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Johann Christoph Volkamer (June 7, 1644 – August 26, 1720) was a
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
merchant, manufacturer and
botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...
.


Life

Johann Christoph Volkamer (also: ''Volcamer'', ''Volckamer'', ''Volkammer'', ''Volcameris'') was the son of the physician Johann George Volkamer. He occupied himself with
botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
as a hobby, and maintained a garden in the today's
Nuremberg Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...
ian Gostenhof district. He published a two volume work about
citrus ''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering plant, flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as Orange (fruit), oranges, Lemon, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and lim ...
in 1708–1714, titled "''Nurenberg Hesperides, or thorough description of the noble
Citron The citron (''Citrus medica''), historically cedrate, is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is said to resemble a 'huge, rough lemon'. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed throu ...
,
Lemon The lemon (''Citrus limon'') is a species of small evergreen trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia, primarily Northeast India (Assam), Northern Myanmar or China. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culin ...
, and
Bitter Orange Bitter orange, Seville orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange is the citrus tree ''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' and its fruit. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. It is probably a cross bet ...
fruits, How to, in this and neighboring areas, correctly plant, tend, maintain and reproduce them, Together with a comprehensive enumeration of most
cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
s, partly actually grown at Nuremberg, partly imported to there from various foreign places ...''" In Volkamers time people thought the "''golden apples of the
Hesperides In Greek mythology, the Hesperides (; , ) are the nymphs of evening and golden light of sunsets, who were the "Daughters of the Evening" or "Nymphs of the West". They were also called the Atlantides () from their reputed father, the Titan Atlas ...
''" of
Greek mythology A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the Cosmogony, origin and Cosmology#Metaphysical co ...
referred to citrus fruit. Starting from late 17th Century, there developed a collecting passion for instance among the aristocracy, who tried to outdo one another with the rarest and most bizarre citrus fruits, imported at great expense from south of the Alps and developing into a symbol of social status and power. With this work the term "''Hesperides''" became the symbol for the flowering Nurembergian garden culture, which lasted from 1650 onwards up to the late 18th Century. In Volkamers book he illustrated also the Nurembergian landscapes, city panoramas, and above all the gardens of the city, illustrated beside the citrus plants and their fruits by
engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a Burin (engraving), burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or Glass engraving, glass ...
. He is said to be influenced by the work of
Giovanni Baptista Ferrari Giovanni Baptista (also Battista) Ferrari (1584 in Siena – 1 February 1655 in Siena), was an Italian Jesuit and professor in Rome, a botanist, and an author of illustrated botanical books and a Syriac-Latin dictionary. Linguistically hig ...
.


Works


''Nürnbergische Hesperides, Oder Gründliche Beschreibung Der Edlen Citronat, Citronen, und Pomerantzen-Früchte, Wie solche, in selbiger und benachbarten Gegend, recht mögen eingesetzt, gewartet, erhalten und fortgebracht werden, Samt einer ausführlichen Erzehlung der meisten Sorten, welche theils zu Nürnberg würcklich gewachsen, theils von verschiedenen fremden Orten dahin gebracht worden, Auf das accurateste in Kupffer gestochen, in Vier Theile eingetheilet und mit nützlichen Anmerckungen erkläret. Beneben der Flora, Oder Curiosen Vorstellung Verschiedener raren Blumen, Samt Einer Zugabe etlicher anderer Gewächse, und ausführlichem Bericht, wie eine richtig-zutreffende Sonnen-Uhr im Garten-Feld von Bux anzulegen, und die Gärten nach der Perspectiv leichtlich aufzureissen, Wie auch einem Bericht von denen in des Authoris Garten stehenden Colvmnis Milliaribvs / Herausgegeben von J. C. V.'', Nürnberg 1708.
* ''Obeliscus Constantinopolitanus oder kurtze Erklärung des zu Constantinopol auf der Renn-Bahn stehenden, nun aber auch in der nürnbergischen Vorstadt Gostenhof nachgehauenen und aufgerichteten Obelisci'', Nuremberg 1713, Nachdruck Nuremberg 1985.
''Continvation der Nürnbergischen Hesperidvm, Oder: Fernere gründliche Beschreibung Der Edlen Citronat-, Citronen- und Pomeranzen-Früchte, mit einem ausführlichen Bericht, wie solche am besten zu warten und zu erhalten seyn; diejenigen Sorten, so theils zu Nürnberg gewachsen, theils von verschiedenen fremden Orten dahin gelanget auf das accurateste in Kupffer gestochen und nachgezeichnet worden; abermals in vier Theile eingetheilet, und mit gehörigen Anmerkungen erläutert; Benebenst einem Anhang von etlichen raren und fremden Gewächsen, als Der Ananas, des Palm-Baums, der Coccus-Nüsse, der Baum-Wolle u.a.m., welche ebenfalls in Kupffer-Rissen vorgestellet sind. Nürnberg, Frankfurt am Main und Leipzig, 1714''.


See also

*
Volkameria ''Volkameria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. It is pantropical in distribution.Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2010. "Further disintegration and redefinition of ''Clerodendr ...
*
Greek citron The Greek citron variety of ''Citrus medica'' ( el, κιτριά, he, אתרוג קורפו or יְוָנִי) was botanically classified by Adolf Engler as the ''"variety etrog"''. This is remarking on its major use for the Jewish ritual etrog ...


References




CITRUS AND ORANGERIES


Literature

* Wilhelm Schwemmer: ''Johann Christoph Volkamer'', in: ''Nürnberger Gestalten aus neun Jahrhunderten'', Nuremberg 1950, 135–139. * Helge Weingärtner: ''Nürnbergische Veduten in J.C. Volkamers Hesperidenwerk'', Magisterarbeit Universität Erlangen 1990. * Christian Jörg Zink: ''Ein Meisterstück der Gartenkunst. Der Garten der Familie Volkamer'', in: Katrin Bielefeldt, u.a.: ''Gostenhof, Muggenhof, Eberhardshof und Kleinweidenmühle. Geschichte eines Stadtteils'' (Nürnberger Stadtteilbücher 9, hg. von Geschichte Für Alle e.V.), Nuremberg 2005, 44–49. * Michael Diefenbacher, Rudolf Endres (Hrsg.): ''Stadtlexikon Nürnberg''. 2. verb. Auflage. Nürnberg: Verlag W. Tümmels, 2000, 1247 S., .


External links


Online-Biography
{{DEFAULTSORT:Volkamer, Johann Christoph 1644 births 1720 deaths 17th-century German botanists 18th-century German botanists Scientists from Nuremberg