Jeongan or Ding'an (; ko, 정안국; 938–986) was a successor state of

Balhae Balhae ( ko, 발해, zh, c=渤海, p=Bóhǎi, russian: Бохай, translit=Bokhay, ), also rendered as Bohai, was a multi-ethnic kingdom whose land extends to what is today Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East. It wa ...

(Bohai) founded by

Yeol Man-hwa Yeol Man-hwa or Lie Wanhua (; ) (?–976, r. 938–976) was the first king of Jeongan (Ding'an), a successor state to the kingdom of Balhae (Bohai), centered near the Yalu River. Biography Yeol Man-hwa served a general of Later Balhae (Later Boh ...

(Lie Wanhua).

Establishment and Downfall

The early history of Jeongan is mostly unknown. Large number of rebels emerged on the former Balhae territories after the kingdom's conquest by the

Liao dynasty The Liao dynasty (; Khitan: ''Mos Jælud''; ), also known as the Khitan Empire (Khitan: ''Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur''), officially the Great Liao (), was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the Yelü ...

in 926, although most were quickly defeated by Liao forces. General

Yeol Manhwa Yeol Man-hwa or Lie Wanhua (; ) (?–976, r. 938–976) was the first king of Jeongan (Ding'an), a successor state to the kingdom of Balhae (Bohai), centered near the Yalu River. Biography Yeol Man-hwa served a general of Later Balhae (Later Boh ...

(Lie Wanhua) established Jeongan in the mid-930s, at a time when the Liao puppet state of Dongdan was abolished and the main Liao forces left the region. Jeongan is recorded to have enlisted the assistance of neighboring tribes with the hopes of overthrowing the Liao dynasty, but apparently failed to do so. The Yeol clan was replaced by the Oh clan in 976, and was ruled by Oh Hyeon-myeong (Wu Xuanming) until before it was finally destroyed by the Liao dynasty in 986 CE. Jeongan only entered historical records because of its contact with the

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

. In 970, the king paid tribute to the Song together with the neighboring

Jurchens Jurchen (Manchu: ''Jušen'', ; zh, 女真, ''Nǚzhēn'', ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian Tungusic-speaking peoples, descended from the Donghu people. They lived in the northeast of China, later known as Manch ...

. The official Chinese historical record, the '' History of Song'' claimed that Jeongan people's origin can be traced back to the former confederacy of Mahan. However, the Mahan confederacy in the distant south of the Korean peninsula had disappeared for almost a millennium by the 10th century, and many scholars consider this record, written in the

Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fifth ...

, to be an error. Oh Hyeon-myeong himself, on the other hand, stated that his people were Balhae remnants that lived the former land of

Goguryeo Goguryeo (37 BC–668 AD) ( ) also called Goryeo (), was a Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of Northeast China. At its peak of power, Goguryeo controlled most ...

. History of Song, Book 491, Jeongan "定安國本馬韓之種，為契丹所攻破，其酋帥糾合餘眾，保于西鄙，建國改元，自稱定安國。... 臣本以高丽旧壤，渤海遗黎，保据方隅，涉历星纪，仰覆露鸿钧之德，被浸渍无外之泽，各得其所，以遂本性。"

Rulers

/Lie Wanhua (烈萬華, 열만화, 938–976) # Oh Hyeon-myeong/Wu Xuanming (烏玄明, 오현명, 976–986)

References

{{reflist, 30em Balhae 938 establishments History of Manchuria Former countries in Chinese history Former countries in Korean history 986 disestablishments

Establishment and Downfall

Rulers

See also

References