces, on 18 October 1942. This order stated that all Allies of World War II, Allied commandos captured in Europe and Africa should be summary execution, summarily ...
of the
OKW (German military command) which stated that all
Allied
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
commandos were to be executed whether or not in uniform. In 1947, Kieffer was hanged by the British.
Early life
Kieffer was born in
Offenburg
Offenburg ("open borough" - coat of arms showing open gates; Low Alemannic German, Low Alemmanic: ''Offäburg'') is a city located in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With nearly 60,000 inhabitants (2019), it is the largest city and the ad ...
,
Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg (; ), commonly shortened to BW or BaWü, is a German state () in Southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the southern part of Germany's western border with France. With more than 11.07 million inhabitants across a ...
, on 4 December 1900. He became a policeman in
Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe ( , , ; South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the third-largest city of the German state (''Land'') of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart and Mannheim, and the 22nd-largest city in the nation, with 308,436 inhabitants. ...
and joined the
Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that crea ...
in the 1920s. After it took power in 1933, he transferred to the
Kripo
''Kriminalpolizei'' (, "criminal police") is the standard term for the criminal investigation agency within the police forces of Germany, Austria, and the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland. In Nazi Germany, the Kripo was the criminal polic ...
commanded by
Reichsführer-SS
(, ) was a special title and rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 for the commander of the (SS). ''Reichsführer-SS'' was a title from 1925 to 1933, and from 1934 to 1945 it was the highest rank of the SS. The longest-servi ...
Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...
. Kieffer was promoted to SS-
Obersturmführer
__NOTOC__
(, ; short: ''Ostuf'') was a Nazi Germany paramilitary rank that was used in several Nazi organisations, such as the SA, SS, NSKK and the NSFK.
The rank of ''Obersturmführer'' was first created in 1932 as the result of an expa ...
on 12 September 1937 and
Hauptsturmfuhrer on 14 July 1940. On 27 June 1940, shortly after the German conquest of France, he became a military field police officer and was later sent to Paris to head the SD (intelligence agency). Kieffer's wife and three children, Hans, Gretel, and Hildegard, remained in Karlsruhe during World War II. Kieffer was described as a "good-looking man" and was short, stocky, and muscular with curly hair.
Second World War
Kieffer's position as head of the SD in Paris was to conduct
counter-espionage
Counterintelligence is an activity aimed at protecting an agency's intelligence program from an opposition's intelligence service. It includes gathering information and conducting activities to prevent espionage, sabotage, assassinations or o ...
activities against the
French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
and the
SOE.
In January 1943, Kieffer and his group moved into new offices at
84 Avenue Foch
84 Avenue Foch (german: Avenue Foch vierundachtzig) was the Parisian headquarters of the ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (SD), the counter-intelligence branch of the SS during the German occupation of Paris in World War II.
Avenue Foch is a wide reside ...
which became the headquarters of the SD in Paris. Only high-value prisoners were sent to 84 Avenue Foch. Kieffer's assistants included Dr. Josef Goetz, a civilian who was a wireless expert, and Lt. Ernest Vogt, a translator and interpreter who spoke French, English and German. Kieffer spoke only German and focused his operations on capturing and interrogating Allied agents, escaped prisoners-of-war and resistance fighters. His objectives included turning British and French SOE agents into double agents for the Germans and transmitting false misinformation to SOE headquarters with wireless sets captured from Allied agents, a process that the Germans called "
funkspiel
''Funkspiel'' (german: radio game) was a German term describing a technique of transmission of controlled information over a captured agent's radio so that the agent's parent service had no knowledge that the agent had turned and decided to work f ...
", the "radio game". Kieffer's office and quarters were on the fourth floor of 84 Avenue Foch. The fifth floor had cells (formerly servant's rooms) for prisoners under interrogation. Kieffer's immediate superior was
Sturmbannführer
__NOTOC__
''Sturmbannführer'' (; ) was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank equivalent to major that was used in several Nazi organizations, such as the SA, SS, and the NSFK. The rank originated from German shock troop units of the First World War ...
Karl Bömelburg
Karl Bömelburg (28 October 1885 – 31 December 1946) was an SS-''Sturmbannführer'' (major) and head of the Gestapo in France during the Second World War. He notably had authority over section IV J, charged with the deportation of the Jews, fo ...
, head of the
Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one organi ...
in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, whose office was next door at 82 Avenue Foch.
Most captured SOE agents and other prisoners arrived at Kieffer's headquarters after several weeks of being terrorized by brutal treatment at the hands of the Gestapo and their French collaborators. Kieffer's tactic was to lull his prisoners into a feeling of safety and treat them as gentlemen and even friends. His most effective technique for breaking down a prisoners resistance to providing information was to demoralize them by demonstrating how much he knew about SOE; greeting prisoners by both their real names and code names, which were supposedly known only to SOE headquarters; showing them a wall chart of SOE's organization; and suggesting that the Germans and British had a common interest in fighting communism and planting in their minds the notion that they had been betrayed by infiltrators in high places in SOE.
The experience of the agent
John Starr illustrates Kieffer's methods of getting information from the SOE agents he had in his custody. Starr was arrested by the Germans in
Dijon
Dijon (, , ) (dated)
* it, Digione
* la, Diviō or
* lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.
The earlies ...
on 18 July 1943. He was shot in the thigh and foot while he was trying to escape and was beaten, tortured, starved, and transferred from prison to prison. Starr arrived at Avenue Foch in late September and was still on crutches. He was met by Vogt who, like Kieffer and most of his people, dressed in civilian clothes. Vogt gave Starr tea and lunch and interrogated him in a friendly manner. He introduced Starr to
Gilbert Norman
Gilbert Maurice Norman (7 April 1915 – 6 September 1944) was a British Army officer who served in the Special Operations Executive in France during World War II.
Norman was born in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, to an English father and a Fre ...
, another SOE agent who was also a prisoner, and gave them a few minutes alone to chat. According to Starr, Norman told him that the Germans knew everything about SOE and that there was no point in hiding information. Norman also said that the Germans must have infiltrated SOE headquarters in London.
On the second day of interrogation, to bolster Starr's suspicion that SOE in London had been infiltrated and that the Germans knew everything about SOE, Vogt showed Starr copies of correspondence from SOE headquarters and field agents which the Germans had obtained. Starr admitted to a few things that Vogt already knew. Kieffer entered the interrogation at that point and showed Starr a large map of France and asked Starr to draw a line around his area of operations. Starr did so. He was a graphic artist whose artistic lettering pleased Kieffer so much that he asked Starr to redraw the map. Starr agreed to do so and expanded his own area of operations to conceal the existence of SOE networks near his. Thus began Starr's collaboration with SD for which he was rewarded with a room of his own, permission to eat in the German officer's mess and gifts of chocolate and cigarettes. Starr later claimed that he had never given any information of importance to Kieffer and had instead been gathering information on SD to provide to SOE. Starr later tried to escape but was recaptured.
Kieffer's sources of information on SOE included
Henri Déricourt
Henri Déricourt (2 September 1909 − 21 November 1962), code named Gilbert and Claude, was a French agent in 1943 and 1944 for the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive organization during World War II. The purpose of SOE was ...
, a double agent who was in charge of arranging clandestine air flights to bring SOE agents to France and to return them to England. Agents gave Déricourt uncoded personal correspondence and official reports to send back by plane to England. He made copies and gave them to the Germans, which provided Kieffer with a wealth of personal information about SOE agents and their work.
[. To be fair, after the war, Déricourt was tried and found not guilty of being a double agent although most historians judge him guilty.]
Kieffer did not permit torture of prisoners at his headquarters, but witnesses described torture of prisoners at a nearby prison under his jurisdiction and by some of his subordinates.
Destroying Prosper
Kieffer's great accomplishment was the destruction of Prosper (or Physician), SOE's largest and most important network (or circuit) of agents. Based in Paris, Prosper operated from the "Ardennes to the Atlantic" with 30 SOE agents and hundreds of French resisters in its orbit. The three key personnel of Prosper were organiser (leader)
Francis Suttill
Francis Alfred Suttill DSO (born, France, 17 March 1910 – executed, c. 23 March 1945), code name Prosper, was an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organization in World War II. Suttill was the creato ...
, wireless operator Gilbert Norman, and courier
Andrée Borrel
Andrée Raymonde Borrel (18 November 1919 – 6 July 1944), code named Denise, was a French woman who served in the French Resistance and as an agent for Britain's clandestine Special Operations Executive in World War II. The purpose of SOE was ...
. The three had been chosen for SOE's "most challenging job: to establish a circuit in Paris, covering a vast chunk of central France".
Prosper's writ was to organize and supply with arms and equipment the many groups belonging to the fragmented
French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
in anticipation of a 1943 invasion of France by the
Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
, which did not occur until 6 June 1944. Prosper was too large, however, by involving too many people who congregated too often and in the same places for both professional and social reasons. On 24 June 1943, the three principals were arrested in Paris and taken directly to 84 Avenue Foch for interrogation. What follows next is disputed. At least one of Suttill or Norman although Norman is more likely is alleged to have made an agreement with Kieffer to tell him about Prosper's operations and the locations of its arms caches in exchange for Kieffer's word that captured SOE agents would not be executed but be sent to concentration camps in Germany. Whether such an agreement was made or not, the information gathered by Kieffer enabled the arrest of hundreds of French collaborators with Prosper and the confiscation of a large supply of arms. If an agreement was made to spare the lives of the captured, it was not observed. At least 167 persons were deported to Germany, and less than half of them survived the war. Included among the fatalities were Suttill, Norman, Borrel and 16 more SOE agents who were executed by the Germans.
About 13 October 1943, the SOE agent
Noor Inayat Khan
Noor-un-Nisa Inayat Khan, GC (1 January 1914 – 13 September 1944), also known as Nora Inayat-Khan and Nora Baker, was a British resistance agent in France in World War II who served in the Special Operations Executive (SOE). The purpose of S ...
was captured by Kieffer. Unlike several other captured agents, she proved impervious to his interrogation. After the war, he testified to SOE spymaster
Vera Atkins
Vera May Atkins (15 June 1908 – 24 June 2000) was a Romanian-born British intelligence officer who worked in the France Section of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) from 1941 to 1945 during the Second World War.
Early life
Atkins was ...
that Khan did not give him a single piece of information but lied constantly.
When Atkins began to describe the execution of Khan at
Dachau concentration camp
,
, commandant = List of commandants
, known for =
, location = Upper Bavaria, Southern Germany
, built by = Germany
, operated by = ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS)
, original use = Political prison
, construction ...
, Kieffer started to cry and to profess distress that she had been executed. Atkins replied, "Kieffer, if one of us is going to cry it is going to be me. You will please stop this comedy".
The radio game
Josef Goetz was the radio expert in Kieffer's headquarters. Along with the SOE agents captured, the Germans also captured the radios of several wireless operators, including that of Gilbert Norman. SOE headquarters in London was quickly informed by wireless operators still at large of the disappearance of Suttill. London, however, was reassured on 7 July when a wireless message arrived from Norman's wireless that said that Suttill had been captured but that Norman was still free. Goetz had sent the message or dictated it to Norman to send. However, the message omitted the security code, which should have told London that Norman was transmitting under duress. Instead, London rebuked him for forgetting his security code and thereby told Goetz how to send messages to SOE headquarters that would be accepted as authentic. According to Goetz, that incident caused Norman's resistance to co-operating with the Germans to crumble. With the captured wirelesses and knowledge of the need to include a security check in the messages, Goetz and Kieffer could play radio games ("
Funkspiel
''Funkspiel'' (german: radio game) was a German term describing a technique of transmission of controlled information over a captured agent's radio so that the agent's parent service had no knowledge that the agent had turned and decided to work f ...
") with SOE headquarters. The practical results were that Goetz deceived SOE into air-dropping arms and equipment into German hands, who captured several SOE agents immediately upon their arrival in France and executed all of them.
By 6 June 1944, the date of the
Normandy invasion
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (D-Day) with the Norma ...
, the radio game had become worn out, but the Germans could not resist taunting the British. Kieffer was ordered to wire his opposite number,
Maurice Buckmaster
Colonel Maurice James Buckmaster (11 January 1902 – 17 April 1992) was the leader of the French section of Special Operations Executive and was awarded the ''Croix de Guerre''.
Apart from his war service, he was a corporate manager with the ...
, at the SOE. Kieffer said:
We thank you for the large deliveries of arms and ammunition which you have been kind enough to send us. We also appreciate the many tips you have given us regarding our plans and intentions which we have carefully noted. In case you are concerned about the health of some of the visitors you have sent us you may rest assured they will be treated with the consideration they deserve.
Killings of prisoners-of-war
On 4 July 1944, German forces, acting on intercepted radio messages, intercepted a group of 12
Special Air Service
The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army. It was founded as a regiment in 1941 by David Stirling and in 1950, it was reconstituted as a corps. The unit specialises in a number of roles including counter-terro ...
(SAS) soldiers of Operation Gain parachuting into France about south of Paris. Seven of the SAS were captured and taken to Kieffer's headquarters where they were interrogated. Kieffer was ordered by SD headquarters in Berlin to shoot the prisoners in accordance with
Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then ...
's
Commando Order
The Commando Order () was issued by the OKW, the high command of the German armed forces, on 18 October 1942. This order stated that all Allies of World War II, Allied commandos captured in Europe and Africa should be summary execution, summarily ...
but to make it appear that they were civilian spies, as it was against the
Geneva Convention
upright=1.15, Original document in single pages, 1864
The Geneva Conventions are four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war. The singular term ''Geneva Conven ...
to execute uniformed soldiers. On 8 August, the SAS soldiers were dressed in civilian clothes, told they were going to be exchanged for German prisoners and driven to a forest near
Noailles. However, one of the SAS soldiers, a
Czech
Czech may refer to:
* Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe
** Czech language
** Czechs, the people of the area
** Czech culture
** Czech cuisine
* One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus'
Places
*Czech, ...
, spoke German and realised they were to be executed. When they were lined up to be shot, the prisoners bolted and two escaped. It was the testimony of the escapees which resulted in Kieffer's trial and execution.
[ Two SOE agents, Pierre Mulsant and John Barrett, attempted to help the SAS soldiers on their arrival in France, but were captured and later executed by the Germans.]
Trial and execution
With the surrender of Germany in May 1945, Kieffer said goodbye to his wife, who was dying of cancer, and children and went into hiding in
Garmisch
Garmisch-Partenkirchen (; Bavarian: ''Garmasch-Partakurch''), nicknamed Ga-Pa, is an Alpine ski town in Bavaria, southern Germany. It is the seat of government of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen (abbreviated ''GAP''), in the O ...
where he worked as a cleaner at a hotel. He was captured by British soldiers in January 1947. In March 1947, he was put on trial for
war crimes at
Wuppertal
Wuppertal (; "''Wupper Dale''") is, with a population of approximately 355,000, the seventh-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia as well as the 17th-largest city of Germany. It was founded in 1929 by the merger of the cities and to ...
in the
British Occupation Zone
The British occupation zone in Germany (German: ''Britische Besatzungszone Deutschlands'') was one of the Allied-occupied areas in Germany after World War II. The United Kingdom along with her Commonwealth were one of the three major Allied pow ...
for the execution of the five SAS prisoners. Kieffer claimed in his defence that he had been ordered to execute the prisoners and that after the
attempted assassination of Hitler on 20 July 1944, any German officer who disobeyed an order would be executed.
One of Kieffer's interpreters from 84 Avenue Foch testified at his trial. He said, "Kieffer was not cruel" and that the interpreter had "seen him stop a guard from hitting a prisoner". The interpreter said that Kieffer did not want "maltreatment" but "wanted information." The interpreter also said that Kieffer had made a pact with Francis Suttill to trade information about the locations of other agents and supplies in exchange for a guarantee that those agents would be allowed to live, but all were instead executed after they had been sent to concentration camps in Germany.
The all-important question as to whether Suttill made a pact with Kieffer might have been answered by SOE's Vera Atkins, who interviewed Kieffer while he was imprisoned. Atkins was uncustomarily vague about what Kieffer said about collaboration between him and Suttill and other SOE agents. She reported only that Kieffer said that Suttill "did not want to make a statement", not whether or not he did. She also reported that Kieffer said that Norman "had not the character of" Suttill, which gave the impression that Norman was more malleable At the time of that interview in 1947, accusations were being made by the French that Suttill had sold out his French followers. Atkins and SOE neither confirmed nor denied that accusation. Suttill's family was bitter at the lack of support it had received from SOE.
John Starr was the only SOE witness and he testified in Kieffer's defense. Starr said that Kieffer had not mistreated prisoners and that he did not believe that Kieffer would "take part in the deliberate murder of British prisoners". Found guilty two hours later, Kieffer was sentenced to death by
hanging
Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck.Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. Hanging as method of execution is unknown, as method of suicide from 1325. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' states that hanging i ...
. Kieffer's appeal of the death penalty was refused and he was executed by hanging at
Hamelin Prison
Hamelin Prison, also known as the ''Stockhof'', was a prison and penitentiary in Hamelin. The penal institution, which had a predecessor since 1698, existed from 1827 to 1980. It was located between the old town and the river Weser. The listed pri ...
by the British executioner,
Albert Pierrepoint
Albert Pierrepoint (; 30 March 1905 – 10 July 1992) was an English hangman who executed between 435 and 600 people in a 25-year career that ended in 1956. His father Henry and uncle Thomas were official hangmen before him.
Pierrepoint ...
, on 26 June 1947. Kieffer's superior,
Helmut Knochen
Helmut Herbert Christian Heinrich Knochen (March 14, 1910 – April 4, 2003) was the senior commander of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and Sicherheitsdienst in Paris during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. He was se ...
, who had given the order to execute the SAS prisoners had his death sentence commuted. Starr said that he was told that the prosecutor expressed "astonishment" at the severity of Kieffer's sentence. The author Jean Overton Fuller said that "it did seem unfair that Kieffer, who had a certain amount of decency, should have been hanged" while
Klaus Barbie
Nikolaus "Klaus" Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was a German operative of the SS and SD who worked in Vichy France during World War II. He became known as the "Butcher of Lyon" for having personally tortured prisoners—primari ...
, the "Butcher of Lyon," was not.
The author Sarah Helm asked why the British and French did not request that Kieffer's execution be delayed so that he could testify against the accused
double agent
In the field of counterintelligence, a double agent is an employee of a secret intelligence service for one country, whose primary purpose is to spy on a target organization of another country, but who is now spying on their own country's organi ...
Henri Déricourt. Helm also said that SOE's Vera Atkins expressed doubts to her about whether Kieffer should have been executed.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kieffer, Josef
1900 births
1947 deaths
Gestapo personnel
German mass murderers
Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres
World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany
Executed people from Baden-Württemberg
People from Offenburg
Nazis convicted of war crimes
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Nazis executed by the British military by hanging
Executed mass murderers