The Jemez Lineament is a chain of late
Cenozoic volcanic field
A volcanic field is an area of Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. The type and number of volcanoes required to be called a "field" is not well-defined. Volcanic fields usually consist of clusters of up to 100 volcanoes ...
s, long, reaching from the
Springerville and White Mountains volcanic fields in East-Central
Arizona
Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
to the
Raton-Clayton volcanic field in Northeastern
New Mexico
)
, population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano)
, seat = Santa Fe
, LargestCity = Albuquerque
, LargestMetro = Tiguex
, OfficialLang = None
, Languages = English, Spanish ( New Mexican), Navajo, Ke ...
.
The lineament was long interpreted as a
hotspot trace (Raton hotspot)
due to its resemblance in length and direction to the
Yellowstone hot spot trace, but there is no systematic progression in age along the trace
and it is now interpreted as a hydrous
subduction zone scar. This formed about 1.7 billion years ago, when
oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates. It is composed of the upper oceanic crust, with pillow lavas and a dike complex, and the lower oceanic crust, composed of troctolite, gabbro and ultramafic ...
was subducting under what was then the southern edge of North America. The arrival of a large
island arc
Island arcs are long chains of active volcanoes with intense seismic activity found along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. Most island arcs originate on oceanic crust and have resulted from the descent of the lithosphere into the mantle alon ...
in the subduction zone shifted subduction further south, leaving remnants of oceanic crust at the top of the
Earth's mantle
Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a mass of 4.01 × 1024 kg and thus makes up 67% of the mass of Earth. It has a thickness of making up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly so ...
along the former subduction zone. These are rich in hydrous minerals that lower the melting temperature of the rock containing them. This hydrous subduction scar now separates
basement rock of the
Yavapai
The Yavapai are a Native American tribe in Arizona. Historically, the Yavapai – literally “people of the sun” (from ''Enyaava'' “sun” + ''Paay'' “people”) – were divided into four geographical bands who identified as separate, i ...
-
Mazatzal transition zone from the Mazaztl Province proper.
Volcano fields
The Jemez Lineament consists of the
San Carlos volcanic field,
Springerville volcanic field,
Red Hill volcanic field,
Zuni-Bandera volcanic field
Zuni-Bandera volcanic field (also known as Bandera lava field, Grants Malpais and Malpais volcanic field) is a volcanic field located in the state of New Mexico, United States.
The volcanic field has been considered for geothermal exploitation ...
,
Mount Taylor volcanic field,
Jemez volcanic field and possibly the
Ocate volcanic field
The Ocate volcanic field (also known as the Mora volcanic field) is a monogenetic volcanic field that extends from the southern Cimarron Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the vicinity of Wagon Mound, New Mexico. The town of Wagon Mound ...
,
Raton-Clayton volcanic field, and
Mesa de Maya. These are all young (
Cenozoic) volcanic fields, showing some progression in age from southeast to northwest (across the Lineament) but no systematic progression in age along the Lineament.
The total surface area of volcanic products of the Jemez Lineament volcanic fields is . The total erupted volume is about . The Jemez volcanic field, located at the intersection of the
Rio Grande Rift
The Rio Grande rift is a north-trending continental rift zone. It separates the Colorado Plateau in the west from the interior of the North American craton on the east. The rift extends from central Colorado in the north to the state of Chihuahu ...
with the lineament, has produced three times the volume of eruption as the other fields in the lineament combined.
The trace of the lineament changes slightly across the Rio Grande rift. To the west of the rift, the lineament follows the southeastern margin of the
Colorado Plateau. East of the rift, the lineament cuts across the
High Plains.
The volcanism within the lineament is highly varied, including the large
caldera
A caldera ( ) is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcano eruption. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short time, structural support for the rock above the magma chamber is ...
eruptions of the Jemez volcanic field, the
stratovolcanoes of Mount Taylor and Sierra Grande, and the monogenetic volcanism of most of the volcanic fields. Almost every kind of volcanic landform can be found within the lineament. The chemical compositions of the magmas are mostly
alkaline to slightly alkaline, with
calc-alkaline
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic series. A magma series is a series of compositions that describes the evolution of a mafic m ...
and
tholeiitic magma restricted to the central part of the Lineament (Mount Taylor, Jemez, and Taos fields).
Origin
The fields within the lineament vary considerably in geometry perpendicular to the trend of the lineament, showing that the lineament does not consist of a single
fault or other structure.
It is interpreted instead as a hydrous subduction zone scar marking the southern boundary of the pre-1700
Ma Yavapai basement.
Seismic imaging
Geophysical imaging (also known as geophysical tomography) is a minimally destructive geophysical technique that investigates the subsurface of a terrestrial planet. Geophysical imaging is a noninvasive imaging technique with a high parametrical a ...
shows both north- and south-
dipping reflections that converge at the
crust-mantle boundary. There is also a
Pb-isotopic boundary coincident with the Lineament.
Geophysical studies have identified a low-velocity upper mantle zone coincident with the lineament.
The lineament is a zone of persistent crustal weakness.
Economic resources
The Jemez Lineament was first identified by E.B. Mayo in 1958 as a guide for mineral exploration.
Mineral resources along the Lineament include
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is trans ...
fields at either end of the lineament,
perlite
Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content, typically formed by the hydration of obsidian. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficiently. It is an industrial ...
,
pumice
Pumice (), called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough-textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light-colored. Scoria is another vesicular v ...
, and construction materials. Gold and silver were mined from
epithermal
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ''water'',Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with th ...
deposits in the southeastern Jemez Mountains.
The carbon dioxide fields, near the Springerville and Raton-Clayton volcanic fields, are unusual in containing a very large volume of carbon dioxide showing
stable isotope
The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element. Hence, the plural form stable isotopes usually refers to isotopes of the same element. The relative abundanc ...
ratios indicating an origin in the
Earth's mantle
Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a mass of 4.01 × 1024 kg and thus makes up 67% of the mass of Earth. It has a thickness of making up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly so ...
. Geologists have puzzled over how so much carbon dioxide could be derived from the mantle. However, a volume of silica-poor magma similar to the volume of the associated volcanic fields, if initially saturated with carbon dioxide, would produce roughly the required amount of carbon dioxide if completely degassed.
Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weak ...
deposits in the
Grants, New Mexico
Grants is a city in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. It is located about west of Albuquerque. The population was 9,163 at the 2020 Census. It is the county seat of Cibola County.
Grants is located along the Trails of the Ancients B ...
area underlie the Mount Taylor volcanic field, but there is no clear connection.
References
External links
*
Diagram of the Jemez Lineament and the Rio Grande Rift in relationship to the Valles Caldera (modified from Goff et al., 1981).from vcnpearthsystems.nmepscor.net accessed August 19, 2016.
{{coord missing, New Mexico
Volcanism of New Mexico
Jemez Mountains
Volcanoes of New Mexico