Jerónimo Osório da Fonseca (1506 – 20 August 1580) was a Portuguese Roman Catholic
humanist
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.
The meaning of the term "humani ...
bishop
A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.
In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
,
historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...
and
polemicist
Polemic () is contentious rhetoric intended to support a specific position by forthright claims and to undermine the opposing position. The practice of such argumentation is called ''polemics'', which are seen in arguments on controversial topics ...
. An extensive notice of his life and thought (''Vita'') was written by his nephew, a canon of
Évora
Évora ( , ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. It has 53,591 inhabitants (2021), in an area of 1307.08 km2. It is the historic capital of the Alentejo and serves as the seat of the Évora District.
Due to its well-preserved old to ...
also named Jerónimo Osório, to introduce his edition of his uncle's ''Complete Works'' (dedicated to King
Philip I of Portugal
Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...
) published in 1592.
Life
Young life and education
Osório was a native of
Lisbon
Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Grande Lisboa, Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administr ...
and one of two sons of João Osório de Fonseca, and Francisca, daughter of Affonso Gil de
Gouveia, Ouvidor of the lands of the
Infante Ferdinand, both families of aristocratic lineage. His father, appointed by
John III to be Ouvidor Geral (Auditor-General) of Portuguese rule in India, went alone, and there found himself under the authority of
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (; ; c. 1460s – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.
His initial voyage to India by way of Cape of Good Hope (1497–1499) was the first to link E ...
. Jerónimo, at school in Portugal, showed such prodigious ability in Latin that in 1519, when aged 13, his mother sent him to
Salamanca
Salamanca () is a city in western Spain and is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The city lies on several rolling hills by the Tormes River. Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritag ...
in Spain to study civil law. Two years later, with further fluency in Latin and Greek, he returned home wanting to make a military career with the
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic Church, Catholic Military ord ...
in
Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...
: his father sent him back to Salamanca, where he worked to strengthen and discipline both body and mind for that calling when his father's objections should be overcome. But he developed strongly devotional feelings, and on his father's death his mother persuaded him to give up military ambitions.
In 1525, aged 19, he went to Paris to study
Aristotelian logic
In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to formal logic that began with Aristotle and was developed further in ancient history mostly by his followers, t ...
and
Natural philosophy
Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin ''philosophia naturalis'') is the philosophical study of physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior throu ...
. There he became a near associate of
Peter Faber
Peter Faber (french: Pierre Lefevre or Favre, la, Petrus Faver) (13 April 1506 – 1 August 1546) was a Jesuit priest and theologian, who was also a co-founder of the Society of Jesus, along with Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier. Pope Fra ...
, who with his companion
Francis Xavier
Francis Xavier (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: ''Franciscus Xaverius''; Basque: ''Frantzisko Xabierkoa''; French: ''François Xavier''; Spanish: ''Francisco Javier''; Portuguese: ''Francisco Xavier''; 7 April 15063 December 1 ...
and others was then drawing close to
Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola, Society of Jesus, S.J. (born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; eu, Ignazio Loiolakoa; es, Ignacio de Loyola; la, Ignatius de Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spain, Spanish Catholic ...
. Returning to Portugal to settle his affairs, Osório next proceeded for Theology to
Bologna
Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nat ...
, immersing himself in the
Church Fathers
The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity. The historical per ...
(particularly
Gregory Nazianzen
Gregory of Nazianzus ( el, Γρηγόριος ὁ Ναζιανζηνός, ''Grēgorios ho Nazianzēnos''; ''Liturgy of the Hours'' Volume I, Proper of Saints, 2 January. – 25 January 390,), also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory N ...
,
St Basil
Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great ( grc, Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, ''Hágios Basíleios ho Mégas''; cop, Ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟⲥ; 330 – January 1 or 2, 379), was a bishop of Ca ...
,
John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom (; gr, Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος; 14 September 407) was an important Early Church Father who served as archbishop of Constantinople. He is known for his homilies, preaching and public speaking, his denunciat ...
,
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Af ...
and
St Jerome
Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is comm ...
) and St
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wi ...
and making a higher study of
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the estab ...
,
Demosthenes
Demosthenes (; el, Δημοσθένης, translit=Dēmosthénēs; ; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prow ...
and
Plato
Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution ...
. His
Neoplatonic
Neoplatonism is a strand of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the 3rd century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion. The term does not encapsulate a set of ideas as much as a chain of thinkers. But there are some ide ...
leanings were nourished by the ''
Corpus Areopagiticum'', the author of which he considered, next to the Apostles, to be the prince of theologians. He made such a name that King John III invited him in 1536–1537 to lecture in the reorganized
University of Coimbra
The University of Coimbra (UC; pt, Universidade de Coimbra, ) is a Public university, public research university in Coimbra, Portugal. First established in Lisbon in 1290, it went through a number of relocations until moving permanently to Coi ...
, where he expounded on
Isaiah
Isaiah ( or ; he, , ''Yəšaʿyāhū'', "God is Salvation"), also known as Isaias, was the 8th-century BC Israelite prophet after whom the Book of Isaiah is named.
Within the text of the Book of Isaiah, Isaiah himself is referred to as "the ...
and on
St Paul
Paul; grc, Παῦλος, translit=Paulos; cop, ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; hbo, פאולוס השליח (previously called Saul of Tarsus;; ar, بولس الطرسوسي; grc, Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς, Saũlos Tarseús; tr, Tarsuslu Pavlus; ...
's ''
Epistle to the Romans
The Epistle to the Romans is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by Paul the Apostle to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of J ...
''.
''De Nobilitate''
Returning to Lisbon in 1540 he became secretary to
Prince Luís, and tutor to his son
António
Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular male ...
(afterwards Prior of Crato), obtaining also two benefices in the
diocese of Viseu
The Portuguese Catholic diocese of Viseu ( la, Dioecesis Visensis) is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Braga. Its see at Viseu is in the Centro Region. The current bishop is António Luciano dos Santos Costa.
History
The see at Viseu dates fro ...
. Before the age of 30 he had begun his twin treatises ''De Nobilitate Civili'' and ''De Nobilitate Christiana'': their publication in Lisbon in 1542 rapidly won him international acclaim. His mastery of Latin style earned him the name "The Portuguese Cicero". After the death of Prince Luís in 1553, he withdrew from court to his churches. ''De Nobilitate'' was promoted by his friend
Roger Ascham
Roger Ascham (; c. 151530 December 1568)"Ascham, Roger" in ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 617. was an English scholar and didactic writer, famous for his prose style, ...
in England to
William Paget William Paget may refer to:
*William Paget, 1st Baron Paget (1506–1563), English statesman
* William Paget, 4th Baron Paget de Beaudesert (1572–1629), English colonist
*William Paget, 5th Baron Paget (1609–1678), English peer
*William Paget, ...
,
Cuthbert Tunstall
Cuthbert Tunstall (otherwise spelt Tunstal or Tonstall; 1474 – 18 November 1559) was an English Scholastic, church leader, diplomat, administrator and royal adviser. He served as Prince-Bishop of Durham during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edwa ...
, Sir
William Petre
Sir William Petre (c. 1505 – 1572) (pronounced ''Peter'') was Secretary of State to three successive Tudor monarchs, namely Kings Henry VIII, Edward VI and Queen Mary I. He also deputised for the Secretary of State to Elizabeth I.
Educate ...
and, in 1555, to
Cardinal Pole
Reginald Pole (12 March 1500 – 17 November 1558) was an English cardinal of the Catholic Church and the last Catholic archbishop of Canterbury, holding the office from 1556 to 1558, during the Counter-Reformation.
Early life
Pole was born a ...
. (To Pole he afterwards dedicated his work ''De Justitia Caeli''.) He was named archdeacon of
Évora
Évora ( , ) is a city and a municipality in Portugal. It has 53,591 inhabitants (2021), in an area of 1307.08 km2. It is the historic capital of the Alentejo and serves as the seat of the Évora District.
Due to its well-preserved old to ...
in 1560, and much against his will became
Bishop of Silves, the diocese of the Algarve, in 1564.
The English question
As Osório had denounced
Machiavelli, so in addressing England he could denounce the influence of
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Reformation, Protestant Refo ...
and
Martin Bucer
Martin Bucer ( early German: ''Martin Butzer''; 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices. Bucer was originally a me ...
. As the
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italian Peninsula, Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation ...
drew towards its close, in 1562, at the prompting of
Cardinal Henrique
Henry ( pt, Henrique ; 31 January 1512 — 31 January 1580), dubbed the Chaste ( pt, o Casto, links=no) and the Cardinal-King ( pt, o Cardeal-Rei, links=no), was king of Portugal and a cardinal of the Catholic Church, who ruled Portugal between 1 ...
, Osório published a Latin epistle to
Queen Elizabeth urging her to return to the Roman Catholic communion and to accept papal authority. An English translation, ''A Pearl for a Prince'', was issued by Richard Shacklock, a Catholic Englishman at
Louvain
Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic c ...
. Taken aback by this public reproach to its sovereign, the English government employed
Walter Haddon
Walter Haddon LL.D. (1515–1572) was an English civil lawyer, much involved in church and university affairs under Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Elizabeth I. He was a University of Cambridge humanist and reformer, and was highly reputed in his time ...
to compose a Latin response, published in Paris (English translation by
Abraham Hartwell (the elder)
Abraham Hartwell the elder (fl. 1565), was an English poet, who wrote in Latin.
''For the younger, see Abraham Hartwell''
Life
Hartwell was born in 1542 or 1543. He was educated at Eton College and admitted scholar at King's College, Cambridge, o ...
). Osório exceeded himself in a lengthy Latin reply (English version by
John Fenn). Haddon prepared a rejoinder, but it remained unfinished at his death in 1572 and was completed in excellent style, and with additions, by
John Foxe
John Foxe (1516/1517 – 18 April 1587), an English historian and martyrologist, was the author of '' Actes and Monuments'' (otherwise ''Foxe's Book of Martyrs''), telling of Christian martyrs throughout Western history, but particularly the su ...
. The controversy was notorious and widely-read, and culminated in the
Papal Bull ''
Regnans in Excelsis
''Regnans in Excelsis'' ("Reigning on High") is a papal bull that Pope Pius V issued on 25 February 1570. It excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England, referring to her as "the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime", declared h ...
'' being issued against Elizabeth. It is held that the name and colour of Osorio's diatribes influenced the character of Hieronimo in
Thomas Kyd
Thomas Kyd (baptised 6 November 1558; buried 15 August 1594) was an English playwright, the author of ''The Spanish Tragedy'', and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama.
Although well known in his own time, ...
's drama ''
The Spanish Tragedy
''The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronimo is Mad Again'' is an Elizabethan tragedy written by Thomas Kyd between 1582 and 1592. Highly popular and influential in its time, ''The Spanish Tragedy'' established a new genre in English theatre, the reveng ...
''.
Later years
The Cardinal
Prince Henry Prince Henry (or Prince Harry) may refer to:
People
*Henry the Young King (1155–1183), son of Henry II of England, who was crowned king but predeceased his father
*Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (1394–1460)
*Henry, Duke of Cornwall (Ja ...
, who had advanced him to the see of Silves, wished to employ him at Lisbon in state business when
King Sebastian
Sebastian ( pt, Sebastião I ; 20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578) was King of Portugal from 11 June 1557 to 4 August 1578 and the penultimate Portuguese monarch of the House of Aviz.
He was the son of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, and hi ...
took up the reins of power in 1568, but Osório excused himself on the ground of his pastoral duties. In 1571 his extensive ''History of the reign of
King Emmanuel'' was published at Lisbon, which rendered in his accomplished Latin much of the material in the ''Chronicle'' on the same subject by
Damião de Góis
Damião de Góis (; February 2, 1502January 30, 1574), born in Alenquer, Portugal, was an important Portuguese humanist philosopher. He was a friend and student of Erasmus. He was appointed secretary to the Portuguese factory in Antwerp in 1523 ...
. Encompassing the adventures of Vasco da Gama, it coincided with the publication of ''
Os Lusíadas
''Os Lusíadas'' (), usually translated as ''The Lusiads'', is a Portuguese epic poem written by Luís Vaz de Camões ( – 1580) and first published in 1572. It is widely regarded as the most important work of Portuguese-language literature an ...
'', ''The Lusiads'', of his great contemporary
Luís Vaz de Camões
Luis is a given name. It is the Spanish language, Spanish form of the originally Germanic language, Germanic name or . Other Iberian Romance languages have comparable forms: (with an accent mark on the i) in Portuguese language, Portuguese and ...
.
He further showed his zeal for the commonwealth by writing two letters, one seeking to dissuade the King from going to Africa, and the other sent during the latter's first expedition there calling upon him to return to his kingdom. Sebastian looked with disfavour on opponents of his African adventure, and Osório found it prudent to leave Portugal for
Parma
Parma (; egl, Pärma, ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, Giuseppe Verdi, music, art, prosciutto (ham), Parmigiano-Reggiano, cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 ...
and Rome to make a visit
''ad limina''. His scruples regarding residence, and the appeals of the King and the Cardinal Prince, prevented him from long enjoying the hospitality of
Pope Gregory XIII
Pope Gregory XIII ( la, Gregorius XIII; it, Gregorio XIII; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for ...
. He therefore returned to his diocese, the seat of which was transferred from
Silves Silves may refer to :
Europe
* Silves, Portugal, municipality and former bishopric in Algarve, southern Portugal
** Silves (parish), a civil parish in the municipality of Silves
** Castle of Silves, a medieval castle in civil parish of Silves
...
to
Faro in 1577, and continued there through the brief reign of the Cardinal King. He died at
Tavira
Tavira () is a Portuguese town and municipality, capital of the ''Costa do Acantilado'', situated in the east of the Algarve on the south coast of Portugal. It is east of Faro and west of Huelva across the river Guadiana into Spain. The Gilão ...
on 20 August 1580.
The library
![Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Robert_Devereux%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Essex.jpg)
Haddon said of him that "he was a most perverse, overthwart Brawler, who besides a commendable Facility in the Latin Tongue, could profit the Publick nothing at all."
It has been said that his library was carried off from
Faro when the
Earl of Essex
Earl of Essex is a title in the Peerage of England which was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title has been recreated eight times from its original inception, beginning with a new first Earl upon each new cre ...
, returning from the
Capture of Cádiz
The Capture of Cádiz in 1596 was an event during the Anglo-Spanish War, when English and Dutch troops under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and a large Anglo-Dutch fleet under Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, with support from the ...
, raided the town in 1596. The library taken by the Earl was that of Dom
Fernando Martins Mascarenhas
Fernando Martins Mascarenhas (otherwise referred to as Fernão Martins Mascarenhas; c. 1548 – 20 January 1628) was a Portuguese scholar, theologian, and church leader. King Philip I appointed him Rector of the University of Coimbra and, later, ...
, then
Bishop of Faro
The Diocese of Faro ( la, Dioecesis Pharaonensis), also called the Diocese of the Algarve and formerly the Diocese of Silves, is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Évora. The current bishop of Faro is Dom Manuel Neto Quintas.
History
A see in t ...
, whose house Essex occupied during the raid: it is said to have included many of Osorio's books. In 1600 Essex gave some 200 volumes to the
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It derives its name from its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second- ...
(then in the care of
Thomas Bodley
Sir Thomas Bodley (2 March 1545 – 28 January 1613) was an English diplomat and scholar who founded the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
Origins
Thomas Bodley was born on 2 March 1545, in the second-to-last year of the reign of King Henry VIII, ...
) in
Oxford
Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...
, none of which bear the signature of Bishop Osório. It is possible however that the early codex of
Tomé Pires
Tomé Pires (1465?–1524 or 1540)Madureira, 150–151. was a Portuguese apothecary from Lisbon who spent 1512 to 1515 in Malacca immediately after the Portuguese conquest, at a time when Europeans were only first arriving in Southeast As ...
' ''Suma Oriental'' and the ''Book'' of the cartographer Francisco Rodrigues, among the French National Manuscript Collections, belonged to Osório.
Works
His principal works written in Latin include:
*''De Nobilitate Civile, et De Nobilitate Christiana'' (1542)
Lisbon 1542 edition (Googlebooks)Florence 1552 edition (Googlebooks) The English version by William Blandie appeared in London in 1576.
*''De Justitia Coelesti'' (1564) (Dedicated to Cardinal Pole)
Cologne 1586 edition (Internet archive)*''De Gloria'' (1568)
Alcalá de Henares (Compluti) 1568 edition (Hathi Trust)
*''De Regis Institutione et Disciplina'' (1571)
Cologne 1574 edition (Googlebooks)
*''De Rebus Emmanuelis Regis Lusitaniae Invictissimi Virtute et Auspicio Gestis'' (1571)
Cologne 1586 edition (Internet archive)
*''De Vera Sapientia'' (1578)
Lisbon 1578 edition (Internet archive)
The ''Complete Works'' were collected and published in four volumes by his nephew in 1592:
[H. Osorius (ed.), ''Hieronymi Osorii Lusitani Episcopi Algarbiensis Opera Omnia, Hieronymi Osorii Nepotis Canonici Eborensis Diligentia in unum collecta et in quatuor volumina distributa'', (ex bibliotheca Georgii Ferrarii, Romae; ex typographia Bartholomaei Bonfadini, Romae; ex typographia Gabiana, Romae 1592]
Volume I (Googlebooks)
(In Latin).
Volume I (Googlebooks) ''(Vita Auctoris, H.O. nepotis); De Nobilitate; De Gloria; De Regis Institutione; De Rebus Emmanuelis Gestis; Epistolae''
Volume II (Internet Archive) ''Epistolae ad Elizabetham Angliae et ad Gualterum Haddonum; De Justitia; De Sapientia; In Epistola Sci Pauli ad Romanos''
Volume III (Internet Archive) ''Paraphrasis in Job; Paraphrasis in Psalmos; (Notationes in illos, H.O., nepotis); Commentarius in Parabolas Salomonis; Paraphrasis in Sapentiam Salomonis; (Paraphrasis et Notationes in Cantica, H.O., nepotis)''
Volume IV (Googlebooks) ''Paraphrasis in Isaiam; Commentarius in Oseam Profetam; Commentarius in Zachariam; Oratio in Laudem D. Aecatherinae; In Evangelium Joannis''
''De Nobilitate'' was turned into Portuguese by
Francisco Manoel de Nascimento
Francisco Manoel de Nascimento (21 December 1734 – 25 February 1819), Portuguese poet, better known by the literary name of Filinto Elísio (in the old orthography ''Filinto Elysio''), bestowed on him by the Marquise of Alorna, was the rep ...
, into French by J. Crispin (2 vols., Geneva, 1610), and an English paraphrase in 2 vols. by J. Gibbs came out in London in 1752. His Portuguese epistles were printed in Lisbon in two editions in 1818 and 1819, and in Paris in 1859.
Further reading
* J.B. Mayer, 'Ueber Leben und Schriften Bischofs Jeronimo Osorio', ''Jahresbericht von der Königlichen Studien-Anstalt in Amberg'' (Karl Klöber, Amberg 1845)
pp. 3–8 (In German).
* A.F.G. Bell, 'The Humanist Jeronymo de Osorio,' ''Revue Hispanique'' 73 (1928), pp. 525–556.
* L. Bourdon, ''Novas Investigações sobre a Viagem de Jerónimo Osório a Itália (1576–1577)'' (Lisboa, 1952).
* L.V. Ryan, 'The Haddon-Osorio Controversy (1563–1583),' ''Church History'' 22 (1953).
* L. Bourdon, ''Jeronimo Osorio et Stanislas Hosius: D'après leur correspondence, 1565–1578'' (Coimbra, 1956).
* L. Bourdon, 'Jerónimo Osório et les humanistes anglais,' in L. de Albuquerque (ed.), ''L'Humanisme Portugais et l'Europe'', Actes du XXIe Colloque International d'Etudes Humanistes, (Paris, 1984).
* D. Bigalli, 'La trama delle passioni nel ''De Regis Institutione et Disciplina'' di Jeronimo Osorio', in ''Cultura, História e Filosofía. Homenagem ao Prof. J.S. Da Silva Dias'', V, (1986).
* D. Bigalli, 'Isole di dottrina: il dialogo ''De Gloria'' di Jerónimo Osório,' in D. Bigalli & G. Canziani (eds), ''Il Dialogo Filosofico nel '500 Europeo'', (Milano, 1990)
* N. de Nazaré Castro Soares, ''O Príncipe Ideal no Século XVI e a Obra de D. Jeronimo Osorio'' (Coimbra, 1994).
* D. Bigalli, 'Senso della colpa e società umana in Jerónimo Osório,' in G. Canziani, M.A. Granada & Y.C. Zarka (eds), ''Potentia Dei. L'Onnipotenza Divina nel Pensiero dei Secoli XVI e XVII'' (Milano, 2000), pp. 63–76.
* W. Goertz, 'Jerónimo Osório's political thought', ''Studia40'' (Lisbon 1979).
* M. Racine, 'A Pearle for a Prynce: Jeronimo Osorio and Early Elizabethan Catholics', ''The Catholic Historical Review'' 87 no. 3 (The Catholic University of America Press, July 2001), pp. 401–27.
* S. Anglo, 'Osorio and Machiavelli: From Open Hostility to Covert Approbation', in ''Machiavelli – The First Century: Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility and Irrelevance'', Oxford Warburg Studies (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 143–163
* T.F. Earle, 'Portuguese scholarship in Oxford in the early modern period: the case of Jerónimo Osório (Hieronymus Osorius),' ''Bulletin of Spanish Studies'', Vol. 81 issue 7 & 8 (November 2004), pp. 1039–49.
Notes
Attribution
* This is largely derived from the biographical note by F.A. Lobo.
External links
* Works of Jerónimo Osório a
Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Osorio, Jeronimo
1506 births
1580 deaths
Writers from Lisbon
Portuguese chroniclers
Portuguese Renaissance writers
Portuguese Renaissance humanists
Maritime history of Portugal
16th-century Portuguese historians