John Nance Garner III (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967), known among his contemporaries as "Cactus Jack", was an American
Democratic politician and lawyer from
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
who served as the 32nd
vice president of the United States
The vice president of the United States (VPOTUS) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice ...
under
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
from 1933 to 1941. Garner was also the
39th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1931 to 1933. He and
Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler Colfax Jr. (; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was an American journalist, businessman, and politician who served as the 17th vice president of the United States from 1869 to 1873, and prior to that as the 25th speaker of the House ...
are the only individuals to have served as both Speaker of the House and Vice President of the United States.
Garner began his political career as the county judge of
Uvalde County, Texas
Uvalde County ( ) is a County (United States), county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, its population was 24,564. Its county seat is Uvalde, Texas, Uvalde. The county was created in 1850 and or ...
. He served in the
Texas House of Representatives
The Texas House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Texas Legislature. It consists of 150 members who are elected from single-member districts for two-year terms. As of the 2010 United States census, each member represents abou ...
from 1898 to 1902 and won election to represent Texas in the United States House of Representatives in 1902. He represented
Texas's 15th congressional district
Texas's 15th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives includes a thin section of the far south of the state of Texas. The district's current Representative is Democrat Vicente Gonzalez, who was first elected in 2 ...
from 1903 to 1933. Garner served as House Minority Leader from 1929 to 1931, and was elevated to Speaker of the House when Democrats won control of the House following the
1930 elections.
Garner sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the
1932 presidential election, but agreed to serve as Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate at the
1932 Democratic National Convention
The 1932 Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois June 27 – July 2, 1932. The convention resulted in the nomination of Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York for president and Speaker of the House John N. Garner from Tex ...
. He and Roosevelt won the 1932 election and were re-elected in
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
. A conservative Southerner, Garner opposed the sit-down strikes of the labor unions and the
New Deal
The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs agencies included the Civilian Cons ...
's
deficit spending
Within the budgetary process, deficit spending is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time, also called simply deficit, or budget deficit; the opposite of budget surplus. The term may be applied to the budget ...
. However, Garner was also considered highly effective in the passage of New Deal legislation, with Roosevelt relying greatly on Garner's wealth of political friendships and legislative skills to pilot New Deal legislation through Congress. Unlike Vice Presidents before him, Garner also had a more active, non-ceremonial role in the U.S. Cabinet.
He broke with Roosevelt in 1937 over a range of issues, especially the centralization of too much power in the federal government. Garner again sought the presidency in the
1940 presidential election, but Roosevelt won the party's presidential nomination at the
1940 Democratic National Convention
The 1940 Democratic National Convention was held at the Chicago Stadium in Chicago, Illinois from July 15 to July 18, 1940. The convention resulted in the nomination of President Franklin D. Roosevelt for an unprecedented third term. Secretary o ...
, then chose
Henry A. Wallace as his running mate.
Early life and family
Garner was born on November 22, 1868, in a log cabin in
Red River County, Texas
Red River County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 11,587. Its county seat is Clarksville. The county was created in 1835 and organized in 1837. It is named for the Red River, which forms its n ...
to John Nance Garner II and his wife, Sarah Guest Garner.
That mud-chinked log cabin no longer exists, but the large, white, two-story house where he was raised survives and is located at 260 South Main Street in
Detroit, Texas
Detroit (dɪˈtɹɔɪt) is a town in Red River County, Texas, United States. The population was 704 at the 2020 census.
John Nance Garner, 32nd Vice President of the United States, was born outside of Detroit but lived most of his life in Uvalde ...
.
Garner attended
Vanderbilt University
Vanderbilt University (informally Vandy or VU) is a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded in 1873, it was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided the school its initial $1-million ...
in
Nashville
Nashville is the capital city of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County. With a population of 689,447 at the 2020 U.S. census, Nashville is the most populous city in the state, 21st most-populous city in the U.S., and the ...
,
Tennessee
Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to th ...
, for only one semester before dropping out and returning home. He
studied law at the firm of Sims and Wright in
Clarksville, Texas
Clarksville is a city and county seat of Red River County, Texas, in the United States in the northernmost part of the Piney Woods region of East Texas. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 2,857.
Geography
Clarksville is located at ...
, was
admitted to the bar
An admission to practice law is acquired when a lawyer receives a license to practice law. In jurisdictions with two types of lawyer, as with barristers and solicitors, barristers must gain admission to the bar whereas for solicitors there are dist ...
in 1890,
and began practice in
Uvalde,
Uvalde County, Texas
Uvalde County ( ) is a County (United States), county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, its population was 24,564. Its county seat is Uvalde, Texas, Uvalde. The county was created in 1850 and or ...
.
In 1893, Garner entered politics, running for county judge of Uvalde County, the county's chief administrative officer. Garner was opposed in the primary by a woman—
Mariette "Ettie" Rheiner, a rancher's daughter whom he married in 1895. Garner won, and with the Democratic nomination seen as
tantamount to election
A safe seat is an electoral district (constituency) in a legislative body (e.g. Congress, Parliament, City Council) which is regarded as fully secure, for either a certain political party, or the incumbent representative personally or a combinati ...
in the post-Civil War
Solid South
The Solid South or Southern bloc was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern United States for issues that were regarded as particularly important to the interests of Democrats in those states. The Southern bloc existed especial ...
, Garner was elected county judge and served until 1896.
Texas politics
Garner was elected to the
Texas House of Representatives
The Texas House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Texas Legislature. It consists of 150 members who are elected from single-member districts for two-year terms. As of the 2010 United States census, each member represents abou ...
in 1898, and re-elected in 1900. During his service, the legislature selected a
state flower for Texas. Garner fervently supported the
prickly pear cactus
''Opuntia'', commonly called prickly pear or pear cactus, is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae. Prickly pears are also known as ''tuna'' (fruit), ''sabra'', ''nopal'' (paddle, plural ''nopales'') from the Nahuatl word f ...
for the honor, and thus earned the nickname "Cactus Jack". (The
Bluebonnet was chosen.)
In 1901 Garner voted for the
poll tax
A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources.
Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments fr ...
, a measure passed by the Democratic-dominated legislature to make voter registration more difficult and reduce the number of black, minority, and poor white voters on the voting rolls.
["Nixon v. Condon. Disfranchisement of the Negro in Texas"](_blank)
''The Yale Law Journal'', Vol. 41, No. 8, June 1932, p. 1212, accessed 21 March 2008 This disfranchised most minority voters until the 1960s, and ended challenges to Democratic power; Texas became in effect a one-party state.
Garner traveled parts of southern Texas controlled by the
''patrón'' system, currying political favor with the land bosses who exercised near-complete control of the local people and local elections. His ''patrón'' allies created a
gerrymandered
In representative democracies, gerrymandering (, originally ) is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent to create undue advantage for a party, group, or socioeconomic class within the constituency. The m ...
district for him, the
15th congressional district, a narrow strip reaching south to include tens of thousands of square miles of rural areas.
Garner was first elected to the
United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the Lower house, lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the United States Senate, Senate being ...
in 1902. He was elected from the district 14 subsequent times, serving until 1933. His wife was paid and worked as his private secretary during this period. Throughout his career he maintained allegiance to the
white
White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on ...
landowners who controlled the voting booths in South Texas. He regarded his Mexican voting base as "inferior and undesirable as U.S. citizens."
Garner was chosen to serve as
minority floor leader for the Democrats in 1929, and in 1931 as
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U. ...
, when the Democrats became the majority.
Garner supported passage of the federal
income tax
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Tax ...
but opposed most
tariff
A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods. Besides being a source of revenue for the government, import duties can also be a form of regulation of foreign trade and poli ...
s except for those on wool and mohair, which were important to his Texas base. He also believed in rural investment, bringing taxpayer dollars to farmers of the Brush Country region of South Texas.
[Patrick Cox, ]University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is the oldest institution in the University of Texas System. With 40,916 undergraduate students, 11,075 ...
, "John Nance Garner," West Texas Historical Association
The West Texas Historical Association is an organization of both academics and laypersons dedicated to the preservation and dissemination of the total history of West Texas, loosely defined geographically as all Texas counties and portions of coun ...
joint meeting with the East Texas Historical Association at Fort Worth
Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States. It is the county seat of Tarrant County, covering nearly into four other counties: Denton, Johnson, Parker, and Wise. According ...
, February 26, 2010
Garner was popular with his fellow House members in both parties. He held what he called his "board of education" during the era of
Prohibition
Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic ...
, a gathering spot for lawmakers to drink alcohol, or as Garner called it, "strike a blow for liberty." (The "board of education" was continued by future Speaker
Sam Rayburn
Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn (January 6, 1882 – November 16, 1961) was an American politician who served as the 43rd speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was a three-time House speaker, former House majority leader, two-time ...
after Prohibition had ended and Garner had left the House.)
Vice presidency (1933–1941)
![GARNER, JOHN NANCE](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/GARNER%2C_JOHN_NANCE._HONORABLE_LOC_hec.14876_%28cropped%29.jpg)
In 1932, Garner ran for the Democratic presidential nomination. It had become evident that
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
, the Governor of New York, was the strongest of several candidates, but although he had a solid majority of convention delegates, he was 87.25 votes short of the two-thirds required for nomination. After Garner cut a deal with Roosevelt, thus allowing Roosevelt to win the nomination, Garner became his vice-presidential candidate.
Garner was re-elected to the
73rd Congress on November 8, 1932, and on the same day was elected Vice President of the United States. On February 8, 1933, then-Vice President
Charles Curtis
Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was an American attorney and Republican politician from Kansas who served as the 31st vice president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 under Herbert Hoover. He had served as the Sena ...
announced the election of his successor, House Speaker Garner, while Garner was seated next to him on the House dais. He was the second man,
Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler Colfax Jr. (; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was an American journalist, businessman, and politician who served as the 17th vice president of the United States from 1869 to 1873, and prior to that as the 25th speaker of the House ...
being the first, to serve as both Speaker of the House and President of the Senate. Garner was re-elected Vice President with Roosevelt in 1936, serving in that office in total from March 4, 1933, to January 20, 1941.
Like most vice presidents in this era, Garner had little to do and little influence on the president's policies. He famously described the vice presidency as being "not worth a bucket of warm
piss
Piss is a profanity, swear word. Piss(es) or pissing may refer to:
* Urine, a liquid by-product of the body that is secreted by the kidneys and excreted through the urethra
** Urination, the ejection of urine to the outside of the body
* Piss (alb ...
" (for many years, this quote was
bowdlerize
Expurgation, also known as bowdlerization, is a form of censorship that involves purging anything deemed noxious or offensive from an artistic work or other type of writing or media.
The term ''bowdlerization'' is a pejorative term for the practi ...
d as "warm spit".) Historian Patrick Cox traces the possible origin of this quote to a 1960 conversation with Lyndon Johnson, who consulted Garner on John Kennedy's offer to run for vice president.
During Roosevelt's second term, Garner's previously warm relationship with the president quickly soured, as Garner disagreed sharply with him on a wide range of important issues. Garner supported federal intervention to break up the
Flint sit-down strike, supported a balanced federal budget, opposed the
Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937
The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, frequently called the "court-packing plan",Epstein, at 451. was a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court in order ...
to "pack" the Supreme Court with additional judges, and opposed executive interference with the internal business of the Congress.
During 1938 and 1939, numerous Democratic party leaders urged Garner to run for president in
1940. Garner identified as the champion of the traditional Democratic Party establishment, which often clashed with supporters of Roosevelt's
New Deal
The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs agencies included the Civilian Cons ...
. The
Gallup poll
Gallup, Inc. is an American analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide. Starting in the 1980s, Gallup transitioned its bu ...
showed that Garner was the favorite among Democratic voters, based on the assumption that Roosevelt would defer to the longstanding two-term tradition and not run for a third term. ''
Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to ...
'' characterized him on April 15, 1940:
Some other Democrats did not find him appealing. In congressional testimony, union leader
John L. Lewis
John Llewellyn Lewis (February 12, 1880 – June 11, 1969) was an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920 to 1960. A major player in the history of coal mining, he was the d ...
described him using
tetrameter
In poetry, a tetrameter is a line of four metrical feet. The particular foot can vary, as follows:
* ''Anapestic tetrameter:''
** "And the ''sheen'' of their ''spears'' was like ''stars'' on the ''sea''" (Lord Byron, "The Destruction of Sennacher ...
as "a labor-baiting, poker-playing, whiskey-drinking, evil old man".
![JohnNanceGarner](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/JohnNanceGarner.jpg)
Garner declared his candidacy. Roosevelt refused to say whether he would run again. If he did, it was highly unlikely that Garner could win the nomination, but Garner stayed in the race anyway. He opposed some of Roosevelt's
New Deal
The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs agencies included the Civilian Cons ...
policies, most notably those related to wooing labor, and on principle, opposed presidents serving third terms. However, Garner was also credited with steering a number of important bills through Congress in the crisis atmosphere of Roosevelt's first one hundred days in office and his relationship with the President would not become strained until Roosevelt's second term, when the Vice President's hopes of balancing the budget and paring New Deal programs faded.
He was also active in Roosevelt's Cabinet meetings on national policy and legislative strategy, which also resulted in the effective transformation of the previously ceremonial office of the U.S. Vice President.
However, the president's "court-packing" plan of 1937 widened the rift with Garner,
and the final blow in their relationship came when the president attempted to purge opposition Democratic members of Congress in the 1938 elections.
At the
Democratic National Convention
The Democratic National Convention (DNC) is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 ...
, Roosevelt engineered a "spontaneous" call for his renomination, and won on the first ballot. Garner received only 61 votes out of 1,093. Roosevelt chose
Henry A. Wallace to be his vice-presidential running mate.
Post vice-presidency (1941–1967)
Garner left office on January 20, 1941, ending a 46-year career in public life. He retired to
his home in Uvalde for the last 26 years of his life, where he managed his extensive real estate holdings, spent time with his great-grandchildren, and fished. Throughout his retirement, he was consulted by active Democratic politicians and was especially close to Roosevelt's successor,
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...
.
On the morning of Garner's 95th birthday, November 22, 1963, President
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination ...
called to wish him a happy birthday. This was several hours before
Kennedy's assassination
John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. CST in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was in the vehicle wit ...
.
Dan Rather
Daniel Irvin Rather Jr. (; born October 31, 1931) is an American journalist, commentator, and former national evening news anchor. Rather began his career in Texas, becoming a national name after his reporting saved thousands of lives during Hurr ...
states that he visited the Garner ranch that morning to film an interview with Garner, where Miss Texas Wool was in attendance, and that he then flew back to Dallas from Uvalde to deposit the film at then-
CBS
CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainm ...
affiliate
KRLD-TV (now
Fox
Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush'').
Twelve sp ...
owned-and-operated KDFW-TV).
Personal life and death
![Garner plot](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Garner_plot.jpg)
Garner and Mariette Rheiner met and began dating after the primary election in 1893. They married in
Sabinal, Texas
Sabinal is a city in Uvalde County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,695 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Sabinal is located at (29.320678, –99.468887).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.2 ...
on November 25, 1895. Mariette Garner served as her husband's secretary throughout his congressional career, and
Second Lady of the United States
The second gentleman or second lady of the United States (SGOTUS or SLOTUS respectively) is the informal title held by the spouse of the vice president of the United States, concurrent with the vice president's term of office. Coined in contrast ...
during her husband's tenure as vice president. Their son, Tully Charles Garner (1896–1968), became a banker and businessman.
Garner died on November 7, 1967, at the age of 98, 15 days before his 99th birthday. Garner is the longest-lived Vice President of the United States.
Legacy
Garner State Park
Garner State Park is a state park in the community of Concan, Texas located in Uvalde County, Texas, Uvalde County, Texas in the United States. Garner State Park, in the Texas Hill Country, is the most popular state park in Texas for overnight ca ...
, located north of Uvalde, bears his name, as does
Garner Field
Garner Field is an airport in Uvalde County, Texas, three miles east of the city of Uvalde, which owns it. It is named for John Nance Garner, 32nd Vice President of the United States.
History
Opened in October 1941 with three 6,000 ft hard ...
just east of Uvalde.
The women's dormitory at
Southwest Texas Junior College
Southwest Texas Junior College (SWTJC) is a public community college with four campuses serving 11 counties in southwest Texas: unincorporated Uvalde County (next to Uvalde and on the site of Garner Field), Del Rio (northwest portion), next to ...
in Uvalde bears his wife's name. John Garner Middle School, located in
San Antonio
("Cradle of Freedom")
, image_map =
, mapsize = 220px
, map_caption = Interactive map of San Antonio
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = United States
, subdivision_type1= U.S. state, State
, subdivision_name1 = Texas
, s ...
's
North East Independent School District
The North East Independent School District (commonly NEISD or North East ISD) is a school district located in San Antonio, Texas, United States. North East ISD serves the north central and northeast areas of Bexar County, covering approximately . ...
, is also named after him.
Garner and
Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler Colfax Jr. (; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was an American journalist, businessman, and politician who served as the 17th vice president of the United States from 1869 to 1873, and prior to that as the 25th speaker of the House ...
, vice president under
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Ar ...
, are the only two vice presidents to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives prior to becoming vice president. As the vice president is also the President of the Senate, Garner and Colfax are the only people to have served as the presiding officer of both houses of Congress.
See also
*
Conservative Democrat
In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views that are conservative compared to the positions taken by other members of the Democratic Party. Traditionally, co ...
Footnotes
Further reading
* Anders, Evan. "The Election of John Nance Garner to Congress" in Anders, ''Boss Rule in South Texas.'' Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982
online*
* Champagne, Anthony. "John Nance Garner", in Raymond W Smock and Susan W Hammond, eds. ''Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries'' (1998) pp 144–80.
* Cooper, George. "Texas, Banks, and John Nance Garner." ''East Texas Historical Journal'' 56.1 (2018): 7
online
* Cox, Patrick. "John Nance Garner" in Kenneth E. Hendrickson, Jr., ed. ''Profiles in Power: Twentieth-Century Texans in Washington'' (2nd ed. 2004)
*
* Patenaude, Lionel V. "The Garner Vote Switch to Roosevelt: 1932 Democratic Convention." ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly'' 79.2 (1975): 189-204
online* Patenaude, Lionel V. "Garner, Sumners, and Connally: The Defeat of the Roosevelt Court Bill in 1937." ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly'' 74.1 (1970): 36-51
online*
*
*
Timmons, Bascom N. ''Garner of Texas: A Personal History''. 1948
online* Will, George
"In Cactus Jack's Footsteps" ''Jewish World Review'' Jan 6, 2000.
External links
*
Let's get goin'!, Bill Sykes Editorial Cartoondepicting Garner's 1940 presidential candidacy, December 19, 1939
Conspicuous among the casualties, Bill Sykes Editorial Cartoondepicting Vandenberg and Garner in 1940 presidential primaries, April 4, 1940
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Garner, John Nance
1868 births
1967 deaths
20th-century vice presidents of the United States
1932 United States vice-presidential candidates
1936 United States vice-presidential candidates
Methodists from Texas
Burials in Texas
Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election
County judges in Texas
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
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Democratic Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Old Right (United States)
People from Red River County, Texas
People from Uvalde, Texas
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
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Vice presidents of the United States