John Gwilym Jones (27 September 1904 – 16 October 1988) was a Welsh dramatist, novelist, short-story writer, drama director, academic and critic, considered a pre-eminent figure in those fields. In particular, he is widely acknowledged to be one of the two greatest 20th-century Welsh playwrights, along with
Saunders Lewis
Saunders Lewis (born John Saunders Lewis) (15 October 1893 – 1 September 1985) was a Welsh politician, poet, dramatist, Medievalist, and literary critic. He was a prominent Welsh nationalist, supporter of Welsh independence and was a co-found ...
; of his many plays, ''Hanes Rhyw Gymro'' (1964), ''Ac Eto Nid Myfi'' (1976) and ''Yr Adduned'' (1979) are considered masterpieces. Almost all of his work was written in the
Welsh language
Welsh ( or ) is a Celtic language family, Celtic language of the Brittonic languages, Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken natively in Wales, by some in England, and in Y Wladfa (the Welsh colony in Chubut P ...
. A writer in the
modernist tradition, he is credited with introducing
Brechtian
Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet. Coming of age during the Weimar Republic, he had his first successes as a pl ...
techniques,
stream-of-consciousness
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. The term was coined by Daniel Oliver in 1840 in ''First Li ...
narrative and
Freudianism
PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be ...
to
Welsh literature. Creative writers such as
Kate Roberts and
John Rowlands owed him a profound debt, and a whole generation of critics were influenced by his work as a teacher of Welsh literature.
Youth
Jones was born John William Jones on 27 September 1904 in the village of
Groeslon
Groeslon (; Welsh: ''Y Groeslon'', "the crossroads") is a small village in the community of Llandwrog in the Welsh traditional county of Caernarfonshire. Groeslon is administered by Gwynedd Council.
The population was 880 at the 2011 census
N ...
, near
Caernarfon
Caernarfon (; ) is a royal town, community and port in Gwynedd, Wales, with a population of 9,852 (with Caeathro). It lies along the A487 road, on the eastern shore of the Menai Strait, opposite the Isle of Anglesey. The city of Bangor is ...
in north Wales, the only child of Griffith Thomas Jones, a stonemason, and his wife Jane. He was to live in Groeslon for the greater part of his life. He was schooled in Penfforddelen (near Groeslon) and
Penygroes, and matriculated at
University College of North Wales
, former_names = University College of North Wales (1884–1996) University of Wales, Bangor (1996–2007)
, image = File:Arms_of_Bangor_University.svg
, image_size = 250px
, caption = Arms
...
in 1922. There the scholar
Ifor Williams
Sir Ifor Williams, (16 April 1881 – 4 November 1965) was a Welsh scholar who laid the foundations for the academic study of Old Welsh, particularly early Welsh poetry.
Early life and education
Ifor Williams was born at Pendinas, Tregarth near ...
persuaded him to change his middle name to Gwilym.
Teacher and critic
In 1926 Jones moved to London to take up a teaching post, then returned to Wales to teach in
Llandudno
Llandudno (, ) is a seaside resort, town and community in Conwy County Borough, Wales, located on the Creuddyn peninsula, which protrudes into the Irish Sea. In the 2011 UK census, the community – which includes Gogarth, Penrhyn Bay, Craigsi ...
(1930–1944),
Pwllheli
Pwllheli () is a market town and community of the LlÅ·n Peninsula ( cy, Penrhyn LlÅ·n) in Gwynedd, north-western Wales. It had a population of 4,076 in 2011 of whom a large proportion, 81%, are Welsh language, Welsh speaking. Pwllheli is the pl ...
(1944–1948) and Penygroes (1948–1949). In 1953 he took up a post as lecturer, later reader, in the Welsh Department of his old college in
Bangor, before finally retiring from academic life in 1971. Two years later the
University of Wales
The University of Wales (Welsh language, Welsh: ''Prifysgol Cymru'') is a confederal university based in Cardiff, Wales. Founded by royal charter in 1893 as a federal university with three constituent colleges – Aberystwyth, Bangor and Cardiff †...
awarded him an honorary
D.Litt.
Doctor of Letters (D.Litt., Litt.D., Latin: ' or ') is a terminal degree in the humanities that, depending on the country, is a higher doctorate after the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree or equivalent to a higher doctorate, such as the Doctor ...
He was an eminent and influential critic, publishing studies on, among other subjects,
Daniel Owen
Daniel Owen (20 October 1836 – 22 October 1895) was a Welsh novelist. He is generally regarded as the foremost Welsh-language novelist of the 19th century, and as the first significant novelist to write in Welsh.
Early life
Daniel Owen was bor ...
,
William Williams Pantycelyn
William Williams, Pantycelyn (c. 11 February 1717 – 11 January 1791), also known as William Williams, Williams Pantycelyn, and Pantycelyn, is generally seen as Wales's premier hymnist. He is also rated among the great literary figures of Wale ...
, and the arts of writing and criticism.
Dramatist
While working in London in the 1920s Jones developed an interest in drama and became an avid
West End theatre
West End theatre is mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres in and near the West End of London.Christopher Innes, "West End" in ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 1194–1 ...
goer. He turned to writing plays, the first two of which to be published were ''Y Brodyr'' (1934) and ''Diofal yw Dim'' (1942). From 1949 to 1953 he worked for the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board ex ...
in Bangor as a producer of radio plays. Some of his own shorter plays were originally intended for radio or television; they are collected in ''Pedair Drama'' (1971). He also helped to start up Theatr Fach Eryri, one of the more influential Welsh theatre companies of the 1960s. As a drama director working with this and other amateur companies he is said to have been very accomplished in drawing out excellent performances from inexperienced actors. In 1958 he published two linked plays under the title ''Lle Mynno'r Gwynt a Gŵr Llonydd'', and in 1963 ''Y Tad a'r Mab'', a technically experimental play treating of obsessional family love. ''Hanes Rhyw Gymro'' (1964), Jones's only historical drama, dealt with the 17th-century
Puritan
The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic Church, Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become m ...
writer
Morgan Llwyd
Morgan Llwyd (1619 – 3 June 1659) was a Puritan Fifth Monarchist and Welsh language poet and prose author.
Biography
Morgan Llwyd was born to a cultured and influential family in the parish of Maentwrog, Gwynedd. His grandfather, Huw ...
. ''Cilwg yn Ôl'' (1965) is a translation of
John Osborne
John James Osborne (12 December 1929 – 24 December 1994) was an English playwright, screenwriter and actor, known for his prose that criticized established social and political norms. The success of his 1956 play ''Look Back in Anger'' tra ...
's ''
Look Back in Anger
''Look Back in Anger'' (1956) is a realist play written by John Osborne. It focuses on the life and marital struggles of an intelligent and educated but disaffected young man of working-class origin, Jimmy Porter, and his equally competent yet i ...
'', one of many plays he rendered into Welsh. Three one-act plays by Jones were published as ''Rhyfedd y'n Gwnaed'' in 1976, and in Jones's own English translation, ''One Wedding, Two Rooms, Three Friends'', were successfully produced
off-Broadway
An off-Broadway theatre is any professional theatre venue in New York City with a seating capacity between 100 and 499, inclusive. These theatres are smaller than Broadway theatres, but larger than off-off-Broadway theatres, which seat fewer tha ...
by the
Manhattan Theatre Club
Manhattan Theatre Club (MTC) is a theatre company located in New York City, affiliated with the League of Resident Theatres. Under the leadership of Artistic Director Lynne Meadow and Executive Producer Barry Grove, Manhattan Theatre Club has gr ...
. ''Ac Eto Nid Myfi'' (1976) has been described as "a masterpiece of the modern Welsh theatre", containing "the quintessence of his philosophy and skill as a dramatist"; its theme is the necessity of every man to come to terms with his environment and culture, the factors which have created him. His final play was ''Yr Adduned'' (1979).
Jones was a keen observer of advances in the techniques of contemporary European theatre. He was the first Welsh-language dramatist to entirely reject naturalistic staging and to use
alienation techniques. His plays display his understanding of the common people of his native
Arfon, and of their ways of thinking and speaking. His characters are generally intelligent, literate and self-aware.
Novelist and short-story writer
''Y Dewis'' (1942) was Jones's first published novel. It was followed in 1946 by his acclaimed volume of short stories ''
Y Goeden Eirin
''Y Goeden Eirin'' (''The Plum Tree'') is a 1946 collection of six modernist Welsh-language short stories by John Gwilym Jones, which has been described as "a milestone in the development of the Welsh short story". It introduced Freudianism an ...
'' (translated in 2004 as ''The Plum Tree and Other Short Prose''), which has been called "a milestone in the development of the Welsh short story" for its introduction of
Freudianism
PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be ...
and
stream-of-consciousness
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. The term was coined by Daniel Oliver in 1840 in ''First Li ...
narrative to
Welsh literature. His second novel, ''Tri Diwrnod ac Angladd'' (1979), is said to be the more impressive of the two. It deals with the complications of family life, and makes much use of symbolism.
Published works
All are in Welsh unless otherwise stated.
* Play
*
Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru
Plaid Cymru ( ; ; officially Plaid Cymru – the Party of Wales, often referred to simply as Plaid) is a centre-left to left-wing, Welsh nationalist political party in Wales, committed to Welsh independence from the United Kingdom.
Plaid was ...
political pamphlet
** English translation:
* Novel
* Play
* Short stories
** English translation:
* Two plays
* Play
** 2nd edition:
* Play
* Lecture, in Welsh with English translation
* Critical study, in Welsh and English parallel text
* Critical study
* Four plays: ''Pry Ffenast'', ''Yr Oedfa'', ''Hynt Peredur'', and ''A Barcud yn Farcud Fyth''
* Three plays: ''Tri chyfaill'', ''Dwy Ystafell'', and ''Un Briodas''
* Lecture, in Welsh and English, on
Daniel Owen
Daniel Owen (20 October 1836 – 22 October 1895) was a Welsh novelist. He is generally regarded as the foremost Welsh-language novelist of the 19th century, and as the first significant novelist to write in Welsh.
Early life
Daniel Owen was bor ...
* Play
* Translation by John Gwilym Jones of
Friedrich Dürrenmatt
Friedrich Dürrenmatt (; 5 January 1921 – 14 December 1990) was a Swiss author and dramatist. He was a proponent of epic theatre whose plays reflected the recent experiences of World War II. The politically active author's work included avant-g ...
's play ''
Der Besuch der alten Dame
''The Visit'' (german: Der Besuch der alten Dame, English: ''The Visit of the Old Lady'') is a 1956 tragicomic play by Swiss dramatist Friedrich Dürrenmatt.
Synopsis
An enormously wealthy older woman returns to her former hometown with a dreadf ...
''
* Critical study
* Play
* Novel
* Critical study
* Memoirs, edited by Gwenno Hywyn
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, John Gwilym
1904 births
1988 deaths
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British short story writers
20th-century scholars
20th-century British translators
20th-century Welsh novelists
Academics of Bangor University
BBC radio producers
People from Caernarfonshire
Translators to Welsh
Welsh-language novelists
Welsh literary critics
Welsh male dramatists and playwrights
Welsh male novelists
Welsh short story writers
Welsh television writers
Welsh translators
20th-century screenwriters