The Jemdet Nasr Period is an
archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society. The connection between thes ...
in southern
Mesopotamia (modern-day
Iraq). It is generally dated from 3100 to 2900 BC. It is named after the
type site Tell Jemdet Nasr, where the assemblage typical for this period was first recognized. Its geographical distribution is limited to south-central Iraq. The culture of the proto-historical Jemdet Nasr period is a local development out of the preceding
Uruk period and continues into the
Early Dynastic I period.
History of research
In the early 1900s,
clay tablets with an archaic form of the
Sumerian cuneiform script began to appear in the
antiquities market. A collection of 36 tablets was bought by the German excavators of
Shuruppak
Shuruppak ( sux, , "the healing place"), modern Tell Fara, was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 55 kilometres (35 mi) south of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates in Iraq's Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate. Shuruppak was dedicated to Ni ...
(Tell Fara) in 1903. While they thought that the tablets came from
Tell Jemdet Nasr, it was later shown that they probably came from nearby
Tell Uqair. Similar tablets were offered for sale by a French antiquities dealer in 1915, and these were again reported to have come from Tell Jemdet Nasr. Similar tablets, together with splendidly painted
monochrome and
polychrome pottery, were also shown by local Arabs in 1925 to the
Assyriologist Stephen Herbert Langdon
Stephen Herbert Langdon (1876May 19, 1937) was an American-born British Assyriologist. Born to George Knowles and Abigail Hassinger Langdon in Monroe, Michigan, Langdon studied at the University of Michigan, participating in Phi Beta Kappa and ...
, then director of the excavations at
Tell al-Uhaymir. The Arabs told Langdon the finds came from Jemdet Nasr, a site some northeast of Tell al-Uhaymir. Langdon was sufficiently impressed, visited the site and started excavations in 1926. He uncovered a large
mudbrick
A mudbrick or mud-brick is an air-dried brick, made of a mixture of loam, mud, sand and water mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw. Mudbricks are known from 9000 BCE, though since 4000 BCE, bricks have also bee ...
building containing more of the distinctive pottery and a collection of 150 to 180 clay tablets bearing the proto-cuneiform script.
The importance of these finds was realized immediately and the Jemdet Nasr Period (named after the eponymous type site) was officially defined at a conference in Baghdad in 1930, where at the same time both the Uruk and Ubaid periods had been defined.
It has later been shown that some of the material culture that was initially thought to be unique for the Jemdet Nasr Period also occurred during the preceding Uruk Period and the subsequent Early Dynastic Period. Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the Jemdet Nasr Period is still sufficiently distinct in its material culture as well as its socio-cultural characteristics to be recognized as a separate period. Since the first excavations at Tell Jemdet Nasr, the Jemdet Nasr Period has been found at numerous other
archaeological sites across much of south-central Iraq, including
Abu Salabikh
The low tells at Abu Salabikh, around northwest of the site of ancient Nippur in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq mark the site of a small Sumerian city state of the mid third millennium BCE, with cultural connections to the cities of Kish, ...
,
Shuruppak
Shuruppak ( sux, , "the healing place"), modern Tell Fara, was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 55 kilometres (35 mi) south of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates in Iraq's Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate. Shuruppak was dedicated to Ni ...
,
Khafajah,
Nippur
Nippur (Sumerian language, Sumerian: ''Nibru'', often logogram, logographically recorded as , EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;"The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena & Prehistory': Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010. Akkadian language, Akkadian: '' ...
,
Tell Uqair,
Ur, and
Uruk.
Dating and periodization
Older scientific literature often used 3200–3000 BC as the beginning and end dates of the Jemdet Nasr Period. The period is nowadays dated from 3100 to 2900 BC based on
radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
The method was dev ...
.
The Jemdet Nasr Period is contemporary with the early
Ninevite V Period of
Upper Mesopotamia and the
Proto-Elamite Period of
Iran, and shares with these two periods characteristics such as an emerging bureaucracy and hierarchy.
Defining characteristics
The hallmark of the Jemdet Nasr Period is its distinctive painted monochrome and polychrome pottery. Designs are both geometric and figurative; the latter displaying trees and animals such as birds, fish, goats, scorpions, and snakes. Nevertheless, this painted pottery makes up only a small percentage of the total assemblage and at various sites it has been found in archaeological contexts suggesting that it was associated with high-status individuals or activities. At the site of Jemdet Nasr, the painted pottery was found exclusively in the settlement's large central building, which is thought to have played a role in the administration of many economic activities. Painted Jemdet Nasr Period pots were found in similar contexts at Tell Fara and Tell Gubba, both in the
Hamrin Mountains.
Apart from the distinctive pottery, the period is known as one of the formative stages in the development of the
cuneiform script. The oldest clay tablets come from Uruk and date to the late fourth millennium BC, slightly earlier than the Jemdet Nasr Period. By the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period, the script had already undergone a number of significant changes. It originally consisted of
pictographs, but by the time of the Jemdet Nasr Period it was already adopting simpler and more abstract designs. It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge-shaped appearance.
While the language in which these tablets were written cannot be identified with certainty, it is thought to have been
Sumerian
Sumerian or Sumerians may refer to:
*Sumer, an ancient civilization
**Sumerian language
**Sumerian art
**Sumerian architecture
**Sumerian literature
**Cuneiform script, used in Sumerian writing
*Sumerian Records, an American record label based in ...
.
The texts deal without exception with administrative matters such as the rationing of foodstuffs or listing objects and animals. Literary genres like
hymns and
king lists, which become very popular later in Mesopotamian history, are absent. Two different counting systems were in use: a
sexagesimal system for animals and humans, for example, and a bisexagesimal system for things like grain, cheese, and fresh fish.
Contemporary archives have been found at Tell Uqair, Tell Khafajah, and Uruk.
Society in the Jemdet Nasr Period
The centralized buildings, administrative cuneiform tablets and
cylinder seals from sites like Jemdet Nasr suggest that settlements of this period were very organized, with a central administration regulating all aspects of the economy, from crafts to agriculture to the rationing of foodstuffs.
The economy seems to have been primarily concerned with subsistence based on agriculture and sheep-and-goat
pastoralism and small-scale trade. Very few precious stones or exotic trade goods have been found at sites of this period. However, the homogeneity of the pottery across the southern Mesopotamian plain suggests intensive contacts and trade between settlements. This is strengthened by the find of a sealing at Jemdet Nasr that lists a number of cities that can be identified, including Ur, Uruk, and
Larsa.
Artifacts
File:Jamdat Nasr Period pottery - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC06951.JPG, Painted ceramic vessel from the Jemdet Nasr period, found at Khafajah. Museum of the Oriental Institute, Chicago.
File:Mesopotamia, Periodo proto-dinastico-jamdat nasr, coppa con eroe nudo, tori e leone, da tell agrab, 3000-2600 ac.jpg, Cup with nude heroes. Jemdet Nasr to Pre-Dynastic period, 3000-2600 BC.
File:Cup with Nude Hero, Bulls and Lions, Tell Agrab, Shara Temple, Jamdat Nasr to Early Dynastic period, 3000-2600 BC, gypsum - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07461.JPG, Reverse of the same cup with Nude Hero, Bulls and Lions, Tell Agrab, Jamdat Nasr to Early Dynastic period, 3000-2600 BC.
File:Bull Warka Louvre AO8218.jpg, alt=A carved, white statue of a bull missing its legs and with a head showing details of ears, mouth, nose, and eyes, Jemdet Nasr Period bull statue from limestone (found in Uruk, Iraq.)
File:Stone bowl, once inlaid with mother-of-pearl, red paste, and bitumen - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC06954.JPG, Djemdet Nasr stone bowl, once inlaid with mother-of-pearl, red paste, and bitumen.
File:Rollsiegel 1 Slg Ebnöther.jpg, Cylinder seals, Djemdet Nasr 3.
File:Periodo tardo uruk-jamdat nasr, sigillo in marmo con tre pezzi di bestiame e stoviglie, 3350-2900 ac ca.jpg, Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
File:Periodo tardo uruk-jamdat nasr, sigillo in basalto e serpentino con animali cornuti e stelle, da khafajah, 3350-2900 ac ca.jpg, Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
File:Periodo tardo uruk-jamdat nasr, sigillo con capre, alberello e facciata di tempio, 3350-2900 ac ca., clorite, da tell agrab.jpg, Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
File:Periodo tardo uruk-jamdat nasr, sigillo con capre e alberello davanti a un tempio, 3350-2900 ac ca., clorite e perclorite, da khafajah.jpg, Late uruk/ Jeldet Nasr period cylinder seal (3350-2900 BC).
File:Jemdet Nasr style Mesopotamian cylinder seal from Grave 7304 Cemetery 7000 at Naqada.jpg, Jemdet Nasr
Jemdet Nasr ( ar, جمدة نصر) is a tell or settlement mound in Babil Governorate (Iraq) that is best known as the eponymous type site for the Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BC), and was one of the oldest Sumerian cities. The site was first ...
-style Mesopotamian cylinder seal, from Grave 7304 Cemetery 7000 at Naqada, Egypt, Naqada II
The Gerzeh culture, also called Naqada II, refers to the archaeological stage at Gerzeh (also Girza or Jirzah), a prehistoric Egyptian cemetery located along the west bank of the Nile. The necropolis is named after el-Girzeh, the nearby contem ...
period. This is an example of early Egypt-Mesopotamia relations.
File:Cuneiform tablet- administrative account of barley distribution with cylinder seal impression of a male figure, hunting dogs, and boars MET DT847.jpg, Administrative tablet, Jamdat Nasr period 3100–2900 BC, probably from the city of Uruk.
See also
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History of Mesopotamia
The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Paleolithic period up to Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing i ...
References
Bibliography
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Further reading
* <
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4th-millennium BC establishments
3rd-millennium BC disestablishments in Sumer
1930s neologisms
Ancient Mesopotamia
Clay tablets