![Aegidius Sadeler (after Durer) - Portrait of Joachim Patinir](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Aegidius_Sadeler_%28after_Durer%29_-_Portrait_of_Joachim_Patinir.jpg)
Joachim Patinir, also called Patenier (c. 1480 – 5 October 1524), was a
Flemish Renaissance painter
Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting represents the 16th-century response to Italian Renaissance art in the Low Countries. These artists, who span from the Antwerp Mannerists and Hieronymus Bosch at the start of the 16th century to the late No ...
of
history
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...
and
landscape
A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes the ...
subjects. He was
Flemish
Flemish (''Vlaams'') is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language. It is sometimes referred to as Flemish Dutch (), Belgian Dutch ( ), or Southern Dutch (). Flemish is native to Flanders, a historical region in northern Belgium; ...
, from the area of modern
Wallonia
Wallonia (; french: Wallonie ), or ; nl, Wallonië ; wa, Waloneye or officially the Walloon Region (french: link=no, Région wallonne),; nl, link=no, Waals gewest; wa, link=no, Redjon walone is one of the three regions of Belgium—alo ...
, but worked in
Antwerp
Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504, , then the centre of the art market in the
Low Countries
The term Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands ( nl, de Lage Landen, french: les Pays-Bas, lb, déi Niddereg Lännereien) and historically called the Netherlands ( nl, de Nederlanden), Flanders, or Belgica, is a coastal lowland region in N ...
. Patinir was a pioneer of landscape as an independent genre and he was the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape painter. He effectively invented the
world landscape
The world landscape, a translation of the German ''Weltlandschaft'', is a type of composition in Western painting showing an imaginary panoramic landscape seen from an elevated viewpoint that includes mountains and lowlands, water, and buildings. ...
, a distinct style of panoramic northern Renaissance landscapes which is Patinir's important contribution to Western art.
[Hans Devisscher. "Patinir, Joachim."]
Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 30 April 2022. Subscription required His work marks an important stage in the development of the representation of perspective in landscape painting.
[Voigt, Verena, ''Joachim Patinir (ca. 1485· 1524) and Landscape Painting in the Low Countries'']
Hand (1986): 57
Patinir was a friend of not only Dürer, but also of the leading Antwerp painter
Quentin Metsys, with whom he often collaborated. ''The Temptation of St Anthony'' (Prado) was executed in collaboration with Metsys, who added the figures to Patinir's landscape. His career was nearly contemporary with that of
Albrecht Altdorfer
Albrecht Altdorfer (12 February 1538) was a German painter, engraver and architect of the Renaissance working in Regensburg, Bavaria. Along with Lucas Cranach the Elder and Wolf Huber he is regarded to be the main representative of the Danube Sc ...
, the other major pioneer of paintings dominated by the landscape, who worked in a very different style.
Life and work
Originally from
Dinant
Dinant () is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia located in the Namur Province, province of Namur, Belgium. On the shores of river Meuse, in the Ardennes, it lies south-east of Brussels, south ...
or
Bouvignes
Bouvignes-sur-Meuse ( wa, Bovegne) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Dinant, located in the province of Namur, Belgium, on the River Meuse.
In municipal terms, the ''commune'' was merged with Dinant in 1965. Either ...
in present-day
Wallonia
Wallonia (; french: Wallonie ), or ; nl, Wallonië ; wa, Waloneye or officially the Walloon Region (french: link=no, Région wallonne),; nl, link=no, Waals gewest; wa, link=no, Redjon walone is one of the three regions of Belgium—alo ...
,
Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
, Patinir was registered as a member of
Antwerp's Guild of Saint Luke
The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city guild for painters and other artists in early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries. They were named in honor of the Evangelist Luke, the patron saint of artists, who was ide ...
in 1515. He lived and worked in Antwerp for the rest of his life. He may have initially studied in
Bruges
Bruges ( , nl, Brugge ) is the capital and largest City status in Belgium, city of the Provinces of Belgium, province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country, and the sixth-largest city of the countr ...
with
Gerard David
Gerard David (c. 1460 – 13 August 1523) was an Early Netherlandish painter and manuscript illuminator known for his brilliant use of color. Only a bare outline of his life survives, although some facts are known. He may have been the Meester ...
, who registered as a member of the Antwerp Guild in the same year as Patinir.
[ In 1511, Patinir is believed to have travelled to ]Genoa
Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...
with David and Adrien Ysenbrandt
Adriaen Isenbrandt or Adriaen Ysenbrandt (between 1480 and 1490 – July 1551) was a painter in Bruges, in the final years of Early Netherlandish painting, and the first of the Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting of the Northern Renaissance. ...
.
Patinir married first to Francisca Buyst, a daughter of the painter Edward Buyst of Dendermonde. After the death of his first wife he married Johanna Noyts, on 5 May 1521. Patinir's friend Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (; ; hu, Ajtósi Adalbert; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) ''Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers'', Walter de Gruyter. . sometimes spelled in English as Durer (without an umlaut) or Due ...
attended his second wedding and painted his portrait. Dürer called Patinir "''der gute Landschaftsmaler''" ("the good landscape painter"), thus creating a new word for this type of painter. He had three daughters, two from the first marriage and one from the second. He operated a large workshop with assistants in Antwerp but he is not known to have registered any pupils with the Antwerp guild.[
Patinir died in ]Antwerp
Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504, in 1524. Quentin Metsys became the guardian of his daughters.[ ]
Work
There are only five paintings signed by Patinir, but many other works have been attributed to him or his workshop with varying degrees of probability. The ones that are signed read: ''(Opus) Joachim D. Patinier'', the "D" in his signature signifying ''Dionantensis'' ("of Dinant
Dinant () is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia located in the Namur Province, province of Namur, Belgium. On the shores of river Meuse, in the Ardennes, it lies south-east of Brussels, south ...
"), reflecting his place of origin. A 2007 exhibition at the Museo del Prado
The Prado Museum ( ; ), officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. It is widely considered to house one of the world's finest collections of European art, dating from the ...
in Madrid displayed 21 pictures listed as by Patinir or his workshop, and catalogued a further eight which were not in the exhibition.
Prado feature
', exhibition "Patinir", 2007, Museo del Prado
The Prado Museum ( ; ), officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. It is widely considered to house one of the world's finest collections of European art, dating from the ...
, Madrid, Spain.
Patinir often let his landscapes dwarf his figures, which are of very variable quality. The larger ones were sometimes painted by other artists.[ Such specialisation had become common in the Low Countries at the time. Many of his works are unusually large for Netherlandish panel paintings of the time.
Patinir's large vistas combine observation of naturalistic detail with lyrical fantasy. The steep outcrops of rocks in his landscapes are more spectacular versions of the group of very individual formations just around his native Dinant. These became a part of the world landscape formula, and are found in the works of many painters who never saw the originals. His landscapes use a high viewpoint with a high horizon, but his grasp of aerial perspective is far from complete. He uses a consistent and effective colour scheme in his landscapes, which was influential on later landscape painting. The foreground is dominated by brownish shades, while "the middle ground sa bluish green and the background a pale blue", creating an effective sense of recession into the distance; "When combined with the frequently hard-toned browns, greens and blues that alternate with significant areas of white, a sense of impending doom is created by the threatening clouds, the capricious and sharply pointed contours of the rocks and the crowding together of natural elements."][
]
Selected works
File:Joachim Patinier, Tentation de saint Antoine, musée du Prado, Madrid, inv. P 1615.jpg, ''The Temptation of Saint Anthony'', collaboration with Matsys, c. 1515, oil on panel, 173× 155 cm, Prado
The Prado Museum ( ; ), officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum
An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, usually from the museum's own collection. It migh ...
, Madrid
File:Paisaje con san Jerónimo, Joachim Patinir, Museo del Prado.jpg, ''Landscape with St Jerome'', 1515–1519, oil on panel, 74 × 91 cm (29.1 × 35.8 in), Prado
The Prado Museum ( ; ), officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum
An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, usually from the museum's own collection. It migh ...
, Madrid
File:Joachim Patinir, Landscape with St John the Baptist Preaching, Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique.jpg, ''Landscape with St John the Baptist Preaching'', oil on oak, 36.5 × 45 cm (14.1 × 17.1 in), Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium
The Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium (french: Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, nl, Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van België) are a group of art museums in Brussels, Belgium. They include six museums: the Oldmasters Muse ...
File:Joachim Patinir - Rest during the Flight to Egypt, Museo del Prado.jpg, ''Rest on the Flight into Egypt
The Rest on the Flight into Egypt is a subject in Christian art showing Mary, Joseph, and the infant Jesus resting during their flight into Egypt. The Holy Family is normally shown in a landscape.
The subject did not develop until the secon ...
'', oil on panel, 121 × 177 cm (47.6 × 69.7 in), Museo del Prado
The Prado Museum ( ; ), officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. It is widely considered to house one of the world's finest collections of European art, dating from the ...
, Madrid
File:Joachim Patinir, St Christopher Bearing the Christ Child, Rockox House, Antwerp.jpg, ''St Christopher Bearing the Christ Child'', oil on panel, 48 × 59.5 cm (18.9 × 23.4 in), Rockoxhuis, Antwerp
File:Joachim Patinir - St Jerome in the Desert - WGA17100.jpg, ''St Jerome in the Desert'', c. 1520, oil on panel, 78 × 137 cm (30.7 × 53.9 in), Louvre
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...
, Paris
File:Joachim Patinir - Triptych - WGA17104.jpg, ''The Penitence of Saint Jerome'', c. 1512–15, triptych, oil on wood, 117.5 × 81.3 cm (46.5 × 31.9 in), each wing 120.7 × 35.6 cm (47.5 × 14 in), Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...
, New York
File:Joachim Patinir, The Rest on The Flight into Egypt, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.jpg, ''Rest on the Flight into Egypt
The Rest on the Flight into Egypt is a subject in Christian art showing Mary, Joseph, and the infant Jesus resting during their flight into Egypt. The Holy Family is normally shown in a landscape.
The subject did not develop until the secon ...
'', 1515–1524, on wood, 62 × 78 cm, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
The Gemäldegalerie (, ''Painting Gallery'') is an art museum in Berlin, Germany, and the museum where the main selection of paintings belonging to the Berlin State Museums (''Staatliche Museen zu Berlin'') is displayed. It was first opened in ...
File:Joachim Patinir 010.jpg, ''Landscape with the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah'', c. 1520, oil on panel, 22.5 × 308 cm (8.9 × 11.8 in), Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen
Municipal Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen () is an art museum in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The name of the museum is derived from the two most important collectors of Frans Jacob Otto Boijmans and Daniël George van Beuningen. It is located at ...
, Rotterdam
File:PatenierChristopher.jpg, ''Landscape with Saint Christopher
Saint Christopher ( el, Ἅγιος Χριστόφορος, ''Ágios Christóphoros'') is veneration, venerated by several Christianity, Christian denominations as a martyr killed in the reign of the 3rd-century Roman Empire, Roman emperor Deciu ...
'', c. 1520, oil on panel, 125 cm × 170 cm (49.2 × 66.9 in), El Escorial
El Escorial, or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial ( es, Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid), or Monasterio del Escorial (), is a historical residence of the King of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, u ...
, Monasterio de San Lorenzo, Spain
File:Joachim Patinir - The Assumption of the Virgin, with the Nativity, the Resurrection, the Adoration of the Magi, the As... - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Assumption of the Virgin, with the Nativity, the Resurrection, the Adoration of the Magi, the Ascension of Christ, Saint Mark and an Angel, and Saint Luke and an Ox'', c. 1510–20, oil on panel, 62.28 × 58.7 cm (24.52 × 23.13 in), Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMoA) is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Fr ...
See also
* Early Renaissance painting
Early may refer to:
History
* The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.:
** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* E ...
* Renaissance in the Low Countries
The Renaissance in the Low Countries was a cultural period in the Northern Renaissance that took place in around the 16th century in the Low Countries (corresponding to modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands and French Flanders).
Culture in the Low C ...
Notes
Sources
* Koch, Robert A. ''Joachim Patinir'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968).
* Battistini, Matilde. ''Symbols & Allegories in Art: The Hereafter''. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2005. 210, 212–13.
* Falkenburg, Reindert. ''Joachim Patinir: Landscape as an Image of the Pilgrimage of Life''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1988.
* Ball-Krückmann, Babette, ''Landschaft zur Andacht: die Weltlandschaften Joachim Pateniers''. Munich 1977 (microfiche)
* Smith Chipps, Jeffery. ''The Northern Renaissance''. Phaidon. Arts & Ideas, 2004. 321.
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patinir, Joachim
1480s births
1524 deaths
Early Netherlandish painters
Flemish landscape painters
Painters from Antwerp
People from Dinant
History painters