Johann Ernst of Nassau-Weilburg (
Weilburg
Weilburg is, with just under 13,000 inhabitants, the third biggest town in Limburg-Weilburg district in Hesse, Germany, after Limburg an der Lahn and Bad Camberg.
Geography
Location
The community lies in the Lahn valley between the Westerwa ...
, 13 June 1664 –
Heidelberg
Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...
, 27 February 1719) was an Imperial
Generalfeldmarschall
''Generalfeldmarschall'' (from Old High German ''marahscalc'', "marshal, stable master, groom"; en, general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; ; often abbreviated to ''Feldmarschall'') was a rank in the armies of several ...
, from 1675 to 1688
Count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
and from 1688 until his death
Prince (Fürst) of Nassau-Weiburg.
Biography
Johann Ernst was the eldest son of
Frederick, Count of Nassau-Weilburg
Frederick of Nassau-Weilburg (born 26 April 1640 in Metz; died: 8 September 1675) was the ruling Count of Nassau-Weilburg from 1655 to 1675.
He was the son of Ernest Casimir (1607–1655) and his wife Anna Maria of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg ( ...
(1640–1675) and Christiane Elisabeth of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1646–1678). After the death of his parents, his regents were
Johann, Count of Nassau-Idstein and after his death,
Johann Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler.
In Juli 1679 Johann Ernst started his studies at the
University of Tübingen
The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (german: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; la, Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Wü ...
. Between 1681 and 1682 he stayed at the court of King
Louis XIV of France
, house = Bourbon
, father = Louis XIII
, mother = Anne of Austria
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
, death_date =
, death_place = Palace of Versa ...
in the
Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 19 ...
.
Johann Ernst became the only ruler of Nassau-Weilburg when his brother Frederick William Louis was killed in 1684 during the siege of
Buda
Buda (; german: Ofen, sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Budim, Будим, Czech and sk, Budín, tr, Budin) was the historic capital of the Kingdom of Hungary and since 1873 has been the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest, on the ...
. His territories on the left bank of the Rhine were occupied by France and only returned after the
Treaty of Ryswick
The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697. They ended the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance, which included England, ...
in 1697.
Johann Ernst had an important military career. In 1684 he commanded a
Dragoon
Dragoons were originally a class of mounted infantry, who used horses for mobility, but dismounted to fight on foot. From the early 17th century onward, dragoons were increasingly also employed as conventional cavalry and trained for combat w ...
regiment in the service of the
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (german: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel), spelled Hesse-Cassel during its entire existence, was a state in the Holy Roman Empire that was directly subject to the Emperor. The state was created in 1567 when the Lan ...
. In 1688, at the start of the
Nine Years' War
The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarch ...
, he defended
Koblenz
Koblenz (; Moselle Franconian language, Moselle Franconian: ''Kowelenz''), spelled Coblenz before 1926, is a German city on the banks of the Rhine and the Moselle, a multi-nation tributary.
Koblenz was established as a Roman Empire, Roman mili ...
. Later he participated in the Siege of Mainz (1689), the
Battle of Fleurus (1690)
The Battle of Fleurus, fought on 1 July 1690, was a major engagement of the Nine Years' War. In a bold and masterful envelopment, Marshal Luxembourg, commanding a French army of some 35,000 men, inflicted a severe defeat on Prince Waldeck’s ...
and the
Battle of Landen
The Battle of Landen, also known as Neerwinden, took place on 29 July 1693, during the Nine Years' War near Landen in modern Belgium. A French army under Marshal Luxembourg defeated an Allied force led by William III.
By 1693, all combatant ...
(1693).
In September 1696 Johann Ernst entered as general in the service of the
Electoral Palatinate
The Electoral Palatinate (german: Kurpfalz) or the Palatinate (), officially the Electorate of the Palatinate (), was a state that was part of the Holy Roman Empire. The electorate had its origins under the rulership of the Counts Palatine of ...
as
General
A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.
In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ...
, which enraged his former employer
Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
Charles of Hesse-Kassel (german: Karl von Hessen-Kassel; 3 August 1654 – 23 March 1730), of the House of Hesse, was the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1670 to 1730.
Childhood
Charles was the second son of William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kass ...
.
After the Peace of Ryswick, Johann Ernst became governor of the Palatinate city of
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf ( , , ; often in English sources; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: ''Düsseldörp'' ; archaic nl, Dusseldorp ) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in th ...
.
In 1701, at the outbreak of the
War of Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
, Johann Ernst raised an army, participated in the successful
Siege of Landau in 1702 and the consequent chasing of an army under
Marshal of France
Marshal of France (french: Maréchal de France, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1 ...
Tallard
Tallard (; oc, Talard) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.
Location
Tallard is to the south of Gap, close to the road from Gap to Marseille. The motorway A51 ends ju ...
from the
Hunsrück
The Hunsrück () is a long, triangular, pronounced upland in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by the valleys of the Moselle-Saar (north-to-west), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). It is continued by the Taunus mountains, past ...
. For this achievement, he was made an Imperial
Generalfeldmarschall
''Generalfeldmarschall'' (from Old High German ''marahscalc'', "marshal, stable master, groom"; en, general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; ; often abbreviated to ''Feldmarschall'') was a rank in the armies of several ...
.
When Prince
Eugene of Savoy
Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy–Carignano, (18 October 1663 – 21 April 1736) better known as Prince Eugene, was a field marshal in the army of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty during the 17th and 18th centuries. He ...
marched in 1703 to Bavaria against the French
Marshal Villars
Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Prince de Martigues, Marquis then Duc de Villars, Vicomte de Melun (, 8 May 1653 – 17 June 1734) was a French military commander and an illustrious general of Louis XIV of France. He was one of only six Marshals ...
, Johann Ernst stayed on the Rhine to defend Landau against Tallard. This led on November 15, 1703, to the
Battle of Speyerbach. It was a terrible defeat. 8000 men were lost and Johann Ernst's eldest son, Colonel Frederick Ludwig of Nassau-Weilburg was killed. Hereafter, Johann Ernst never fought a major engagement again and withdrew from active service all together in 1706. He was ''Großhofmeister'' of the Elector Palatinate until 1716 and returned to Weilburg, where he died in 1719.
Building
In the 1700s, Johann Ernst initiated the expansion of his residence,
Schloss Weilburg
Schloss Weilburg (Weilburg Palace) is a Baroque '' schloss'' in Weilburg, Hesse, Germany. It is located on a spur above the river Lahn and occupies about half of the area of the Old Town of Weilburg. It contains the ''Hochschloss'' ("High Palace"), ...
, from a Renaissance Palace to a Baroque complex, adding orangeries, stables, a church and terrace gardens.
Marriage and issue
Johann Ernst married on April 3, 1683, Countess Maria Polyxena of
Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hartenburg (February 7, 1662 – April 22, 1725), daughter of Friedrich Emich, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hartenburg (1621-1698) and Countess Sybille von
Waldeck-Wildungen (1619-1678).
They had nine children:
* Frederick Louis (1683–1703), killed in the
Battle of Speyerbach
*
Charles August (1685–1753) married Princess Auguste Friederike Wilhelmine of
Nassau-Idstein (1699-1750)
* Maria Polyxena (1686–1687)
* Johanna Louise (1687–1688)
* Charles Ernst (1689–1709)
* Henry Louis (1690–1691)
* Magdalena Henriette (1691–1725) married
Frederick William, 1st Prince of Solms-Braunfels
* Albertina (1693–1748)
* a daughter (1694)
Ancestors
References
* Ernst Joachim:
Johann Ernst von Nassau-Weilburg', in:
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (ADB, german: Universal German Biography) is one of the most important and comprehensive biographical reference works in the German language.
It was published by the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Aca ...
(1881), S. 272-273
* Dr. C. Spielmann: ''Geschichte der Stadt und Herrschaft Weilburg'', 1896, Neuauflage 2003
External links
Worldroots
Weilburg
, -
{{DEFAULTSORT:John Ernst Of Nassau-Weilburg
1675 births
1719 deaths
Counts of Nassau
University of Tübingen alumni
German army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
House of Nassau-Weilburg
People from Weilburg
Burials in the Royal Crypt of Weilburg Schlosskirche
Field marshals of Germany
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire