Jesse Bennett (July 10, 1769 – July 13, 1842) was the first American physician to perform a successful Caesarean section, which he performed on his own wife at the birth of their only child on January 14, 1794.

Biography

Early life

Bennett was born in Frankford, Philadelphia, on July 13, 1769. He earned a B.A. Degree at Philadelphia College before apprenticing with

Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush (April 19, 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States who signed the United States Declaration of Independence, and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educa ...

and attending medical school. In April 1791, he received the title Doctor of Medicine, at the same time he received his M. A. degree. Bennett married Elizabeth Hogg in 1793 and settled in Rockingham County,

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

, establishing his practice in a log cabin. When Elizabeth became pregnant, Bennett engaged a Dr. Humphrey of Staunton, Virginia, to attend Elizabeth at the delivery.

Caesarean section

After Elizabeth had endured a prolonged labor, Humphrey and Bennett determined the only options were a Caesarean section on Elizabeth or a

craniotomy A craniotomy is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. Craniotomies are often critical operations, performed on patients who are suffering from brain lesions, such as tumors, blood clot ...

on the unborn infant. Humphrey refused to do anything, feeling that either operation meant certain death for both the mother and her infant. It appears Humphrey then left the Bennett home. Desperate to save her child, Elizabeth begged her husband to perform the Caesarian section. Bennett assembled a crude operating table from two boards supported by barrels. Bennett gave his wife laudanum to make her sleepy and had two enslaved African-American people support her on the table while Elizabeth's sister, Mrs. Hawkins, held a tallow candle to light the makeshift operating table. Bennett cut his wife's abdomen with a single sweep of his knife and extracted his infant daughter, Maria. He then removed both of Elizabeth's ovaries, saying he'd "not be subjected to such an ordeal again." Finally he sutured the surgical wound with stout linen thread, the kind used in frontier homes to sew heavy clothing. Elizabeth recovered and was able to be up a month later (see postpartum confinement). Bennett declared his wife healed as of March 1, 1794, writing a cryptic case history on the title page of one of his medical books. Elizabeth Bennett lived for thirty-six more years, passing away on April 20, 1830. Maria Bennett lived until 1870, married twice, and bore six children. Bennett refused to publicize the details of the surgery during his life. He said other doctors would never believe that a woman could survive this hazardous operation, done in the backwoods of Virginia, and he was "damned if he'd give them a chance to call him a liar." Because Bennett didn't report the operation during his life, it was long believed the first successful American Caesarian section had been performed in 1827 by John Lambert in Ohio - coincidentally, only ten miles from Bennett's practice. A. L. Knight, a boyhood neighbor of the Bennetts, remembered hearing the details of Maria's birth when he was a youth. Knight collected eye-witness testimonies from Mrs. Hawkins and the surviving African-American slaves after Bennett's death and published the story in '' The Southern Historical Magazine'' in 1892 as part of "The Life and Times of Dr. Jesse Bennett, M.D."

Later life

Bennett became active in civic affairs in the newly formed Mason County (now Mason County, West Virginia). He was appointed Major of the Mason County Militia in 1804 and represented Mason County in the Virginia Assembly. Aaron Burr reportedly tried to enlist Bennett's help with the

Burr conspiracy The Burr conspiracy was a plot alleged to have been planned by Aaron Burr in the years during and after his term as Vice President of the United States under US President Thomas Jefferson. According to the accusations against Burr, he attempted to ...

for which Burr was charged with treason. Bennett refused to assist Aaron Burr and went on to serve the United States as an Army Surgeon in the

War of 1812 The War of 1812 (18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815) was fought by the United States, United States of America and its Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom ...

Memorials

Bennett's accomplishment is noted in two historical markers, one (calling him "Jessee Bennett") erected in 1983 by Virginia near the site of the operation in

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and one erected by West Virginia, in 1973, near the site of his original burial. He was initially interred in the Bennett-Knopp Cemetery in Point Pleasant, West Virginia; his remains, along with those of his wife and a friend, were moved, with their original marker, to that town's Pioneer Cemetery in 1985.

Biography

Early life

Caesarean section

Later life

Memorials

References

Further reading